7 Examples
  
  
  7.1 Betti Diagrams
  
  
  7.1-1 DE-2.2
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x0,x1,x2";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> mat := HomalgMatrix( "[ x0^2, x1^2, x2^2 ]", 1, 3, S ); 
    <A 1 x 3 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> M := RightPresentationWithDegrees( mat, S );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 3 relations>
    gap> M := RightPresentationWithDegrees( mat );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 3 relations>
    gap> d := Resolution( M );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>
    gap> betti := BettiTable( d );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti );
     total:  1 3 3 1
    ----------------
         0:  1 . . .
         1:  . 3 . .
         2:  . . 3 .
         3:  . . . 1
    ----------------
    degree:  0 1 2 3
    gap> ## we are still below the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity, which is 3:
    gap> M2 := SubmoduleGeneratedByHomogeneousPart( 2, M );
    <A graded torsion right submodule given by 3 generators>
    gap> d2 := Resolution( M2 );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>
    gap> betti2 := BettiTable( d2 );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti2 );
     total:  3 8 6 1
    ----------------
         2:  3 8 6 .
         3:  . . . 1
    ----------------
    degree:  0 1 2 3
  
  
  
  7.1-2 DE-Code
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x0,x1,x2";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> mat := HomalgMatrix( "[ x0^2, x1^2 ]", 1, 2, S );
    <A 1 x 2 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> M := RightPresentationWithDegrees( mat, S );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 2 relations>
    gap> d := Resolution( M );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>
    gap> betti := BettiTable( d );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti );
     total:  1 2 1
    --------------
         0:  1 . .
         1:  . 2 .
         2:  . . 1
    --------------
    degree:  0 1 2
    gap> m := SubmoduleGeneratedByHomogeneousPart( 2, M );
    <A graded torsion right submodule given by 4 generators>
    gap> d2 := Resolution( m );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>
    gap> betti2 := BettiTable( d2 );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti2 );
         2:  4 8 4
    --------------
    degree:  0 1 2
  
  
  
  7.1-3 Schenck-3.2
  
  This is an example from Section 3.2 in [Sch03].
  
    Example  
    gap> Qxyz := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> mmat := HomalgMatrix( "[ x, x^3 + y^3 + z^3 ]", 1, 2, Qxyz );
    <A 1 x 2 matrix over an external ring>
    gap> S := GradedRing( Qxyz );;
    gap> M := RightPresentationWithDegrees( mmat, S );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 2 relations>
    gap> Mr := Resolution( M );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>
    gap> bettiM := BettiTable( Mr );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>>
    gap> Display( bettiM );
     total:  1 2 1
    --------------
         0:  1 1 .
         1:  . . .
         2:  . 1 1
    --------------
    degree:  0 1 2
    gap> R := GradedRing( CoefficientsRing( S ) * "x,y,z,w" );;
    gap> nmat := HomalgMatrix( "[ z^2 - y*w, y*z - x*w, y^2 - x*z ]", 1, 3, R );
    <A 1 x 3 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> N := RightPresentationWithDegrees( nmat );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 3 relations>
    gap> Nr := Resolution( N );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>
    gap> bettiN := BettiTable( Nr );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    2 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 2 ]>>
    gap> Display( bettiN );
     total:  1 3 2
    --------------
         0:  1 . .
         1:  . 3 2
    --------------
    degree:  0 1 2
  
  
  
  7.1-4 Schenck-8.3
  
  This is an example from Section 8.3 in [Sch03].
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z,w";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> jmat := HomalgMatrix( "[ z*w, x*w, y*z, x*y, x^3*z - x*z^3 ]", 1, 5, S );
    <A 1 x 5 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> J := RightPresentationWithDegrees( jmat );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 5 relations>
    gap> Jr := Resolution( J );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>
    gap> betti := BettiTable( Jr );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti );
     total:  1 5 6 2
    ----------------
         0:  1 . . .
         1:  . 4 4 1
         2:  . . . .
         3:  . 1 2 1
    ----------------
    degree:  0 1 2 3
  
  
  
  7.1-5 Schenck-8.3.3
  
  This is Exercise 8.3.3 in [Sch03].
  
    Example  
    gap> Qxyz := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( Qxyz );;
    gap> mat := HomalgMatrix( "[ x*y*z, x*y^2, x^2*z, x^2*y, x^3 ]", 1, 5, S );
    <A 1 x 5 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> M := RightPresentationWithDegrees( mat, S );
    <A graded cyclic right module on a cyclic generator satisfying 5 relations>
    gap> Mr := Resolution( M );
    <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>
    gap> betti := BettiTable( Mr );
    <A Betti diagram of <A right acyclic complex containing
    3 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ 0 .. 3 ]>>
    gap> Display( betti );
     total:  1 5 6 2
    ----------------
         0:  1 . . .
         1:  . . . .
         2:  . 5 6 2
    ----------------
    degree:  0 1 2 3
  
  
  
  7.2 Commutative Algebra
  
  
  7.2-1 Saturate
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> m := GradedLeftSubmodule( "x,y,z", S );
    <A graded torsion-free (left) ideal given by 3 generators>
    gap> I := Intersect( m^3, GradedLeftSubmodule( "x", S ) );
    <A graded torsion-free (left) ideal given by 6 generators>
    gap> NrRelations( I );
    8
    gap> Im := SubobjectQuotient( I, m );
    <A graded torsion-free rank 1 (left) ideal given by 3 generators>
    gap> I_m := Saturate( I, m );
    <A graded principal (left) ideal of rank 1 on a free generator>
    gap> Is := Saturate( I );
    <A graded principal (left) ideal of rank 1 on a free generator>
    gap> Assert( 0, Is = I_m );
  
  
  
  7.3 Global Section Modules of the Induced Sheaves
  
  
  7.3-1 Examples of the ModuleOfGlobalSections Functor and Purity Filtrations
  
    Example  
    gap> LoadPackage( "GradedRingForHomalg" );;
    gap> Qxyzt := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z,t";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( Qxyzt );;
    gap> 
    gap> wmat := HomalgMatrix( "[ \
    > x*y,  y*z,    z*t,        0,           0,          0,\
    > x^3*z,x^2*z^2,0,          x*z^2*t,     -z^2*t^2,   0,\
    > x^4,  x^3*z,  0,          x^2*z*t,     -x*z*t^2,   0,\
    > 0,    0,      x*y,        -y^2,        x^2-t^2,    0,\
    > 0,    0,      x^2*z,      -x*y*z,      y*z*t,      0,\
    > 0,    0,      x^2*y-x^2*t,-x*y^2+x*y*t,y^2*t-y*t^2,0,\
    > 0,    0,      0,          0,           -1,         1 \
    > ]", 7, 6, Qxyzt );;
    gap> 
    gap> LoadPackage( "GradedModules" );;
    gap> wmor := GradedMap( wmat, "free", "free", "left", S );;
    gap> IsMorphism( wmor );;
    gap> W := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( wmat, S );;
    gap> HW := ModuleOfGlobalSections( W );
    <A graded left module presented by yet unknown relations for 6 generators>
    gap> LinearStrandOfTateResolution( W, 0,4 );
    <A cocomplex containing 4 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees
    [ 0 .. 4 ]>
    gap> purity_iso := IsomorphismOfFiltration( PurityFiltration( W ) );
    <A non-zero isomorphism of graded left modules>
    gap> Hpurity_iso := ModuleOfGlobalSections( purity_iso );
    <An isomorphism of graded left modules>
    gap> ModuleOfGlobalSections( wmor );
    <A homomorphism of graded left modules>
    gap> NaturalMapToModuleOfGlobalSections( W );
    <A homomorphism of graded left modules>
  
  
  
  7.3-2 Horrocks Mumford bundle
  
  This  example  computes  the  global sections module of the Horrocks-Mumford
  bundle.
  
    Example  
    gap> LoadPackage( "GradedRingForHomalg" );;
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x0..x4";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> A := KoszulDualRing( S, "e0..e4" );;
    gap> LoadPackage( "GradedModules" );;
    gap> mat := HomalgMatrix( "[ \
    > e1*e4, e2*e0, e3*e1, e4*e2, e0*e3, \
    > e2*e3, e3*e4, e4*e0, e0*e1, e1*e2  \
    > ]",
    > 2, 5, A );
    <A 2 x 5 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> phi := GradedMap( mat, "free", "free", "left", A );;
    gap> IsMorphism( phi );
    true
    gap> M := GuessModuleOfGlobalSectionsFromATateMap( 2, phi );
    #I  GuessModuleOfGlobalSectionsFromATateMap uses a heuristic for efficiency;
    please check the correctness of the following result
    
    <A graded left module presented by yet unknown relations for 19 generators>
    gap> IsPure( M );
    true
    gap> Rank( M );
    2 
    gap> Display( BettiTable( Resolution( M ) ) );
     total:  19 35 20  2
    --------------------
         3:   4  .  .  .
         4:  15 35 20  .
         5:   .  .  .  2
    --------------------
    degree:   0  1  2  3
    gap> Display( BettiTable( TateResolution( M, -5, 5 ) ) );
    total:  100  37  14  10   5   2   5  10  14  37 100   ?   ?   ?   ?
    ----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
        4:  100  35   4   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   0   0   0   0
        3:    *   .   2  10  10   5   .   .   .   .   .   .   0   0   0
        2:    *   *   .   .   .   .   .   2   .   .   .   .   .   0   0
        1:    *   *   *   .   .   .   .   .   .   5  10  10   2   .   0
        0:    *   *   *   *   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   4  35 100
    ----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---S
    twist:   -9  -8  -7  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1   0   1   2   3   4   5
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Euler:  100  35   2 -10 -10  -5   0   2   0  -5 -10 -10   2  35 100
    gap> M;
    <A graded reflexive non-projective rank 2 left module presented by 94 \
    relations for 19 generators>
    gap> P := ElementOfGrothendieckGroup( M );
    ( 2*O_{P^4} - 1*O_{P^3} - 4*O_{P^2} - 2*O_{P^1} ) -> P^4
    gap> P!.DisplayTwistedCoefficients := true;
    true
    gap> P;
    ( 2*O(-3) - 10*O(-2) + 15*O(-1) - 5*O(0) ) -> P^4
    gap> chi := HilbertPolynomial( M );
    1/12*t^4+2/3*t^3-1/12*t^2-17/3*t-5
    gap> c := ChernPolynomial( M );
    ( 2 | 1-h+4*h^2 ) -> P^4
    gap> ChernPolynomial( M * S^3 );
    ( 2 | 1+5*h+10*h^2 ) -> P^4
    gap> ch := ChernCharacter( M );
    [ 2-u-7*u^2/2!+11*u^3/3!+17*u^4/4! ] -> P^4
    gap> HilbertPolynomial( ch );
    1/12*t^4+2/3*t^3-1/12*t^2-17/3*t-5
    gap> List( [ -8 .. 7 ], i -> Value( chi, i ) );
    [ 35, 2, -10, -10, -5, 0, 2, 0, -5, -10, -10, 2, 35, 100, 210, 380 ]
    gap> HF := HilbertFunction( M );
    function( t ) ... end
    gap> List( [ 0 .. 7 ], HF );
    [ 0, 0, 0, 4, 35, 100, 210, 380 ]
    gap> IndexOfRegularity( M );
    4
    gap> DataOfHilbertFunction( M );
    [ [ [ 4 ], [ 3 ] ], 1/12*t^4+2/3*t^3-1/12*t^2-17/3*t-5 ]