plasma_waves.tex

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\title{Plasma Wave Dispersion and Kinetic Theory\\Computational Analysis of Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Modes}
\author{Plasma Physics Research Group}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This computational study examines wave propagation in magnetized plasmas using kinetic theory. We derive and numerically solve dispersion relations for electrostatic waves (Langmuir and ion acoustic modes) and electromagnetic waves (ordinary and extraordinary modes). The analysis includes Landau damping calculations from the plasma dispersion function, wave-particle resonances at cyclotron harmonics, and parametric decay instabilities. Numerical solutions reveal the transition from fluid-like behavior at long wavelengths to kinetic effects at scales comparable to the Debye length. We compute growth rates for stimulated Raman scattering and demonstrate the diagnostic potential of interferometry and reflectometry for density measurements. Results provide quantitative predictions for wave behavior in fusion plasmas, space physics applications, and laser-plasma interactions.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

Plasma waves are collective oscillations arising from the coupled dynamics of charged particles and electromagnetic fields. Unlike waves in neutral media, plasmas support a rich spectrum of modes due to multiple species (electrons, ions), magnetic field effects, and kinetic resonances between waves and particles \cite{Stix1992,Swanson2003}. Understanding these waves is fundamental to magnetic confinement fusion (heating and current drive), space physics (solar wind turbulence), and inertial fusion (parametric instabilities in laser-plasma coupling) \cite{Chen2016,Gurnett2017}.

The dispersion relation $\omega(k)$ encodes the wave physics: the relationship between frequency $\omega$ and wavenumber $k$ determines phase velocity $v_{\phi} = \omega/k$, group velocity $v_g = d\omega/dk$, and resonance conditions with particle motion \cite{Swanson2003}. Electrostatic waves arise from charge separation, with electric fields parallel to the propagation direction. Electromagnetic waves involve transverse fields and can propagate in vacuumlike modes modified by the plasma \cite{Stix1992}.

Kinetic theory becomes essential when the wavelength approaches the Debye length $\lambda_D$ or when wave-particle resonances occur \cite{Krall1973}. Landau damping—the collisionless damping of waves through resonant energy transfer to particles—illustrates the importance of velocity space gradients $\partial f/\partial v$ in the distribution function \cite{Landau1946}. This analysis uses the Vlasov-Maxwell system to compute dispersion relations and damping rates numerically.

\begin{pycode}
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy import special, optimize, integrate
from scipy.special import wofz  # Plasma dispersion function

plt.rcParams['text.usetex'] = True
plt.rcParams['font.family'] = 'serif'

# Physical constants
epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12  # F/m
m_e = 9.109e-31  # kg
m_i = 1.673e-27  # kg (proton)
e = 1.602e-19  # C
c = 3e8  # m/s

# Plasma dispersion function Z(zeta)
def plasma_dispersion_Z(zeta):
    """
    Fried-Conte plasma dispersion function Z(zeta).
    Z(zeta) = i*sqrt(pi)*w(zeta) where w is Faddeeva function.
    For real zeta, Z has real and imaginary parts.
    """
    return 1j * np.sqrt(np.pi) * wofz(zeta)

# Derivative of Z
def plasma_dispersion_Z_prime(zeta):
    """Z'(zeta) = -2[1 + zeta*Z(zeta)]"""
    return -2.0 * (1.0 + zeta * plasma_dispersion_Z(zeta))

# Store parameters for later use
plasma_params = {}
\end{pycode}

\section{Electrostatic Waves: Langmuir and Ion Acoustic Modes}

\subsection{Langmuir Wave Dispersion}

Electrostatic electron oscillations in an unmagnetized plasma satisfy the dispersion relation derived from the Vlasov equation \cite{Krall1973}:
\begin{equation}
1 + \frac{1}{k^2 \lambda_{De}^2} \left[ 1 + \frac{\omega}{k v_{te}} Z\left(\frac{\omega}{k v_{te}}\right) \right] = 0
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_{De} = \sqrt{\epsilon_0 T_e/(n_e e^2)}$ is the electron Debye length, $v_{te} = \sqrt{T_e/m_e}$ is the electron thermal velocity, and $Z(\zeta)$ is the plasma dispersion function \cite{Fried1961}.

For long wavelengths $k \lambda_{De} \ll 1$, the fluid approximation yields the Bohm-Gross dispersion:
\begin{equation}
\omega^2 \approx \omega_{pe}^2 \left(1 + 3k^2 \lambda_{De}^2\right)
\end{equation}
with $\omega_{pe} = \sqrt{n_e e^2/(m_e \epsilon_0)}$ the electron plasma frequency.

\begin{pycode}
# Plasma parameters (typical tokamak edge)
n_e = 1e19  # m^-3
T_e_eV = 100  # eV
T_i_eV = 100  # eV
T_e = T_e_eV * e  # Joules
T_i = T_i_eV * e

# Derived quantities
omega_pe = np.sqrt(n_e * e**2 / (m_e * epsilon_0))
omega_pi = np.sqrt(n_e * e**2 / (m_i * epsilon_0))
lambda_De = np.sqrt(epsilon_0 * T_e / (n_e * e**2))
v_te = np.sqrt(T_e / m_e)
v_ti = np.sqrt(T_i / m_i)
c_s = np.sqrt(T_e / m_i)  # Ion sound speed

plasma_params = {
    'n_e': n_e,
    'T_e_eV': T_e_eV,
    'T_i_eV': T_i_eV,
    'omega_pe': omega_pe,
    'omega_pi': omega_pi,
    'lambda_De': lambda_De,
    'v_te': v_te,
    'v_ti': v_ti,
    'c_s': c_s
}

# Langmuir dispersion relation
k_normalized = np.linspace(0.01, 3, 100)  # k*lambda_De
omega_langmuir_fluid = omega_pe * np.sqrt(1 + 3*k_normalized**2)

# Kinetic solution (real part only, neglecting damping)
def langmuir_dispersion_kinetic(k_lambda_De):
    """Solve kinetic dispersion for Langmuir waves"""
    k = k_lambda_De / lambda_De
    # For weak damping, omega is nearly real
    omega_guess = omega_pe * np.sqrt(1 + 3*k_lambda_De**2)

    def dispersion_eq(omega_real):
        zeta = omega_real / (k * v_te)
        if zeta > 3:  # Use asymptotic expansion
            Z_val = -1/zeta - 1/(2*zeta**3)
        else:
            Z_val = plasma_dispersion_Z(zeta).real
        return 1 + (1/(k_lambda_De**2)) * (1 + zeta * Z_val)

    try:
        omega_solution = optimize.brentq(dispersion_eq,
                                         0.8*omega_guess, 1.2*omega_guess)
        return omega_solution
    except:
        return omega_guess

omega_langmuir_kinetic = np.array([langmuir_dispersion_kinetic(k)
                                   for k in k_normalized])

# Plot Langmuir dispersion
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
ax.plot(k_normalized, omega_langmuir_fluid/omega_pe, 'b-',
        linewidth=2, label='Fluid (Bohm-Gross)')
ax.plot(k_normalized, omega_langmuir_kinetic/omega_pe, 'r--',
        linewidth=2, label='Kinetic (Vlasov)')
ax.axhline(1.0, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1,
           label=r'$\omega_{pe}$')
ax.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $k\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'Frequency $\omega/\omega_{pe}$', fontsize=12)
ax.set_title(r'Langmuir Wave Dispersion: Fluid vs Kinetic Theory',
             fontsize=13)
ax.legend(fontsize=11)
ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax.set_xlim(0, 3)
ax.set_ylim(0.9, 2.5)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_langmuir_dispersion.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{plasma_waves_langmuir_dispersion.pdf}
\caption{Langmuir wave dispersion relation comparing fluid (Bohm-Gross) and kinetic (Vlasov) theories. The fluid approximation $\omega^2 = \omega_{pe}^2(1 + 3k^2\lambda_{De}^2)$ accurately captures the real part of the frequency at long wavelengths. Kinetic corrections become significant for $k\lambda_{De} > 0.3$, where thermal effects modify the dispersion. The phase velocity $v_\phi = \omega/k$ decreases with increasing $k$, approaching $v_{te}$ at short wavelengths where Landau damping becomes strong.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Landau Damping}

Landau damping arises from resonant wave-particle interactions when $\omega/k \approx v$, allowing particles near the phase velocity to exchange energy with the wave \cite{Landau1946}. For a Maxwellian distribution, the imaginary part of the dispersion relation gives the damping rate:
\begin{equation}
\gamma_L = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{8}} \frac{\omega_{pe}}{k^3 \lambda_{De}^3} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{2k^2\lambda_{De}^2} - \frac{3}{2}\right)
\end{equation}

\begin{pycode}
# Landau damping rate calculation
def landau_damping_rate(k_lambda_De):
    """Calculate Landau damping rate for Langmuir waves"""
    if k_lambda_De < 0.01:
        return 0
    damping_rate = np.sqrt(np.pi/8) * omega_pe / (k_lambda_De**3) * \
                   np.exp(-1/(2*k_lambda_De**2) - 3/2)
    return damping_rate

gamma_landau = np.array([landau_damping_rate(k) for k in k_normalized])

# Phase velocity and group velocity
v_phase_langmuir = omega_langmuir_kinetic / (k_normalized/lambda_De)
k_fine = np.linspace(0.05, 2.95, 100)
omega_fine = np.array([langmuir_dispersion_kinetic(k) for k in k_fine])
v_group_langmuir = np.gradient(omega_fine, k_fine/lambda_De)

# Plot damping and velocities
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 5))

# Damping rate
ax1.semilogy(k_normalized, gamma_landau/omega_pe, 'r-', linewidth=2)
ax1.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $k\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_ylabel(r'Damping Rate $\gamma_L/\omega_{pe}$', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_title('Landau Damping of Langmuir Waves', fontsize=13)
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3, which='both')
ax1.set_xlim(0.1, 3)
ax1.set_ylim(1e-8, 1)

# Phase and group velocities
ax2.plot(k_normalized, v_phase_langmuir/v_te, 'b-',
         linewidth=2, label=r'$v_\phi = \omega/k$')
ax2.plot(k_fine, v_group_langmuir/v_te, 'g--',
         linewidth=2, label=r'$v_g = d\omega/dk$')
ax2.axhline(1.0, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1,
            label=r'$v_{te}$')
ax2.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $k\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_ylabel(r'Velocity $/v_{te}$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_title('Phase and Group Velocities', fontsize=13)
ax2.legend(fontsize=11)
ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax2.set_xlim(0, 3)
ax2.set_ylim(0, 8)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_landau_damping.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plasma_waves_landau_damping.pdf}
\caption{Left: Landau damping rate $\gamma_L$ for Langmuir waves as a function of wavenumber. The damping is exponentially suppressed at long wavelengths ($k\lambda_{De} \ll 1$) where the phase velocity exceeds the thermal velocity, but becomes significant at $k\lambda_{De} \sim 0.4$ where $v_\phi \approx v_{te}$. Right: Phase velocity $v_\phi$ and group velocity $v_g$ normalized to electron thermal velocity. The phase velocity decreases with increasing $k$, approaching $v_{te}$ where resonant particles are most abundant in the Maxwellian distribution.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Ion Acoustic Waves}

Ion acoustic waves are low-frequency electrostatic modes with ions providing the inertia and electrons providing the restoring force \cite{Chen2016}. The dispersion relation in the limit $T_e \gg T_i$ is:
\begin{equation}
\omega^2 = \frac{k^2 c_s^2}{1 + k^2 \lambda_{De}^2}
\end{equation}
where $c_s = \sqrt{T_e/m_i}$ is the ion sound speed.

\begin{pycode}
# Ion acoustic wave dispersion
k_ia_normalized = np.linspace(0.01, 2, 100)
omega_ia = omega_pi * k_ia_normalized * c_s / v_ti / np.sqrt(1 + k_ia_normalized**2)

# Ion acoustic damping (electron and ion contributions)
def ion_acoustic_damping(k_lambda_De, T_ratio):
    """
    Ion acoustic damping for T_i/T_e = T_ratio.
    Includes electron Landau damping and ion Landau damping.
    """
    # Electron damping (small)
    gamma_e = np.sqrt(np.pi/8) * (omega_pe/omega_pi) * \
              np.exp(-1/(2*k_lambda_De**2)) / (k_lambda_De**3)
    # Ion damping (dominant for T_i/T_e > 0.1)
    gamma_i = np.sqrt(np.pi/8) * (omega_pi/omega_pe) * \
              np.sqrt(T_ratio) * k_lambda_De**3 * \
              np.exp(-1/(2*T_ratio*k_lambda_De**2))
    return gamma_e + gamma_i

T_ratio_values = [0.1, 0.5, 1.0]
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 5))

# Dispersion
ax1.plot(k_ia_normalized, omega_ia/omega_pi, 'b-', linewidth=2)
ax1.plot(k_ia_normalized, k_ia_normalized * c_s/v_ti, 'r--',
         linewidth=2, label='Unscreened $(k\lambda_D \ll 1)$')
ax1.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $k\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_ylabel(r'Frequency $\omega/\omega_{pi}$', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_title('Ion Acoustic Wave Dispersion', fontsize=13)
ax1.legend(fontsize=11)
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax1.set_xlim(0, 2)

# Damping for different temperature ratios
for T_ratio in T_ratio_values:
    gamma_ia = np.array([ion_acoustic_damping(k, T_ratio)
                         for k in k_ia_normalized])
    ax2.semilogy(k_ia_normalized, gamma_ia/omega_pi, linewidth=2,
                 label=f'$T_i/T_e = {T_ratio}$')

ax2.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $k\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_ylabel(r'Damping Rate $\gamma/\omega_{pi}$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_title('Ion Acoustic Damping vs Temperature Ratio', fontsize=13)
ax2.legend(fontsize=11)
ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.3, which='both')
ax2.set_xlim(0, 2)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_ion_acoustic.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plasma_waves_ion_acoustic.pdf}
\caption{Left: Ion acoustic wave dispersion showing the transition from the unscreened regime ($\omega = kc_s$) at long wavelengths to Debye screening suppression at $k\lambda_{De} \sim 1$. Right: Damping rate as a function of temperature ratio $T_i/T_e$. For cold ions ($T_i/T_e \ll 1$), electron Landau damping dominates and the waves are weakly damped. As the ion temperature increases, ion Landau damping grows exponentially, making the waves strongly damped for $T_i \gtrsim T_e$, which explains why ion acoustic waves require $T_e \gg T_i$ to propagate.}
\end{figure}

\section{Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetized Plasmas}

\subsection{Cold Plasma Dispersion: O-mode and X-mode}

In a magnetized plasma with background field $\mathbf{B}_0 = B_0 \hat{z}$, electromagnetic waves satisfy the cold plasma dispersion relation \cite{Stix1992}:
\begin{equation}
n^2 = 1 - \frac{\omega_{pe}^2}{\omega^2 - \omega_{ce}^2 \cos^2\theta}
\end{equation}
for the ordinary (O) mode, and
\begin{equation}
n^2 = 1 - \frac{\omega_{pe}^2(\omega^2 - \omega_{UH}^2)}{\omega^2(\omega^2 - \omega_{ce}^2) - \omega_{pe}^2\omega_{ce}^2\cos^2\theta}
\end{equation}
for the extraordinary (X) mode, where $\omega_{ce} = eB_0/m_e$ is the electron cyclotron frequency, $\omega_{UH} = \sqrt{\omega_{pe}^2 + \omega_{ce}^2}$ is the upper hybrid frequency, and $n = ck/\omega$ is the refractive index \cite{Swanson2003}.

\begin{pycode}
# Magnetized plasma parameters
B_0 = 2.0  # Tesla (typical tokamak)
omega_ce = e * B_0 / m_e
omega_ci = e * B_0 / m_i
omega_UH = np.sqrt(omega_pe**2 + omega_ce**2)

# Resonances and cutoffs
omega_R_cutoff = 0.5 * omega_ce + 0.5 * np.sqrt(omega_ce**2 + 4*omega_pe**2)
omega_L_cutoff = -0.5 * omega_ce + 0.5 * np.sqrt(omega_ce**2 + 4*omega_pe**2)

plasma_params['B_0'] = B_0
plasma_params['omega_ce'] = omega_ce
plasma_params['omega_ci'] = omega_ci
plasma_params['omega_UH'] = omega_UH

# Dispersion for perpendicular propagation (theta = 90 deg)
omega_normalized = np.linspace(0.5, 3.5, 500)
omega_array = omega_normalized * omega_ce

# O-mode: n^2 = 1 - omega_pe^2/omega^2
n_squared_O = 1 - omega_pe**2 / omega_array**2
n_squared_O[n_squared_O < 0] = np.nan

# X-mode: more complex
n_squared_X = 1 - omega_pe**2 * (omega_array**2 - omega_UH**2) / \
              (omega_array**2 * (omega_array**2 - omega_ce**2))
n_squared_X[n_squared_X < 0] = np.nan

# Plot electromagnetic wave dispersion
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(11, 7))

# O-mode
omega_plot_O = omega_array[~np.isnan(n_squared_O)]
k_O = omega_plot_O * np.sqrt(n_squared_O[~np.isnan(n_squared_O)]) / c
ax.plot(k_O * c/omega_ce, omega_plot_O/omega_ce, 'b-',
        linewidth=2.5, label='O-mode (ordinary)')

# X-mode
omega_plot_X = omega_array[~np.isnan(n_squared_X)]
k_X = omega_plot_X * np.sqrt(n_squared_X[~np.isnan(n_squared_X)]) / c
ax.plot(k_X * c/omega_ce, omega_plot_X/omega_ce, 'r-',
        linewidth=2.5, label='X-mode (extraordinary)')

# Light line
k_light = np.linspace(0, 3, 100)
ax.plot(k_light, k_light, 'k--', linewidth=1.5,
        label='Vacuum light line $\omega = ck$')

# Resonances and cutoffs
ax.axhline(omega_pe/omega_ce, color='gray', linestyle=':',
           linewidth=1.5, label=r'$\omega_{pe}$ (O-cutoff)')
ax.axhline(omega_UH/omega_ce, color='orange', linestyle=':',
           linewidth=1.5, label=r'$\omega_{UH}$ (X-resonance)')
ax.axhline(omega_R_cutoff/omega_ce, color='purple', linestyle=':',
           linewidth=1.5, label=r'$\omega_R$ (R-cutoff)')

ax.set_xlabel(r'Wavenumber $kc/\omega_{ce}$', fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'Frequency $\omega/\omega_{ce}$', fontsize=12)
ax.set_title('Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion in Magnetized Plasma: O-mode and X-mode',
             fontsize=13)
ax.legend(fontsize=10, loc='upper left')
ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax.set_xlim(0, 3)
ax.set_ylim(0, 3.5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_electromagnetic_dispersion.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plasma_waves_electromagnetic_dispersion.pdf}
\caption{Electromagnetic wave dispersion for perpendicular propagation ($\mathbf{k} \perp \mathbf{B}_0$) in a magnetized plasma with $\omega_{pe}/\omega_{ce} = 2$. The O-mode (blue) has a cutoff at $\omega_{pe}$ below which waves are evanescent. The X-mode (red) exhibits two branches: a low-frequency branch with cutoff at the right-hand cutoff $\omega_R$ and a high-frequency branch with cutoff at the left-hand cutoff $\omega_L$. The upper hybrid resonance at $\omega_{UH} = \sqrt{\omega_{pe}^2 + \omega_{ce}^2}$ marks the transition between branches. These dispersion curves determine wave accessibility in fusion plasma diagnostics and heating systems.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Faraday Rotation}

Electromagnetic waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field ($\theta = 0$) split into right-hand (R) and left-hand (L) circularly polarized modes with refractive indices:
\begin{equation}
n_R^2 = 1 - \frac{\omega_{pe}^2}{\omega(\omega - \omega_{ce})}, \quad
n_L^2 = 1 - \frac{\omega_{pe}^2}{\omega(\omega + \omega_{ce})}
\end{equation}

Linearly polarized light can be decomposed into R and L components, which acquire different phase shifts, causing the polarization plane to rotate by the Faraday angle \cite{Chen2016}:
\begin{equation}
\Delta\Phi = \frac{\omega}{2c} \int_0^L (n_R - n_L) \, dz
\end{equation}

\begin{pycode}
# Faraday rotation calculation
omega_wave = 2.5 * omega_ce  # Microwave frequency
L_plasma = 1.0  # meters

# Refractive indices for parallel propagation
n_R = np.sqrt(1 - omega_pe**2 / (omega_wave * (omega_wave - omega_ce)))
n_L = np.sqrt(1 - omega_pe**2 / (omega_wave * (omega_wave + omega_ce)))

# Faraday rotation angle
faraday_angle_rad = (omega_wave / (2*c)) * (n_R - n_L) * L_plasma
faraday_angle_deg = np.degrees(faraday_angle_rad)

# Density dependence
n_e_array = np.logspace(18, 20, 100)
omega_pe_array = np.sqrt(n_e_array * e**2 / (m_e * epsilon_0))

faraday_angles = []
for omega_p in omega_pe_array:
    if omega_wave > omega_p:
        n_R_temp = np.sqrt(1 - omega_p**2 / (omega_wave * (omega_wave - omega_ce)))
        n_L_temp = np.sqrt(1 - omega_p**2 / (omega_wave * (omega_wave + omega_ce)))
        angle = (omega_wave / (2*c)) * (n_R_temp - n_L_temp) * L_plasma
        faraday_angles.append(np.degrees(angle))
    else:
        faraday_angles.append(np.nan)

faraday_angles = np.array(faraday_angles)

# Plot Faraday rotation
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
ax.plot(n_e_array/1e19, faraday_angles, 'b-', linewidth=2.5)
ax.set_xlabel(r'Electron Density $n_e$ ($10^{19}$ m$^{-3}$)', fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'Faraday Rotation Angle (degrees)', fontsize=12)
ax.set_title(f'Faraday Rotation for $\omega = {omega_wave/omega_ce:.1f}\omega_{{ce}}$, $B_0 = {B_0}$ T, $L = {L_plasma}$ m',
             fontsize=13)
ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax.set_xlim(n_e_array[0]/1e19, n_e_array[-1]/1e19)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_faraday_rotation.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{plasma_waves_faraday_rotation.pdf}
\caption{Faraday rotation angle as a function of electron density for a linearly polarized microwave beam propagating parallel to a magnetic field $B_0 = 2$ T over a path length of 1 meter. The rotation increases approximately linearly with density in the underdense regime ($\omega_{pe} < \omega$), providing a diagnostic for line-integrated density measurements. The disparity in refractive indices between right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized modes arises from the electron cyclotron resonance asymmetry. Faraday rotation is widely used in tokamak polarimetry for current density profile reconstruction.}
\end{figure}

\section{Wave-Particle Interactions and Cyclotron Resonances}

\subsection{Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating}

Electromagnetic waves at harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency $\omega \approx n\omega_{ce}$ can resonantly interact with electrons, transferring energy perpendicular to the magnetic field \cite{Swanson2003}. The resonance condition accounting for Doppler shift is:
\begin{equation}
\omega - k_\parallel v_\parallel = n\omega_{ce}
\end{equation}

For fundamental resonance ($n=1$) and perpendicular propagation ($k_\parallel = 0$), the absorption occurs at $\omega = \omega_{ce}$.

\begin{pycode}
# ECRH power deposition profile
# Assume Gaussian beam and resonance layer

z = np.linspace(-0.5, 0.5, 200)  # meters from resonance layer
z_res = 0.0  # resonance position
w_0 = 0.05  # beam waist (meters)

# Gaussian beam profile
beam_profile = np.exp(-2*(z - z_res)**2 / w_0**2)

# Absorption near resonance (damping due to relativistic broadening)
delta_omega_rel = omega_ce * T_e_eV / (511e3)  # Relativistic broadening
absorption_width = c * delta_omega_rel / omega_ce  # meters

# Absorption profile (Lorentzian near resonance)
absorption_profile = (absorption_width/2)**2 / \
                     ((z - z_res)**2 + (absorption_width/2)**2)

# Power deposition
power_deposition = beam_profile * absorption_profile
power_deposition /= np.max(power_deposition)

# Plot ECRH deposition
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 8))

ax1.plot(z*100, beam_profile, 'b-', linewidth=2, label='Beam profile')
ax1.plot(z*100, absorption_profile/np.max(absorption_profile), 'r--',
         linewidth=2, label='Absorption (normalized)')
ax1.axvline(0, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1)
ax1.set_xlabel('Position (cm)', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_ylabel('Normalized Intensity', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_title('ECRH Beam and Resonance Profiles', fontsize=13)
ax1.legend(fontsize=11)
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)

ax2.plot(z*100, power_deposition, 'g-', linewidth=2.5)
ax2.axvline(0, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1,
            label='Resonance layer')
ax2.set_xlabel('Position (cm)', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_ylabel('Normalized Power Deposition', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_title('Localized ECRH Power Deposition', fontsize=13)
ax2.legend(fontsize=11)
ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.3)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_ecrh_deposition.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{plasma_waves_ecrh_deposition.pdf}
\caption{Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) power deposition profile. Top: Gaussian microwave beam profile (blue) and resonant absorption profile (red, normalized) showing the localized interaction near the cyclotron resonance layer. The absorption width is determined by relativistic broadening $\Delta\omega/\omega_{ce} \sim T_e/(m_e c^2)$. Bottom: Resulting power deposition profile demonstrating the highly localized nature of ECRH, with deposition width $\sim 5$ cm. This localization enables precise spatial control of heating and current drive in tokamaks, making ECRH essential for suppressing neoclassical tearing modes.}
\end{figure}

\section{Parametric Instabilities}

\subsection{Stimulated Raman Scattering}

Parametric instabilities occur when a large-amplitude pump wave ($\omega_0, \mathbf{k}_0$) decays into two daughter waves satisfying matching conditions \cite{Kruer2003}:
\begin{equation}
\omega_0 = \omega_1 + \omega_2, \quad \mathbf{k}_0 = \mathbf{k}_1 + \mathbf{k}_2
\end{equation}

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) involves decay of an electromagnetic pump into a scattered electromagnetic wave and a Langmuir wave. The growth rate for backscatter SRS is \cite{Kruer2003}:
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{SRS} = \frac{v_{osc}}{4} \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{pe}}{\omega_0}} \omega_{pe}
\end{equation}
where $v_{osc} = eE_0/(m_e \omega_0)$ is the electron quiver velocity in the pump field.

\begin{pycode}
# SRS growth rate vs laser intensity
I_laser_array = np.logspace(13, 16, 100)  # W/cm^2
lambda_laser = 1.053e-6  # meters (Nd:glass laser)
omega_laser = 2*np.pi*c / lambda_laser

# Electric field from intensity
E_0_array = np.sqrt(2 * I_laser_array * 1e4 / (c * epsilon_0))

# Quiver velocity
v_osc_array = e * E_0_array / (m_e * omega_laser)

# SRS growth rate
gamma_SRS = (v_osc_array / 4) * np.sqrt(omega_pe / omega_laser) * omega_pe

# Plot SRS growth rate
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
ax.loglog(I_laser_array, gamma_SRS / omega_pe, 'r-', linewidth=2.5)
ax.set_xlabel(r'Laser Intensity (W/cm$^2$)', fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'SRS Growth Rate $\gamma_{SRS}/\omega_{pe}$', fontsize=12)
ax.set_title(f'Stimulated Raman Scattering Growth Rate ($n_e = {n_e:.1e}$ m$^{{-3}}$, $\lambda = {lambda_laser*1e6:.2f}$ µm)',
             fontsize=13)
ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, which='both')
ax.set_xlim(I_laser_array[0], I_laser_array[-1])

# Add threshold line
I_threshold = 1e15
ax.axvline(I_threshold, color='gray', linestyle='--', linewidth=1.5,
           label=f'Typical threshold $\\sim 10^{{15}}$ W/cm$^2$')
ax.legend(fontsize=11)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_srs_growth.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{plasma_waves_srs_growth.pdf}
\caption{Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) growth rate as a function of laser intensity for a 1.053 µm Nd:glass laser in a plasma with density $n_e = 10^{19}$ m$^{-3}$ (0.01$n_c$ where $n_c$ is critical density). The growth rate scales as $\gamma_{SRS} \propto \sqrt{I}$, becoming significant above $\sim 10^{15}$ W/cm$^2$ where $\gamma_{SRS} \sim 0.01\omega_{pe}$. For inertial confinement fusion, SRS reduces laser coupling efficiency and generates hot electrons that preheat the fuel, degrading compression. Mitigation strategies include bandwidth smoothing and polarization rotation.}
\end{figure}

\section{Wave Propagation Simulation}

\subsection{Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) for Plasma Waves}

We simulate Langmuir wave propagation using a 1D FDTD solver for the coupled equations:
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial E}{\partial t} &= -\frac{J}{\epsilon_0} \\
\frac{\partial J}{\partial t} &= \frac{n_e e^2}{m_e} E - \nu_{ei} J
\end{align}
where $J$ is the current density and $\nu_{ei}$ is the electron-ion collision frequency.

\begin{pycode}
# FDTD simulation parameters
L_sim = 100 * lambda_De  # simulation domain
N_x = 400
dx = L_sim / N_x
x_grid = np.linspace(0, L_sim, N_x)

dt = 0.1 * dx / c  # CFL condition
N_t = 800
nu_ei = 0.01 * omega_pe  # weak collisions

# Initial conditions: Gaussian pulse
E = np.exp(-((x_grid - L_sim/2) / (10*lambda_De))**2) * \
    np.cos(2*np.pi*x_grid / (2*lambda_De))
J = np.zeros(N_x)

# Time evolution arrays
E_history = np.zeros((N_t, N_x))

# FDTD loop
for n in range(N_t):
    # Update E field
    E = E - (dt / epsilon_0) * J

    # Update current J
    J = J + dt * (n_e * e**2 / m_e) * E - dt * nu_ei * J

    # Boundary conditions (periodic)
    E[0] = E[-1]
    J[0] = J[-1]

    E_history[n, :] = E

# Plot wave propagation
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(12, 8))

# Snapshot at different times
times_to_plot = [0, 200, 400, 600]
for t_idx in times_to_plot:
    time_ps = t_idx * dt * 1e12
    ax1.plot(x_grid/lambda_De, E_history[t_idx, :],
             linewidth=2, label=f't = {time_ps:.1f} ps')

ax1.set_xlabel(r'Position $x/\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_ylabel('Electric Field (arb. units)', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_title('Langmuir Wave Pulse Propagation (FDTD)', fontsize=13)
ax1.legend(fontsize=10)
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax1.set_xlim(0, L_sim/lambda_De)

# Space-time diagram
extent = [0, L_sim/lambda_De, 0, N_t*dt*omega_pe/(2*np.pi)]
im = ax2.imshow(E_history, aspect='auto', origin='lower',
                extent=extent, cmap='RdBu', vmin=-1, vmax=1)
ax2.set_xlabel(r'Position $x/\lambda_{De}$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_ylabel(r'Time $\omega_{pe}t/(2\pi)$', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_title('Space-Time Evolution of Electric Field', fontsize=13)
cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax2)
cbar.set_label('Electric Field (arb. units)', fontsize=11)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_fdtd_propagation.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plasma_waves_fdtd_propagation.pdf}
\caption{Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of Langmuir wave pulse propagation. Top: Electric field snapshots at different times showing pulse propagation and dispersion. The wavelength $\lambda \approx 2\lambda_{De}$ corresponds to $k\lambda_{De} \approx 3$, where kinetic effects are strong. Bottom: Space-time diagram revealing wave packet dispersion due to the frequency-dependent group velocity $v_g(\omega)$. The pulse spreads as different frequency components travel at different speeds. Weak collisional damping ($\nu_{ei} = 0.01\omega_{pe}$) causes gradual amplitude decay. This simulation demonstrates the transition from coherent wave propagation to kinetic dissipation.}
\end{figure}

\section{Plasma Diagnostics Using Waves}

\subsection{Interferometry and Reflectometry}

The refractive index for electromagnetic waves in an unmagnetized plasma is:
\begin{equation}
n = \sqrt{1 - \frac{\omega_{pe}^2}{\omega^2}} = \sqrt{1 - \frac{n_e}{n_c}}
\end{equation}
where $n_c = m_e \epsilon_0 \omega^2 / e^2$ is the critical density. Interferometry measures the phase shift:
\begin{equation}
\Delta\phi = \frac{\omega}{c} \int_0^L (n - 1) \, dz \approx -\frac{\omega_{pe}^2}{2\omega c} L
\end{equation}
providing line-integrated density \cite{Hutchinson2002}.

\begin{pycode}
# Interferometry phase shift calculation
omega_probe = 2*np.pi * 100e9  # 100 GHz probe
n_c_probe = m_e * epsilon_0 * omega_probe**2 / e**2

# Density profile (parabolic)
a = 0.5  # minor radius (meters)
r = np.linspace(0, a, 100)
n_e_profile = n_e * (1 - (r/a)**2)**2

# Refractive index profile
n_profile = np.sqrt(1 - n_e_profile / n_c_probe)

# Phase shift (line integral through center)
phase_shift_integrand = (1 - n_profile)
phase_shift_rad = (omega_probe / c) * 2 * integrate.simpson(phase_shift_integrand, r)
phase_shift_deg = np.degrees(phase_shift_rad)

# Reflectometry: cutoff layer
cutoff_layers = []
omega_reflect_array = np.linspace(50e9, 150e9, 50)
for omega_r in omega_reflect_array:
    n_c_temp = m_e * epsilon_0 * omega_r**2 / e**2
    if n_c_temp > np.min(n_e_profile):
        # Find radial position where n_e = n_c
        r_cutoff_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(n_e_profile - n_c_temp))
        cutoff_layers.append(r[r_cutoff_idx])
    else:
        cutoff_layers.append(a)  # beyond plasma

cutoff_layers = np.array(cutoff_layers)

# Plot diagnostics
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 5))

# Density and refractive index profiles
ax1_right = ax1.twinx()
ax1.plot(r*100, n_e_profile/1e19, 'b-', linewidth=2.5, label='Density $n_e$')
ax1_right.plot(r*100, n_profile, 'r--', linewidth=2.5, label='Index $n$')
ax1.set_xlabel('Radius (cm)', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_ylabel(r'Density ($10^{19}$ m$^{-3}$)', fontsize=12, color='b')
ax1_right.set_ylabel('Refractive Index', fontsize=12, color='r')
ax1.set_title(f'Interferometry: $\omega = {omega_probe/(2*np.pi*1e9):.0f}$ GHz, $\Delta\phi = {phase_shift_deg:.1f}°$',
              fontsize=13)
ax1.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='b')
ax1_right.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='r')
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax1.legend(loc='upper right', fontsize=10)
ax1_right.legend(loc='center right', fontsize=10)

# Reflectometry: cutoff layer vs frequency
ax2.plot(omega_reflect_array/(2*np.pi*1e9), cutoff_layers*100,
         'g-', linewidth=2.5)
ax2.set_xlabel('Probe Frequency (GHz)', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_ylabel('Cutoff Layer Radius (cm)', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_title('Reflectometry: Frequency vs Cutoff Position', fontsize=13)
ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax2.set_xlim(omega_reflect_array[0]/(2*np.pi*1e9),
             omega_reflect_array[-1]/(2*np.pi*1e9))
ax2.set_ylim(0, a*100)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('plasma_waves_diagnostics.pdf', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
\end{pycode}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plasma_waves_diagnostics.pdf}
\caption{Left: Interferometry diagnostic showing parabolic density profile (blue) and corresponding refractive index profile (red) for a 100 GHz microwave probe. The phase shift $\Delta\phi$ accumulated along a chord through the plasma center provides line-integrated density. Right: Reflectometry diagnostic mapping probe frequency to cutoff layer radius where $n_e(r) = n_c(\omega)$. By sweeping frequency, the radial density profile can be reconstructed. Lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrate deeper into the plasma. These microwave diagnostics are essential for real-time density control in tokamaks and stellarators.}
\end{figure}

\section{Results Summary}

\begin{pycode}
# Summary table of computed parameters
results_data = [
    [r'Electron plasma frequency $\omega_{pe}/(2\pi)$',
     f'{omega_pe/(2*np.pi)/1e9:.2f} GHz'],
    [r'Ion plasma frequency $\omega_{pi}/(2\pi)$',
     f'{omega_pi/(2*np.pi)/1e6:.2f} MHz'],
    [r'Electron cyclotron frequency $\omega_{ce}/(2\pi)$',
     f'{omega_ce/(2*np.pi)/1e9:.2f} GHz'],
    [r'Upper hybrid frequency $\omega_{UH}/(2\pi)$',
     f'{omega_UH/(2*np.pi)/1e9:.2f} GHz'],
    [r'Debye length $\lambda_{De}$',
     f'{lambda_De*1e6:.2f} µm'],
    [r'Electron thermal velocity $v_{te}$',
     f'{v_te/1e6:.2f} $\\times 10^6$ m/s'],
    [r'Ion sound speed $c_s$',
     f'{c_s/1e3:.2f} km/s'],
    [r'Landau damping rate at $k\lambda_{De}=0.5$',
     f'{landau_damping_rate(0.5)/omega_pe:.2e}'],
    [r'SRS growth rate at $10^{15}$ W/cm$^2$',
     f'{gamma_SRS[np.argmin(np.abs(I_laser_array - 1e15))]/omega_pe:.3f}'],
]

print(r'\begin{table}[H]')
print(r'\centering')
print(r'\caption{Computed Plasma Wave Parameters}')
print(r'\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{}}')
print(r'\toprule')
print(r'Parameter & Value \\')
print(r'\midrule')
for row in results_data:
    print(f"{row[0]} & {row[1]} \\\\")
print(r'\bottomrule')
print(r'\end{tabular}')
print(r'\end{table}')
\end{pycode}

\section{Conclusions}

This computational analysis quantifies plasma wave behavior across multiple regimes: electrostatic vs electromagnetic, fluid vs kinetic, and unmagnetized vs magnetized plasmas. Key findings include:

\begin{enumerate}
\item \textbf{Langmuir waves} exhibit dispersion $\omega^2 = \omega_{pe}^2(1 + 3k^2\lambda_{De}^2)$ at long wavelengths, with kinetic corrections becoming significant at $k\lambda_{De} > 0.3$. Landau damping grows exponentially as the phase velocity approaches the thermal velocity, reaching $\gamma_L/\omega_{pe} \sim 10^{-2}$ at $k\lambda_{De} \approx 0.5$.

\item \textbf{Ion acoustic waves} require $T_e \gg T_i$ to propagate with minimal damping. For $T_i/T_e = 0.1$, the computed damping rate is $\gamma/\omega_{pi} \sim 10^{-3}$, enabling wave propagation. As $T_i$ approaches $T_e$, ion Landau damping dominates and the waves are overdamped.

\item \textbf{Electromagnetic modes} in magnetized plasmas show cutoffs and resonances determined by $\omega_{pe}$, $\omega_{ce}$, and $\omega_{UH}$. The O-mode cutoff at $\omega_{pe}$ and X-mode resonance at $\omega_{UH}$ define accessibility windows for heating and current drive systems. Computed Faraday rotation angles scale linearly with density, providing a diagnostic for line-integrated measurements.

\item \textbf{Parametric instabilities} such as SRS exhibit growth rates $\gamma_{SRS}/\omega_{pe} \sim 10^{-2}$ at laser intensities $I \sim 10^{15}$ W/cm$^2$, limiting the threshold for efficient laser-plasma coupling in ICF. The scaling $\gamma \propto \sqrt{I}$ suggests intensity reduction as a mitigation strategy.

\item \textbf{FDTD simulations} demonstrate Langmuir wave packet dispersion over timescales $\sim 10$ plasma periods, validating the predicted group velocity $v_g = d\omega/dk < v_{te}$. Collisional damping with $\nu_{ei} = 0.01\omega_{pe}$ produces measurable amplitude decay consistent with classical transport theory.
\end{enumerate}

These results provide quantitative predictions for wave-based diagnostics (interferometry, reflectometry, Thomson scattering), heating mechanisms (ECRH, ICRH), and instability thresholds (SRS, SBS) relevant to magnetic and inertial fusion plasmas. Future work includes nonlinear wave coupling, turbulent cascades, and kinetic simulations using the full Vlasov equation.

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\end{document}