NativePRNG.java

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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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 * accompanied this code).
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package sun.security.provider;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.security.*;
import java.util.Arrays;

import sun.security.util.Debug;

/**
 * Native PRNG implementation for Solaris/Linux/MacOS.
 * <p>
 * It obtains seed and random numbers by reading system files such as
 * the special device files /dev/random and /dev/urandom.  This
 * implementation respects the {@code securerandom.source} Security
 * property and {@code java.security.egd} System property for obtaining
 * seed material.  If the file specified by the properties does not
 * exist, /dev/random is the default seed source.  /dev/urandom is
 * the default source of random numbers.
 * <p>
 * On some Unix platforms, /dev/random may block until enough entropy is
 * available, but that may negatively impact the perceived startup
 * time.  By selecting these sources, this implementation tries to
 * strike a balance between performance and security.
 * <p>
 * generateSeed() and setSeed() attempt to directly read/write to the seed
 * source. However, this file may only be writable by root in many
 * configurations. Because we cannot just ignore bytes specified via
 * setSeed(), we keep a SHA1PRNG around in parallel.
 * <p>
 * nextBytes() reads the bytes directly from the source of random
 * numbers (and then mixes them with bytes from the SHA1PRNG for the
 * reasons explained above). Reading bytes from the random generator means
 * that we are generally getting entropy from the operating system. This
 * is a notable advantage over the SHA1PRNG model, which acquires
 * entropy only initially during startup although the VM may be running
 * for months.
 * <p>
 * Also note for nextBytes() that we do not need any initial pure random
 * seed from /dev/random. This is an advantage because on some versions
 * of Linux entropy can be exhausted very quickly and could thus impact
 * startup time.
 * <p>
 * Finally, note that we use a singleton for the actual work (RandomIO)
 * to avoid having to open and close /dev/[u]random constantly. However,
 * there may be many NativePRNG instances created by the JCA framework.
 *
 * @since   1.5
 * @author  Andreas Sterbenz
 */
public final class NativePRNG extends SecureRandomSpi {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6599091113397072932L;

    private static final Debug debug = Debug.getInstance("provider");

    // name of the pure random file (also used for setSeed())
    private static final String NAME_RANDOM = "/dev/random";
    // name of the pseudo random file
    private static final String NAME_URANDOM = "/dev/urandom";

    // which kind of RandomIO object are we creating?
    private enum Variant {
        MIXED, BLOCKING, NONBLOCKING
    }

    // singleton instance or null if not available
    private static final RandomIO INSTANCE = initIO(Variant.MIXED);

    /**
     * Get the System egd source (if defined).  We only allow "file:"
     * URLs for now. If there is a egd value, parse it.
     *
     * @return the URL or null if not available.
     */
    private static URL getEgdUrl() {
        // This will return "" if nothing was set.
        String egdSource = SunEntries.getSeedSource();
        URL egdUrl;

        if (egdSource.length() != 0) {
            if (debug != null) {
                debug.println("NativePRNG egdUrl: " + egdSource);
            }
            try {
                egdUrl = new URL(egdSource);
                if (!egdUrl.getProtocol().equalsIgnoreCase("file")) {
                    return null;
                }
            } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            egdUrl = null;
        }

        return egdUrl;
    }

    /**
     * Create a RandomIO object for all I/O of this Variant type.
     */
    private static RandomIO initIO(final Variant v) {
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<RandomIO>() {
                @Override
                public RandomIO run() {

                    File seedFile;
                    File nextFile;

                    switch(v) {
                    case MIXED:
                        URL egdUrl;
                        File egdFile = null;

                        if ((egdUrl = getEgdUrl()) != null) {
                            try {
                                egdFile = SunEntries.getDeviceFile(egdUrl);
                            } catch (IOException e) {
                                // Swallow, seedFile is still null
                            }
                        }

                        // Try egd first.
                        if ((egdFile != null) && egdFile.canRead()) {
                            seedFile = egdFile;
                        } else {
                            // fall back to /dev/random.
                            seedFile = new File(NAME_RANDOM);
                        }
                        nextFile = new File(NAME_URANDOM);
                        break;

                    case BLOCKING:
                        seedFile = new File(NAME_RANDOM);
                        nextFile = new File(NAME_RANDOM);
                        break;

                    case NONBLOCKING:
                        seedFile = new File(NAME_URANDOM);
                        nextFile = new File(NAME_URANDOM);
                        break;

                    default:
                        // Shouldn't happen!
                        return null;
                    }

                    if (debug != null) {
                        debug.println("NativePRNG." + v +
                            " seedFile: " + seedFile +
                            " nextFile: " + nextFile);
                    }

                    if (!seedFile.canRead() || !nextFile.canRead()) {
                        if (debug != null) {
                            debug.println("NativePRNG." + v +
                                " Couldn't read Files.");
                        }
                        return null;
                    }

                    try {
                        return new RandomIO(seedFile, nextFile);
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        return null;
                    }
                }
        });
    }

    // return whether the NativePRNG is available
    static boolean isAvailable() {
        return INSTANCE != null;
    }

    // constructor, called by the JCA framework
    public NativePRNG() {
        super();
        if (INSTANCE == null) {
            throw new AssertionError("NativePRNG not available");
        }
    }

    // set the seed
    @Override
    protected void engineSetSeed(byte[] seed) {
        INSTANCE.implSetSeed(seed);
    }

    // get pseudo random bytes
    @Override
    protected void engineNextBytes(byte[] bytes) {
        INSTANCE.implNextBytes(bytes);
    }

    // get true random bytes
    @Override
    protected byte[] engineGenerateSeed(int numBytes) {
        return INSTANCE.implGenerateSeed(numBytes);
    }

    /**
     * A NativePRNG-like class that uses /dev/random for both
     * seed and random material.
     *
     * Note that it does not respect the egd properties, since we have
     * no way of knowing what those qualities are.
     *
     * This is very similar to the outer NativePRNG class, minimizing any
     * breakage to the serialization of the existing implementation.
     *
     * @since   1.8
     */
    public static final class Blocking extends SecureRandomSpi {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -6396183145759983347L;

        private static final RandomIO INSTANCE = initIO(Variant.BLOCKING);

        // return whether this is available
        static boolean isAvailable() {
            return INSTANCE != null;
        }

        // constructor, called by the JCA framework
        public Blocking() {
            super();
            if (INSTANCE == null) {
                throw new AssertionError("NativePRNG$Blocking not available");
            }
        }

        // set the seed
        @Override
        protected void engineSetSeed(byte[] seed) {
            INSTANCE.implSetSeed(seed);
        }

        // get pseudo random bytes
        @Override
        protected void engineNextBytes(byte[] bytes) {
            INSTANCE.implNextBytes(bytes);
        }

        // get true random bytes
        @Override
        protected byte[] engineGenerateSeed(int numBytes) {
            return INSTANCE.implGenerateSeed(numBytes);
        }
    }

    /**
     * A NativePRNG-like class that uses /dev/urandom for both
     * seed and random material.
     *
     * Note that it does not respect the egd properties, since we have
     * no way of knowing what those qualities are.
     *
     * This is very similar to the outer NativePRNG class, minimizing any
     * breakage to the serialization of the existing implementation.
     *
     * @since   1.8
     */
    public static final class NonBlocking extends SecureRandomSpi {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -1102062982994105487L;

        private static final RandomIO INSTANCE = initIO(Variant.NONBLOCKING);

        // return whether this is available
        static boolean isAvailable() {
            return INSTANCE != null;
        }

        // constructor, called by the JCA framework
        public NonBlocking() {
            super();
            if (INSTANCE == null) {
                throw new AssertionError(
                    "NativePRNG$NonBlocking not available");
            }
        }

        // set the seed
        @Override
        protected void engineSetSeed(byte[] seed) {
            INSTANCE.implSetSeed(seed);
        }

        // get pseudo random bytes
        @Override
        protected void engineNextBytes(byte[] bytes) {
            INSTANCE.implNextBytes(bytes);
        }

        // get true random bytes
        @Override
        protected byte[] engineGenerateSeed(int numBytes) {
            return INSTANCE.implGenerateSeed(numBytes);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Nested class doing the actual work. Singleton, see INSTANCE above.
     */
    private static class RandomIO {

        // we buffer data we read from the "next" file for efficiency,
        // but we limit the lifetime to avoid using stale bits
        // lifetime in ms, currently 100 ms (0.1 s)
        private final static long MAX_BUFFER_TIME = 100;

        // size of the "next" buffer
        private static final int MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = 65536;
        private static final int MIN_BUFFER_SIZE = 32;
        private int bufferSize = 256;

        // Holder for the seedFile.  Used if we ever add seed material.
        File seedFile;

        // In/OutputStream for "seed" and "next"
        private final InputStream seedIn, nextIn;
        private OutputStream seedOut;

        // flag indicating if we have tried to open seedOut yet
        private boolean seedOutInitialized;

        // SHA1PRNG instance for mixing
        // initialized lazily on demand to avoid problems during startup
        private volatile sun.security.provider.SecureRandom mixRandom;

        // buffer for next bits
        private byte[] nextBuffer;

        // number of bytes left in nextBuffer
        private int buffered;

        // time we read the data into the nextBuffer
        private long lastRead;

        // Count for the number of buffer size changes requests
        // Positive value in increase size, negative to lower it.
        private int change_buffer = 0;

        // Request limit to trigger an increase in nextBuffer size
        private static final int REQ_LIMIT_INC = 1000;

        // Request limit to trigger a decrease in nextBuffer size
        private static final int REQ_LIMIT_DEC = -100;

        // mutex lock for nextBytes()
        private final Object LOCK_GET_BYTES = new Object();

        // mutex lock for generateSeed()
        private final Object LOCK_GET_SEED = new Object();

        // mutex lock for setSeed()
        private final Object LOCK_SET_SEED = new Object();

        // constructor, called only once from initIO()
        private RandomIO(File seedFile, File nextFile) throws IOException {
            this.seedFile = seedFile;
            seedIn = new FileInputStream(seedFile);
            nextIn = new FileInputStream(nextFile);
            nextBuffer = new byte[bufferSize];
        }

        // get the SHA1PRNG for mixing
        // initialize if not yet created
        private sun.security.provider.SecureRandom getMixRandom() {
            sun.security.provider.SecureRandom r = mixRandom;
            if (r == null) {
                synchronized (LOCK_GET_BYTES) {
                    r = mixRandom;
                    if (r == null) {
                        r = new sun.security.provider.SecureRandom();
                        try {
                            byte[] b = new byte[20];
                            readFully(nextIn, b);
                            r.engineSetSeed(b);
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            throw new ProviderException("init failed", e);
                        }
                        mixRandom = r;
                    }
                }
            }
            return r;
        }

        // read data.length bytes from in
        // These are not normal files, so we need to loop the read.
        // just keep trying as long as we are making progress
        private static void readFully(InputStream in, byte[] data)
                throws IOException {
            int len = data.length;
            int ofs = 0;
            while (len > 0) {
                int k = in.read(data, ofs, len);
                if (k <= 0) {
                    throw new EOFException("File(s) closed?");
                }
                ofs += k;
                len -= k;
            }
            if (len > 0) {
                throw new IOException("Could not read from file(s)");
            }
        }

        // get true random bytes, just read from "seed"
        private byte[] implGenerateSeed(int numBytes) {
            synchronized (LOCK_GET_SEED) {
                try {
                    byte[] b = new byte[numBytes];
                    readFully(seedIn, b);
                    return b;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new ProviderException("generateSeed() failed", e);
                }
            }
        }

        // supply random bytes to the OS
        // write to "seed" if possible
        // always add the seed to our mixing random
        private void implSetSeed(byte[] seed) {
            synchronized (LOCK_SET_SEED) {
                if (seedOutInitialized == false) {
                    seedOutInitialized = true;
                    seedOut = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                            new PrivilegedAction<OutputStream>() {
                        @Override
                        public OutputStream run() {
                            try {
                                return new FileOutputStream(seedFile, true);
                            } catch (Exception e) {
                                return null;
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (seedOut != null) {
                    try {
                        seedOut.write(seed);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        // Ignored. On Mac OS X, /dev/urandom can be opened
                        // for write, but actual write is not permitted.
                    }
                }
                getMixRandom().engineSetSeed(seed);
            }
        }

        // ensure that there is at least one valid byte in the buffer
        // if not, read new bytes
        private void ensureBufferValid() throws IOException {
            long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
            int new_buffer_size = 0;

            // Check if buffer has bytes available that are not too old
            if (buffered > 0) {
                if (time - lastRead < MAX_BUFFER_TIME) {
                    return;
                } else {
                    // byte is old, so subtract from counter to shrink buffer
                    change_buffer--;
                }
            } else {
                // No bytes available, so add to count to increase buffer
                change_buffer++;
            }

            // If counter has it a limit, increase or decrease size
            if (change_buffer > REQ_LIMIT_INC) {
                new_buffer_size = nextBuffer.length * 2;
            } else if (change_buffer < REQ_LIMIT_DEC) {
                new_buffer_size = nextBuffer.length / 2;
            }

            // If buffer size is to be changed, replace nextBuffer.
            if (new_buffer_size > 0) {
                if (new_buffer_size <= MAX_BUFFER_SIZE &&
                        new_buffer_size >= MIN_BUFFER_SIZE) {
                    nextBuffer = new byte[new_buffer_size];
                    if (debug != null) {
                        debug.println("Buffer size changed to " +
                                new_buffer_size);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (debug != null) {
                        debug.println("Buffer reached limit: " +
                                nextBuffer.length);
                    }
                }
                change_buffer = 0;
            }

            // Load fresh random bytes into nextBuffer
            lastRead = time;
            readFully(nextIn, nextBuffer);
            buffered = nextBuffer.length;
        }

        // get pseudo random bytes
        // read from "next" and XOR with bytes generated by the
        // mixing SHA1PRNG
        private void implNextBytes(byte[] data) {
                try {
                    getMixRandom().engineNextBytes(data);
                    int data_len = data.length;
                    int ofs = 0;
                    int len;
                    int buf_pos;
                    int localofs;
                    byte[] localBuffer;

                    while (data_len > 0) {
                        synchronized (LOCK_GET_BYTES) {
                            ensureBufferValid();
                            buf_pos = nextBuffer.length - buffered;
                            if (data_len > buffered) {
                                len = buffered;
                                buffered = 0;
                            } else {
                                len = data_len;
                                buffered -= len;
                            }
                            localBuffer = Arrays.copyOfRange(nextBuffer, buf_pos,
                                    buf_pos + len);
                        }
                        localofs = 0;
                        while (len > localofs) {
                            data[ofs] ^= localBuffer[localofs];
                            ofs++;
                            localofs++;
                        }
                    data_len -= len;
                    }
                } catch (IOException e){
                    throw new ProviderException("nextBytes() failed", e);
                }
        }
        }
}