Conformance.test.cpp

// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
#include "Luau/Common.h"
#include "Luau/Type.h"
#include "lua.h"
#include "lualib.h"
#include "luacode.h"
#include "luacodegen.h"

#include "Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h"
#include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
#include "Luau/ModuleResolver.h"
#include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
#include "Luau/BytecodeBuilder.h"
#include "Luau/Frontend.h"
#include "Luau/Compiler.h"
#include "Luau/CodeGen.h"
#include "Luau/BytecodeSummary.h"

#include "doctest.h"
#include "ScopedFlags.h"
#include "ConformanceIrHooks.h"

#include <cstdlib>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <math.h>

extern bool verbose;
extern bool codegen;
extern int optimizationLevel;

// internal functions, declared in lgc.h - not exposed via lua.h
void luaC_fullgc(lua_State* L);
void luaC_validate(lua_State* L);

// internal functions, declared in lvm.h - not exposed via lua.h
void luau_callhook(lua_State* L, lua_Hook hook, void* userdata);

LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauAbortingChecks)
LUAU_FASTINT(CodegenHeuristicsInstructionLimit)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauStacklessPcall)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauIntegerLibrary)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauIntegerType)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauForceOldSolver)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauNewMathConstantsRuntime)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCompileStringInterpWithZero)

static lua_CompileOptions defaultOptions()
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = {};
    copts.optimizationLevel = optimizationLevel;
    copts.debugLevel = 1;
    copts.typeInfoLevel = 1;

    return copts;
}

static Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions defaultCodegenOptions()
{
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions opts = {};
    opts.flags = Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions;
    return opts;
}

static int lua_collectgarbage(lua_State* L)
{
    static const char* const opts[] = {"stop", "restart", "collect", "count", "isrunning", "step", "setgoal", "setstepmul", "setstepsize", nullptr};
    static const int optsnum[] = {
        LUA_GCSTOP, LUA_GCRESTART, LUA_GCCOLLECT, LUA_GCCOUNT, LUA_GCISRUNNING, LUA_GCSTEP, LUA_GCSETGOAL, LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL, LUA_GCSETSTEPSIZE
    };

    int o = luaL_checkoption(L, 1, "collect", opts);
    int ex = luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
    int res = lua_gc(L, optsnum[o], ex);
    switch (optsnum[o])
    {
    case LUA_GCSTEP:
    case LUA_GCISRUNNING:
    {
        lua_pushboolean(L, res);
        return 1;
    }
    default:
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, res);
        return 1;
    }
    }
}

static int lua_loadstring(lua_State* L)
{
    size_t l = 0;
    const char* s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
    const char* chunkname = luaL_optstring(L, 2, s);

    lua_setsafeenv(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, false);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(s, l, nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, chunkname, bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    if (result == 0)
        return 1;

    lua_pushnil(L);
    lua_insert(L, -2); // put before error message
    return 2;          // return nil plus error message
}

static int lua_vector_dot(lua_State* L)
{
    const float* a = luaL_checkvector(L, 1);
    const float* b = luaL_checkvector(L, 2);

    lua_pushnumber(L, a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2]);
    return 1;
}

static int lua_vector_cross(lua_State* L)
{
    const float* a = luaL_checkvector(L, 1);
    const float* b = luaL_checkvector(L, 2);

#if LUA_VECTOR_SIZE == 4
    lua_pushvector(L, a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0], 0.0f);
#else
    lua_pushvector(L, a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]);
#endif

    return 1;
}

static int lua_vector_index(lua_State* L)
{
    const float* v = luaL_checkvector(L, 1);
    const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);

    if (strcmp(name, "Magnitude") == 0)
    {
#if LUA_VECTOR_SIZE == 4
        lua_pushnumber(L, sqrtf(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2] + v[3] * v[3]));
#else
        lua_pushnumber(L, sqrtf(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]));
#endif
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "Unit") == 0)
    {
#if LUA_VECTOR_SIZE == 4
        float invSqrt = 1.0f / sqrtf(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2] + v[3] * v[3]);

        lua_pushvector(L, v[0] * invSqrt, v[1] * invSqrt, v[2] * invSqrt, v[3] * invSqrt);
#else
        float invSqrt = 1.0f / sqrtf(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]);

        lua_pushvector(L, v[0] * invSqrt, v[1] * invSqrt, v[2] * invSqrt);
#endif
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "Dot") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vector_dot, "Dot");
        return 1;
    }

    luaL_error(L, "%s is not a valid member of vector", name);
}

static int lua_vector_namecall(lua_State* L)
{
    if (const char* str = lua_namecallatom(L, nullptr))
    {
        if (strcmp(str, "Dot") == 0)
            return lua_vector_dot(L);

        if (strcmp(str, "Cross") == 0)
            return lua_vector_cross(L);
    }

    luaL_error(L, "%s is not a valid method of vector", luaL_checkstring(L, 1));
}

int lua_silence(lua_State* L)
{
    return 0;
}

using StateRef = std::unique_ptr<lua_State, void (*)(lua_State*)>;

static StateRef runConformance(
    const char* name,
    void (*setup)(lua_State* L) = nullptr,
    bool (*yield)(lua_State* L) = nullptr,
    lua_State* initialLuaState = nullptr,
    lua_CompileOptions* options = nullptr,
    bool skipCodegen = false,
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions* codegenOptions = nullptr
)
{
#ifdef LUAU_CONFORMANCE_SOURCE_DIR
    std::string path = LUAU_CONFORMANCE_SOURCE_DIR;
    path += "/";
    path += name;
#else
    std::string path = __FILE__;
    // __FILE__ is not guaranteed to be absolute path because of reproducible BUCK2 builds.
    if (path.find_last_of("\\/") == std::string::npos)
    {
        path = "Client/Luau/tests/conformance";
        if (const char* envDir = std::getenv("LUAU_CONFORMANCE_SOURCE_DIR"))
            path = envDir;
        path += "/";
    }
    else
    {
        path.erase(path.find_last_of("\\/"));
        path += "/conformance/";
    }
    path += name;
#endif

    std::fstream stream(path, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
    INFO(path);
    if (!stream)
    {
        std::string message = "File " + path + " is not found. " +
                              "Make sure you run tests from the root or specify custom directory using LUAU_CONFORMANCE_SOURCE_DIR env variable";
        throw message;
    }

    std::string source(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(stream), {});

    stream.close();

    if (!initialLuaState)
        initialLuaState = luaL_newstate();
    StateRef globalState(initialLuaState, lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    if (codegen && !skipCodegen && luau_codegen_supported())
        luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);

    // Register a few global functions for conformance tests
    std::vector<luaL_Reg> funcs = {
        {"collectgarbage", lua_collectgarbage},
        {"loadstring", lua_loadstring},
    };

    if (!verbose)
    {
        funcs.push_back({"print", lua_silence});
    }

    // "null" terminate the list of functions to register
    funcs.push_back({nullptr, nullptr});

    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
    luaL_register(L, nullptr, funcs.data());
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // In some configurations we have a larger C stack consumption which trips some conformance tests
#if defined(LUAU_ENABLE_ASAN) || defined(_NOOPT) || defined(_DEBUG)
    lua_pushboolean(L, true);
    lua_setglobal(L, "limitedstack");
#endif

    // Extra test-specific setup
    if (setup)
        setup(L);

    // Protect core libraries and metatables from modification
    luaL_sandbox(L);

    // Create a new writable global table for current thread
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    // Lua conformance tests treat _G synonymously with getfenv(); for now cater to them
    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
    lua_setfield(L, -1, "_G");

    std::string chunkname = "=" + std::string(name);

    // note: luau_compile supports nullptr options, but we need to customize our defaults to improve test coverage
    lua_CompileOptions opts = options ? *options : defaultOptions();

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), &opts, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, chunkname.c_str(), bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOpts = codegenOptions ? *codegenOptions : defaultCodegenOptions();

    if (result == 0 && codegen && !skipCodegen && luau_codegen_supported())
    {
        Luau::CodeGen::CompilationResult result = Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOpts);

        CHECK(result.result == Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::Success);

        if (result.hasErrors())
        {
            for (const Luau::CodeGen::ProtoCompilationFailure& protoFailure : result.protoFailures)
            {
                switch (protoFailure.result)
                {
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::Success:
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::NothingToCompile:
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::NotNativeModule:
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenNotInitialized:
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenAssemblerFinalizationFailure:
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::AllocationFailed:
                    // These cases cannot be the Proto failure reason
                    FAIL("Unexpected main code generation failure result");
                    break;

                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenOverflowInstructionLimit:
                    MESSAGE(
                        "Function '",
                        protoFailure.debugname.empty() ? "(anonymous)" : protoFailure.debugname,
                        "':",
                        protoFailure.line,
                        " exceeded total module instruction limit"
                    );
                    break;
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenOverflowBlockLimit:
                    MESSAGE(
                        "Function '",
                        protoFailure.debugname.empty() ? "(anonymous)" : protoFailure.debugname,
                        "':",
                        protoFailure.line,
                        " exceeded function code block limit"
                    );
                    break;
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenOverflowBlockInstructionLimit:
                    MESSAGE(
                        "Function '",
                        protoFailure.debugname.empty() ? "(anonymous)" : protoFailure.debugname,
                        "':",
                        protoFailure.line,
                        " exceeded single code block instruction limit"
                    );
                    break;
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenLoweringFailure:
                    MESSAGE(
                        "Function '",
                        protoFailure.debugname.empty() ? "(anonymous)" : protoFailure.debugname,
                        "':",
                        protoFailure.line,
                        " encountered an internal lowering failure"
                    );
                    break;
                case Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::Count:
                    LUAU_ASSERT(false);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Extra test for lowering on both platforms with assembly generation
    if (luau_codegen_supported())
    {
        Luau::CodeGen::AssemblyOptions assemblyOptions;
        assemblyOptions.compilationOptions = nativeOpts;

        assemblyOptions.includeAssembly = true;
        assemblyOptions.includeIr = true;
        assemblyOptions.includeOutlinedCode = true;
        assemblyOptions.includeIrTypes = true;

        Luau::CodeGen::LoweringStats stats;
        stats.functionStatsFlags = Luau::CodeGen::FunctionStatsFlags::FunctionStats_Enable;

        assemblyOptions.target = Luau::CodeGen::AssemblyOptions::A64;
        std::string a64 = Luau::CodeGen::getAssembly(L, -1, assemblyOptions, &stats);
        CHECK(!a64.empty());

        CHECK(stats.regAllocErrors == 0);
        CHECK(stats.loweringErrors == 0);

        assemblyOptions.target = Luau::CodeGen::AssemblyOptions::X64_SystemV;
        std::string x64 = Luau::CodeGen::getAssembly(L, -1, assemblyOptions, &stats);
        CHECK(!x64.empty());

        CHECK(stats.regAllocErrors == 0);
        CHECK(stats.loweringErrors == 0);
    }

    int status = (result == 0) ? lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0) : LUA_ERRSYNTAX;

    while (yield && (status == LUA_YIELD || status == LUA_BREAK))
    {
        bool resumeError = yield(L);

        if (resumeError)
            status = lua_resumeerror(L, nullptr);
        else
            status = lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);
    }

    luaC_validate(L);

    if (status == 0)
    {
        REQUIRE(lua_isstring(L, -1));
        CHECK(std::string(lua_tostring(L, -1)) == "OK");
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }
    else
    {
        std::string error = (status == LUA_YIELD) ? "thread yielded unexpectedly" : lua_tostring(L, -1);
        error += "\nstacktrace:\n";
        error += lua_debugtrace(L);

        FAIL(error);
    }

    return globalState;
}

static void* limitedRealloc(void* ud, void* ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize)
{
    if (nsize == 0)
    {
        free(ptr);
        return nullptr;
    }
    else if (nsize > 8 * 1024 * 1024)
    {
        // For testing purposes return null for large allocations so we can generate errors related to memory allocation failures
        return nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        return realloc(ptr, nsize);
    }
}

void setupVectorHelpers(lua_State* L)
{
#if LUA_VECTOR_SIZE == 4
    lua_pushvector(L, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
#else
    lua_pushvector(L, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
#endif
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "vector");

    lua_pushstring(L, "__index");
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vector_index, nullptr);
    lua_settable(L, -3);

    lua_pushstring(L, "__namecall");
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vector_namecall, nullptr);
    lua_settable(L, -3);

    lua_setreadonly(L, -1, true);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
}

Vec2* lua_vec2_push(lua_State* L)
{
    Vec2* data = (Vec2*)lua_newuserdatatagged(L, sizeof(Vec2), kTagVec2);

    lua_getuserdatametatable(L, kTagVec2);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    return data;
}

Vec2* lua_vec2_get(lua_State* L, int idx)
{
    Vec2* a = (Vec2*)lua_touserdatatagged(L, idx, kTagVec2);

    if (a)
        return a;

    luaL_typeerror(L, idx, "vec2");
}

static int lua_vec2(lua_State* L)
{
    double x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
    double y = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);

    Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

    data->x = float(x);
    data->y = float(y);

    return 1;
}

static int lua_vec2_dot(lua_State* L)
{
    Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
    Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);

    lua_pushnumber(L, a->x * b->x + a->y * b->y);
    return 1;
}

static int lua_vec2_min(lua_State* L)
{
    Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
    Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);

    Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

    data->x = a->x < b->x ? a->x : b->x;
    data->y = a->y < b->y ? a->y : b->y;

    return 1;
}

static int lua_vec2_index(lua_State* L)
{
    Vec2* v = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
    const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);

    if (strcmp(name, "X") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, v->x);
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "Y") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, v->y);
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "Magnitude") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, sqrtf(v->x * v->x + v->y * v->y));
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "Unit") == 0)
    {
        float invSqrt = 1.0f / sqrtf(v->x * v->x + v->y * v->y);

        Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

        data->x = v->x * invSqrt;
        data->y = v->y * invSqrt;
        return 1;
    }

    luaL_error(L, "%s is not a valid member of vector", name);
}

static int lua_vec2_namecall(lua_State* L)
{
    if (const char* str = lua_namecallatom(L, nullptr))
    {
        if (strcmp(str, "Dot") == 0)
            return lua_vec2_dot(L);

        if (strcmp(str, "Min") == 0)
            return lua_vec2_min(L);
    }

    luaL_error(L, "%s is not a valid method of vector", luaL_checkstring(L, 1));
}

Vertex* lua_vertex_push(lua_State* L)
{
    Vertex* data = (Vertex*)lua_newuserdatatagged(L, sizeof(Vertex), kTagVertex);

    lua_getuserdatametatable(L, kTagVertex);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    return data;
}

Vertex* lua_vertex_get(lua_State* L, int idx)
{
    Vertex* a = (Vertex*)lua_touserdatatagged(L, idx, kTagVertex);

    if (a)
        return a;

    luaL_typeerror(L, idx, "vertex");
}

static int lua_vertex(lua_State* L)
{
    const float* pos = luaL_checkvector(L, 1);
    const float* normal = luaL_checkvector(L, 2);
    Vec2* uv = lua_vec2_get(L, 3);

    Vertex* data = lua_vertex_push(L);

    data->pos[0] = pos[0];
    data->pos[1] = pos[1];
    data->pos[2] = pos[2];
    data->normal[0] = normal[0];
    data->normal[1] = normal[1];
    data->normal[2] = normal[2];
    data->uv[0] = uv->x;
    data->uv[1] = uv->y;

    return 1;
}

static int lua_vertex_index(lua_State* L)
{
    Vertex* v = lua_vertex_get(L, 1);
    const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);

    if (strcmp(name, "pos") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushvector(L, v->pos[0], v->pos[1], v->pos[2]);
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "normal") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushvector(L, v->normal[0], v->normal[1], v->normal[2]);
        return 1;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "uv") == 0)
    {
        Vec2* uv = lua_vec2_push(L);
        uv->x = v->uv[0];
        uv->y = v->uv[1];
        return 1;
    }

    luaL_error(L, "%s is not a valid member of vertex", name);
}

void setupUserdataHelpers(lua_State* L)
{
    // create metatable with all the metamethods
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "vec2");
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setuserdatametatable(L, kTagVec2);

    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vec2_index, nullptr);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");

    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vec2_namecall, nullptr);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__namecall");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
            Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);
            Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

            data->x = a->x + b->x;
            data->y = a->y + b->y;

            return 1;
        },
        nullptr,
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__add");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
            Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);
            Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

            data->x = a->x - b->x;
            data->y = a->y - b->y;

            return 1;
        },
        nullptr,
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__sub");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
            Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);
            Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

            data->x = a->x * b->x;
            data->y = a->y * b->y;

            return 1;
        },
        nullptr,
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mul");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
            Vec2* b = lua_vec2_get(L, 2);
            Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

            data->x = a->x / b->x;
            data->y = a->y / b->y;

            return 1;
        },
        nullptr,
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__div");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Vec2* a = lua_vec2_get(L, 1);
            Vec2* data = lua_vec2_push(L);

            data->x = -a->x;
            data->y = -a->y;

            return 1;
        },
        nullptr,
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__unm");

    lua_setreadonly(L, -1, true);

    // ctor
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vec2, "vec2");
    lua_setglobal(L, "vec2");

    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // register vertex as well
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "vertex");
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setuserdatametatable(L, kTagVertex);

    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vertex_index, nullptr);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");

    lua_setreadonly(L, -1, true);

    // ctor
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_vertex, "vertex");
    lua_setglobal(L, "vertex");

    lua_pop(L, 1);
}

static void setupNativeHelpers(lua_State* L)
{
    extern int luaG_isnative(lua_State * L, int level);

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L) -> int
        {
            lua_pushboolean(L, luaG_isnative(L, 1));
            return 1;
        },
        "is_native",
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setglobal(L, "is_native");

    lua_pushcclosurek(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L) -> int
        {
            if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
                lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
            else
                lua_pushboolean(L, luaG_isnative(L, 1));

            return 1;
        },
        "is_native_if_supported",
        0,
        nullptr
    );
    lua_setglobal(L, "is_native_if_supported");
}

static std::vector<Luau::CodeGen::FunctionBytecodeSummary> analyzeFile(const char* source, const unsigned nestingLimit)
{
    Luau::BytecodeBuilder bcb;

    Luau::CompileOptions options;
    options.optimizationLevel = optimizationLevel;
    options.debugLevel = 1;
    options.typeInfoLevel = 1;

    compileOrThrow(bcb, source, options);

    const std::string& bytecode = bcb.getBytecode();

    std::unique_ptr<lua_State, void (*)(lua_State*)> globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    int result = luau_load(L, "source", bytecode.data(), bytecode.size(), 0);
    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    return Luau::CodeGen::summarizeBytecode(L, -1, nestingLimit);
}

TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("Conformance");

TEST_CASE("CodegenSupported")
{
    if (codegen && !luau_codegen_supported())
        MESSAGE("Native code generation is not supported by the current configuration and will be disabled");
}

TEST_CASE("Assert")
{
    runConformance("assert.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Basic")
{
    runConformance("basic.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Buffers")
{
    runConformance("buffers.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Math")
{
    ScopedFastFlag newMathConstants{FFlag::LuauNewMathConstantsRuntime, true};
    runConformance("math.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Integers")
{
    if (FFlag::LuauIntegerType && FFlag::LuauIntegerLibrary)
        runConformance("integers.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Tables")
{
    runConformance(
        "tables.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TNUMBER)
                    {
                        unsigned v = luaL_checkunsigned(L, 1);
                        lua_pushlightuserdata(L, reinterpret_cast<void*>(uintptr_t(v)));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        const void* p = lua_topointer(L, 1);
                        LUAU_ASSERT(p); // we expect the test call to only pass GC values here
                        lua_pushlightuserdata(L, const_cast<void*>(p));
                    }
                    return 1;
                },
                "makelud"
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "makelud");
        }
    );
}

TEST_CASE("PatternMatch")
{
    runConformance("pm.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Sort")
{
    runConformance("sort.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Move")
{
    runConformance("move.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Clear")
{
    runConformance("clear.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Strings")
{
    runConformance("strings.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("StringInterp")
{
    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileStringInterpWithZero{FFlag::LuauCompileStringInterpWithZero, true};

    runConformance("stringinterp.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("VarArg")
{
    runConformance("vararg.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Locals")
{
    runConformance("locals.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Literals")
{
    runConformance("literals.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Errors")
{
    ScopedFastFlag luauStacklessPcall{FFlag::LuauStacklessPcall, true};

    runConformance("errors.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Events")
{
    runConformance("events.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Constructs")
{
    runConformance("constructs.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Closure")
{
    runConformance("closure.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Calls")
{
    runConformance("calls.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Attrib")
{
    runConformance("attrib.luau");
}

static bool blockableReallocAllowed = true;

static void* blockableRealloc(void* ud, void* ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize)
{
    if (nsize == 0)
    {
        free(ptr);
        return nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        if (!blockableReallocAllowed)
            return nullptr;

        return realloc(ptr, nsize);
    }
}

TEST_CASE("GC")
{
    runConformance(
        "gc.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_pushcclosurek(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    blockableReallocAllowed = !luaL_checkboolean(L, 1);
                    return 0;
                },
                "setblockallocations",
                0,
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "setblockallocations");
        },
        nullptr,
        lua_newstate(blockableRealloc, nullptr)
    );
}

TEST_CASE("Bitwise")
{
    runConformance("bitwise.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("UTF8")
{
    runConformance("utf8.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Coroutine")
{
    runConformance("coroutine.luau");
}

static int cxxthrow(lua_State* L)
{
#if LUA_USE_LONGJMP
    luaL_error(L, "oops");
#else
    throw std::runtime_error("oops");
#endif
}

TEST_CASE("PCall")
{
    ScopedFastFlag luauStacklessPcall{FFlag::LuauStacklessPcall, true};

    runConformance(
        "pcall.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_pushcfunction(L, cxxthrow, "cxxthrow");
            lua_setglobal(L, "cxxthrow");

            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L) -> int
                {
                    lua_State* co = lua_tothread(L, 1);
                    lua_xmove(L, co, 1);
                    lua_resumeerror(co, L);
                    return 0;
                },
                "resumeerror"
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "resumeerror");
        },
        nullptr,
        lua_newstate(limitedRealloc, nullptr)
    );
}

TEST_CASE("Pack")
{
    runConformance("tpack.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("ExplicitTypeInstantiations")
{
    runConformance("explicit_type_instantiations.luau");
}

int singleYield(lua_State* L)
{
    lua_pushnumber(L, 2);

    return lua_yield(L, 1);
}

int singleYieldContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    lua_pushnumber(L, 4);
    return 1;
}

int multipleYields(lua_State* L)
{
    lua_settop(L, 1); // Only 1 argument expected
    int base = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);

    luaL_checkstack(L, 2, "cmultiyield");

    // current state
    int pos = 1;
    lua_pushinteger(L, pos);

    // return value
    lua_pushinteger(L, base + pos);
    return lua_yield(L, 1);
}

int multipleYieldsContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    // function arguments are still alive
    int base = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);

    // function state is still alive
    int pos = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2) + 1;
    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, "cmultiyieldcont");
    lua_pushinteger(L, pos);
    lua_replace(L, 2);

    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, "cmultiyieldcont");

    if (pos < 4)
    {
        lua_pushinteger(L, base + pos);
        return lua_yield(L, 1);
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushinteger(L, base + pos);
        return 1;
    }
}

int nestedMultipleYieldHelper(lua_State* L)
{
    int context = luaL_checkinteger(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));

    lua_pushinteger(L, 100 + context);
    return lua_yield(L, 1);
}

int nestedMultipleYieldHelperContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    int context = luaL_checkinteger(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
    lua_pushinteger(L, 110 + context);
    return 1;
}

int nestedMultipleYieldHelperNonYielding(lua_State* L)
{
    int context = luaL_checkinteger(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
    lua_pushinteger(L, 105 + context);
    return 1;
}

int multipleYieldsWithNestedCall(lua_State* L)
{
    lua_settop(L, 2); // Only 2 arguments expected
    bool nestedShouldYield = luaL_checkboolean(L, 2);

    lua_pushinteger(L, 0); // state

    lua_pushnumber(L, 5);
    if (nestedShouldYield)
        lua_pushcclosurek(L, nestedMultipleYieldHelper, nullptr, 1, nestedMultipleYieldHelperContinuation);
    else
        lua_pushcclosurek(L, nestedMultipleYieldHelperNonYielding, nullptr, 1, nullptr);

    return luaL_callyieldable(L, 0, 1);
}

int multipleYieldsWithNestedCallContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    int state = luaL_checkinteger(L, 3);
    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, "cnestedmultiyieldcont");
    lua_pushinteger(L, state + 1);
    lua_replace(L, 3);

    if (state == 0)
    {
        return lua_yield(L, lua_gettop(L) - 3);
    }
    else if (state == 1)
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checkinteger(L, 1) + 200);
        return lua_yield(L, 1);
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checkinteger(L, 1) + 210);
        return 1;
    }
}

int passthroughCall(lua_State* L)
{
    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, "cpass");
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
    lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
    return luaL_callyieldable(L, 2, 1);
}

int passthroughCallContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_gettop(L) == 4); // 3 original arguments and the return value
    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 0.5);
    return 1;
}

int passthroughCallMoreResults(lua_State* L)
{
    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, "cpass");
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
    lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
    return luaL_callyieldable(L, 2, 10);
}

int passthroughCallMoreResultsContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_gettop(L) == 13); // 3 original arguments and 10 requested return values

    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(lua_isnil(L, -1));
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 0.5);
    return 1;
}

int passthroughCallArgReuse(lua_State* L)
{
    return luaL_callyieldable(L, 2, 1);
}

int passthroughCallArgReuseContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_gettop(L) == 1); // Original arguments were consumed, only return remains
    LUAU_ASSERT(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 0.5);
    return 1;
}

int passthroughCallVaradic(lua_State* L)
{
    luaL_checkany(L, 1);
    return luaL_callyieldable(L, lua_gettop(L) - 1, LUA_MULTRET);
}

int passthroughCallVaradicContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    return lua_gettop(L);
}

int passthroughCallWithState(lua_State* L)
{
    luaL_checkany(L, 1);
    int args = lua_gettop(L) - 1;

    lua_pushnumber(L, 42);
    lua_insert(L, 1);

    return luaL_callyieldable(L, args, LUA_MULTRET);
}

int passthroughCallWithStateContinuation(lua_State* L, int status)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(luaL_checkinteger(L, 1) == 42);

    return lua_gettop(L) - 1;
}

TEST_CASE("CYield")
{
    runConformance(
        "cyield.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_pushcclosurek(L, singleYield, "singleYield", 0, singleYieldContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "singleYield");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, multipleYields, "multipleYields", 0, multipleYieldsContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "multipleYields");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, multipleYieldsWithNestedCall, "multipleYieldsWithNestedCall", 0, multipleYieldsWithNestedCallContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "multipleYieldsWithNestedCall");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, passthroughCall, "passthroughCall", 0, passthroughCallContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "passthroughCall");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, passthroughCallMoreResults, "passthroughCallMoreResults", 0, passthroughCallMoreResultsContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "passthroughCallMoreResults");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, passthroughCallArgReuse, "passthroughCallArgReuse", 0, passthroughCallArgReuseContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "passthroughCallArgReuse");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, passthroughCallVaradic, "passthroughCallVaradic", 0, passthroughCallVaradicContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "passthroughCallVaradic");

            lua_pushcclosurek(L, passthroughCallWithState, "passthroughCallWithState", 0, passthroughCallWithStateContinuation);
            lua_setglobal(L, "passthroughCallWithState");
        }
    );
}

TEST_CASE("Vector")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOpts = defaultCodegenOptions();

    SUBCASE("NoIrHooks")
    {
        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }
    SUBCASE("IrHooks")
    {
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorAccessBytecodeType = vectorAccessBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorNamecallBytecodeType = vectorNamecallBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorAccess = vectorAccess;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorNamecall = vectorNamecall;

        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }

    runConformance(
        "vector.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            setupVectorHelpers(L);
            setupNativeHelpers(L);
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        &copts,
        false,
        &nativeOpts
    );
}

TEST_CASE("VectorLibrary")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();

    SUBCASE("O0")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
    }
    SUBCASE("O1")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
    }
    SUBCASE("O2")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
    }

    runConformance(
        "vector_library.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            setupNativeHelpers(L);
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        &copts
    );
}

static void populateRTTI(lua_State* L, Luau::TypeId type)
{
    if (auto p = Luau::get<Luau::PrimitiveType>(type))
    {
        switch (p->type)
        {
        case Luau::PrimitiveType::Boolean:
            lua_pushstring(L, "boolean");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::NilType:
            lua_pushstring(L, "nil");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::Number:
            lua_pushstring(L, "number");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::Integer:
            if (FFlag::LuauIntegerType)
                lua_pushstring(L, "integer");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::String:
            lua_pushstring(L, "string");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::Thread:
            lua_pushstring(L, "thread");
            break;

        case Luau::PrimitiveType::Buffer:
            lua_pushstring(L, "buffer");
            break;

        default:
            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Unknown primitive type");
        }
    }
    else if (auto t = Luau::get<Luau::TableType>(type))
    {
        lua_newtable(L);

        for (const auto& [name, prop] : t->props)
        {
            if (prop.readTy)
                populateRTTI(L, *prop.readTy);
            else if (prop.writeTy)
                populateRTTI(L, *prop.writeTy);

            lua_setfield(L, -2, name.c_str());
        }
    }
    else if (Luau::get<Luau::FunctionType>(type))
    {
        lua_pushstring(L, "function");
    }
    else if (Luau::get<Luau::AnyType>(type))
    {
        lua_pushstring(L, "any");
    }
    else if (auto i = Luau::get<Luau::IntersectionType>(type))
    {
        for (const auto& part : i->parts)
            LUAU_ASSERT(Luau::get<Luau::FunctionType>(part));

        lua_pushstring(L, "function");
    }
    else if (auto c = Luau::get<Luau::ExternType>(type))
    {
        lua_pushstring(L, c->name.c_str());
    }
    else
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(!"Unknown type");
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Types")
{
    runConformance(
        "types.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Luau::NullModuleResolver moduleResolver;
            Luau::NullFileResolver fileResolver;
            Luau::NullConfigResolver configResolver;
            Luau::Frontend frontend{!FFlag::DebugLuauForceOldSolver ? Luau::SolverMode::New : Luau::SolverMode::Old, &fileResolver, &configResolver};
            Luau::registerBuiltinGlobals(frontend, frontend.globals);
            Luau::freeze(frontend.globals.globalTypes);

            lua_newtable(L);

            for (const auto& [name, binding] : frontend.globals.globalScope->bindings)
            {
                populateRTTI(L, binding.typeId);
                lua_setfield(L, -2, toString(name).c_str());
            }

            lua_setglobal(L, "RTTI");
        }
    );
}

TEST_CASE("DateTime")
{
    runConformance("datetime.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Debug")
{
    runConformance("debug.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Debugger")
{
    static int breakhits = 0;
    static lua_State* interruptedthread = nullptr;
    static bool singlestep = false;
    static int stephits = 0;

    SUBCASE("")
    {
        singlestep = false;
    }
    SUBCASE("SingleStep")
    {
        singlestep = true;
    }

    breakhits = 0;
    interruptedthread = nullptr;
    stephits = 0;

    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    copts.debugLevel = 2;

    runConformance(
        "debugger.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_Callbacks* cb = lua_callbacks(L);

            lua_singlestep(L, singlestep);

            // this will only be called in single-step mode
            cb->debugstep = [](lua_State* L, lua_Debug* ar)
            {
                stephits++;
            };

            // for breakpoints to work we should make sure debugbreak is installed
            cb->debugbreak = [](lua_State* L, lua_Debug* ar)
            {
                breakhits++;

                // make sure we can trace the stack for every breakpoint we hit
                lua_debugtrace(L);

                // for every breakpoint, we break on the first invocation and continue on second
                // this allows us to easily step off breakpoints
                // (real implementaiton may require singlestepping)
                if (breakhits % 2 == 1)
                    lua_break(L);
            };

            // for resuming off a breakpoint inside a coroutine we need to resume the interrupted coroutine
            cb->debuginterrupt = [](lua_State* L, lua_Debug* ar)
            {
                CHECK(interruptedthread == nullptr);
                CHECK(ar->userdata); // userdata contains the interrupted thread

                interruptedthread = static_cast<lua_State*>(ar->userdata);
            };

            // add breakpoint() function
            lua_pushcclosurek(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L) -> int
                {
                    int line = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
                    bool enabled = luaL_optboolean(L, 2, true);

                    lua_Debug ar = {};
                    lua_getinfo(L, lua_stackdepth(L) - 1, "f", &ar);

                    lua_breakpoint(L, -1, line, enabled);
                    return 0;
                },
                "breakpoint",
                0,
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "breakpoint");
        },
        [](lua_State* L) -> bool
        {
            CHECK(breakhits % 2 == 1);

            lua_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK);

            if (breakhits == 1)
            {
                // test lua_getargument
                int a = lua_getargument(L, 0, 1);
                REQUIRE(a);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 50);
                lua_pop(L, 1);

                int v = lua_getargument(L, 0, 2);
                REQUIRE(v);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 42);
                lua_pop(L, 1);

                // test lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 0, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "b") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 50);
                lua_pop(L, 1);

                // test lua_getupvalue
                lua_Debug ar = {};
                lua_getinfo(L, 0, "f", &ar);

                const char* u = lua_getupvalue(L, -1, 1);
                REQUIRE(u);
                CHECK(strcmp(u, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 5);
                lua_pop(L, 2);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 3)
            {
                // validate assignment via lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 0, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 6);
                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 5)
            {
                // validate assignment via lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 1, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 7);
                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 7)
            {
                // validate assignment via lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 1, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 8);
                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 9)
            {
                // validate assignment via lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 1, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 9);
                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 13)
            {
                // validate assignment via lua_getlocal
                const char* l = lua_getlocal(L, 0, 1);
                REQUIRE(l);
                CHECK(strcmp(l, "a") == 0);
                CHECK(lua_isnil(L, -1));
                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
            else if (breakhits == 15)
            {
                // test lua_getlocal
                const char* x = lua_getlocal(L, 2, 1);
                REQUIRE(x);
                CHECK(strcmp(x, "x") == 0);
                lua_pop(L, 1);

                const char* a1 = lua_getlocal(L, 2, 2);
                REQUIRE(!a1);
            }

            if (interruptedthread)
            {
                lua_resume(interruptedthread, nullptr, 0);
                interruptedthread = nullptr;
            }

            return false;
        },
        nullptr,
        &copts,
        /* skipCodegen */ true
    ); // Native code doesn't support debugging yet

    CHECK(breakhits == 16); // 2 hits per breakpoint

    if (singlestep)
        CHECK(stephits > 100); // note; this will depend on number of instructions which can vary, so we just make sure the callback gets hit often
}

TEST_CASE("InterruptInspection")
{
    static bool skipbreak = false;

    runConformance(
        "basic.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_Callbacks* cb = lua_callbacks(L);

            cb->interrupt = [](lua_State* L, int gc)
            {
                if (gc >= 0)
                    return;

                if (!lua_isyieldable(L))
                    return;

                if (!skipbreak)
                    lua_break(L);

                skipbreak = !skipbreak;
            };
        },
        [](lua_State* L) -> bool
        {
            // Debug info can be retrieved from every location
            lua_Debug ar = {};
            CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, 0, "nsl", &ar));

            // Simulating a hook being called from the original break location
            luau_callhook(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L, lua_Debug* ar)
                {
                    CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, 0, "nsl", ar));
                },
                nullptr
            );

            return false;
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        /* skipCodegen */ true
    );
}

TEST_CASE("InterruptErrorInspection")
{
    // for easy access in no-capture lambda
    static int target = 0;
    static int step = 0;

    std::string source = R"(
function fib(n)
    return n < 2 and 1 or fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
end

fib(5)
)";

    for (target = 0; target < 20; target++)
    {
        step = 0;

        StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
        lua_State* L = globalState.get();

        luaL_openlibs(L);
        luaL_sandbox(L);
        luaL_sandboxthread(L);

        size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
        char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
        int result = luau_load(L, "=InterruptErrorInspection", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
        free(bytecode);

        REQUIRE(result == LUA_OK);

        lua_Callbacks* cb = lua_callbacks(L);

        cb->interrupt = [](lua_State* L, int gc)
        {
            if (gc >= 0)
                return;

            if (step == target)
                luaL_error(L, "test");

            step++;
        };

        lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);

        // Debug info can be retrieved from every location
        lua_Debug ar = {};
        CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, 0, "nsl", &ar));

        // Simulating a hook being called from the original break location
        luau_callhook(
            L,
            [](lua_State* L, lua_Debug* ar)
            {
                CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, 0, "nsl", ar));
            },
            nullptr
        );
    }
}

TEST_CASE("NDebugGetUpValue")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    copts.debugLevel = 0;
    // Don't optimize away any upvalues
    copts.optimizationLevel = 0;

    runConformance(
        "ndebug_upvalues.luau",
        nullptr,
        [](lua_State* L) -> bool
        {
            lua_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK);

            // push the second frame's closure to the stack
            lua_Debug ar = {};
            REQUIRE(lua_getinfo(L, 1, "f", &ar));

            // get the first upvalue
            const char* u = lua_getupvalue(L, -1, 1);
            REQUIRE(u);
            // upvalue name is unknown without debug info
            CHECK(strcmp(u, "") == 0);
            CHECK(lua_tointeger(L, -1) == 5);
            lua_pop(L, 2);

            return false;
        },
        nullptr,
        &copts,
        /* skipCodegen */ false
    );
}

TEST_CASE("SameHash")
{
    extern unsigned int luaS_hash(const char* str, size_t len); // internal function, declared in lstring.h - not exposed via lua.h

    // To keep VM and compiler separate, we duplicate the hash function definition
    // This test validates that the hash function in question returns the same results on basic inputs
    // If this is violated, some code may regress in performance due to hash slot misprediction in inline caches
    CHECK(luaS_hash("", 0) == Luau::BytecodeBuilder::getStringHash({"", 0}));
    CHECK(luaS_hash("lua", 3) == Luau::BytecodeBuilder::getStringHash({"lua", 3}));
    CHECK(luaS_hash("luau", 4) == Luau::BytecodeBuilder::getStringHash({"luau", 4}));
    CHECK(luaS_hash("luaubytecode", 12) == Luau::BytecodeBuilder::getStringHash({"luaubytecode", 12}));
    CHECK(luaS_hash("luaubytecodehash", 16) == Luau::BytecodeBuilder::getStringHash({"luaubytecodehash", 16}));

    // Also hash should work on unaligned source data even when hashing long strings
    char buf[128] = {};
    CHECK(luaS_hash(buf + 1, 120) == luaS_hash(buf + 2, 120));
}

TEST_CASE("Reference")
{
    static int dtorhits = 0;

    dtorhits = 0;

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    // note, we push two userdata objects but only pin one of them (the first one)
    lua_newuserdatadtor(
        L,
        0,
        [](void*)
        {
            dtorhits++;
        }
    );
    lua_newuserdatadtor(
        L,
        0,
        [](void*)
        {
            dtorhits++;
        }
    );

    lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
    CHECK(dtorhits == 0);

    int ref = lua_ref(L, -2);
    lua_pop(L, 2);

    lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
    CHECK(dtorhits == 1);

    lua_getref(L, ref);
    CHECK(lua_isuserdata(L, -1));
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
    CHECK(dtorhits == 1);

    lua_unref(L, ref);

    lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
    CHECK(dtorhits == 2);
}

TEST_CASE("NewUserdataOverflow")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_pushcfunction(
        L,
        [](lua_State* L1)
        {
            // The following userdata request might cause an overflow.
            lua_newuserdatadtor(L1, SIZE_MAX, [](void* d) {});
            // The overflow might segfault in the following call.
            lua_getmetatable(L1, -1);
            return 0;
        },
        nullptr
    );

    CHECK(lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0) == LUA_ERRRUN);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "memory allocation error: block too big") == 0);
}

TEST_CASE("SandboxWithoutLibs")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    luaopen_base(L); // Load only base library
    luaL_sandbox(L);

    CHECK(lua_getreadonly(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX));
}

TEST_CASE("ApiTables")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    int lu1 = 1;
    int lu2 = 2;

    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushnumber(L, 123.0);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "key");
    lua_pushnumber(L, 456.0);
    lua_rawsetfield(L, -2, "key2");
    lua_pushstring(L, "key3");
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, 5);
    lua_pushstring(L, "key4");
    lua_rawsetp(L, -2, &lu1);
    lua_pushstring(L, "key5");
    lua_rawsetptagged(L, -2, &lu2, 1);
    lua_pushstring(L, "key6");
    lua_rawsetptagged(L, -2, &lu2, 2);

    // lua_gettable
    lua_pushstring(L, "key");
    CHECK(lua_gettable(L, -2) == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 123.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_getfield
    CHECK(lua_getfield(L, -1, "key") == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 123.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_rawgetfield
    CHECK(lua_rawgetfield(L, -1, "key2") == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 456.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_rawget
    lua_pushstring(L, "key");
    CHECK(lua_rawget(L, -2) == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 123.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_rawgeti
    CHECK(lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 5) == LUA_TSTRING);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "key3") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_rawgetp
    CHECK(lua_rawgetp(L, -1, &lu1) == LUA_TSTRING);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "key4") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_rawsetptagged
    CHECK(lua_rawgetptagged(L, -1, &lu2, 1) == LUA_TSTRING);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "key5") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    CHECK(lua_rawgetptagged(L, -1, &lu2, 2) == LUA_TSTRING);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "key6") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    CHECK(lua_rawgetptagged(L, -1, &lu2, 0) == LUA_TNIL);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_clonetable
    lua_clonetable(L, -1);

    CHECK(lua_getfield(L, -1, "key") == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 123.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // modify clone
    lua_pushnumber(L, 456.0);
    lua_rawsetfield(L, -2, "key");

    // remove clone
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // check original
    CHECK(lua_getfield(L, -1, "key") == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 123.0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // lua_cleartable
    lua_cleartable(L, -1);
    lua_pushnil(L);
    CHECK(lua_next(L, -2) == 0);

    lua_pop(L, 1);
}

TEST_CASE("ApiIter")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushnumber(L, 123.0);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "key");
    lua_pushnumber(L, 456.0);
    lua_rawsetfield(L, -2, "key2");
    lua_pushstring(L, "test");
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);

    // Lua-compatible iteration interface: lua_next
    double sum1 = 0;
    lua_pushnil(L);
    while (lua_next(L, -2))
    {
        sum1 += lua_tonumber(L, -2); // key
        sum1 += lua_tonumber(L, -1); // value
        lua_pop(L, 1);               // pop value, key is used by lua_next
    }
    CHECK(sum1 == 580);

    // Luau iteration interface: lua_rawiter (faster and preferable to lua_next)
    double sum2 = 0;
    for (int index = 0; index = lua_rawiter(L, -1, index), index >= 0;)
    {
        sum2 += lua_tonumber(L, -2); // key
        sum2 += lua_tonumber(L, -1); // value
        lua_pop(L, 2);               // pop both key and value
    }
    CHECK(sum2 == 580);

    // check lua_rawiter compatibility with C stack limit
    lua_settop(L, 18);
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);

    CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 19);
    CHECK(lua_checkstack(L, 2));

    // Luau iteration interface: lua_rawiter (faster and preferable to lua_next)
    double sum3 = 0;
    for (int index = 0; index = lua_rawiter(L, -1, index), index >= 0;)
    {
        sum3 += lua_tonumber(L, -2); // key
        sum3 += lua_tonumber(L, -1); // value
        lua_pop(L, 2);               // pop both key and value
    }
    CHECK(sum3 == 580);

    // pop everything
    lua_pop(L, 19);
}

static int cpcallTest(lua_State* L)
{
    bool shouldFail = *(bool*)(lua_tolightuserdata(L, 1));

    if (shouldFail)
    {
        luaL_error(L, "Failed");
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushinteger(L, 123);
        lua_setglobal(L, "cpcallvalue");
    }

    return 0;
}

TEST_CASE("ApiCalls")
{
    StateRef globalState = runConformance("apicalls.luau", nullptr, nullptr, lua_newstate(limitedRealloc, nullptr));
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    // lua_call
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "add");
        lua_pushnumber(L, 40);
        lua_pushnumber(L, 2);
        lua_call(L, 2, 1);
        CHECK(lua_isnumber(L, -1));
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 42);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_call variadic
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getnresults");
        lua_pushinteger(L, 200);
        lua_call(L, 1, LUA_MULTRET);
        CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 200);
        lua_pop(L, 200);
    }

    // lua_pcall
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "add");
        lua_pushnumber(L, 40);
        lua_pushnumber(L, 2);
        int status = lua_pcall(L, 2, 1, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_OK);
        CHECK(lua_isnumber(L, -1));
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 42);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_pcall variadic
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getnresults");
        lua_pushinteger(L, 200);
        int status = lua_pcall(L, 1, LUA_MULTRET, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_OK);
        CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 200);
        lua_pop(L, 200);
    }

    // baselib pcall variadic
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "pcall");
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getnresults");
        lua_pushinteger(L, 200);
        lua_call(L, 2, LUA_MULTRET);
        CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 201);
        lua_pop(L, 200);
        CHECK(lua_toboolean(L, -1) == 1);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_cpcall success
    {
        bool shouldFail = false;
        CHECK(lua_cpcall(L, cpcallTest, &shouldFail) == LUA_OK);
        CHECK(lua_status(L) == LUA_OK);

        lua_getglobal(L, "cpcallvalue");
        CHECK(luaL_checkinteger(L, -1) == 123);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_cpcall failure
    {
        bool shouldFail = true;
        CHECK(lua_cpcall(L, cpcallTest, &shouldFail) == LUA_ERRRUN);
        REQUIRE(lua_isstring(L, -1));
        CHECK(std::string(lua_tostring(L, -1)) == "Failed");
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        CHECK(lua_status(L) == LUA_OK);
    }

    // lua_cpcall early failure
    {
        bool shouldFail = false;

        CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 0);

        luaL_checkstack(L, LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 1, "must succeed");

        for (int i = 0; i < LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 1; i++)
            lua_pushnumber(L, 1.0);

        CHECK(lua_cpcall(L, cpcallTest, &shouldFail) == LUA_ERRRUN);
        REQUIRE(lua_isstring(L, -1));
        CHECK(std::string(lua_tostring(L, -1)) == "stack limit");
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        CHECK(lua_status(L) == LUA_OK);

        lua_pop(L, LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 1);
    }

    // lua_resume does not make thread yieldable
    {
        lua_State* L2 = lua_newthread(L);

        lua_pushcclosurek(
            L2,
            [](lua_State* L)
            {
                CHECK(lua_isyieldable(L) == 0);
                return 0;
            },
            nullptr,
            0,
            nullptr
        );
        lua_call(L2, 0, 0);

        lua_getfield(L2, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getnresults");
        lua_pushinteger(L2, 1);
        int status = lua_resume(L2, nullptr, 1);
        REQUIRE(status == LUA_OK);
        CHECK(lua_gettop(L2) == 1);
        lua_pop(L2, 1);

        lua_pushcclosurek(
            L2,
            [](lua_State* L)
            {
                CHECK(lua_isyieldable(L) == 0);
                return 0;
            },
            nullptr,
            0,
            nullptr
        );
        lua_call(L2, 0, 0);

        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_equal with a sleeping thread wake up
    {
        lua_State* L2 = lua_newthread(L);

        lua_getfield(L2, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "create_with_tm");
        lua_pushnumber(L2, 42);
        lua_pcall(L2, 1, 1, 0);

        lua_getfield(L2, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "create_with_tm");
        lua_pushnumber(L2, 42);
        lua_pcall(L2, 1, 1, 0);

        // Reset GC
        lua_gc(L2, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);

        // Try to mark 'L2' as sleeping
        // Can't control GC precisely, even in tests
        lua_gc(L2, LUA_GCSTEP, 8);

        CHECK(lua_equal(L2, -1, -2) == 1);
        lua_pop(L2, 2);

        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_clonefunction + fenv
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getpi");
        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 3.1415926);
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "getpi");

        // clone & override env
        lua_clonefunction(L, -1);
        lua_newtable(L);
        lua_pushnumber(L, 42);
        lua_setfield(L, -2, "pi");
        lua_setfenv(L, -2);

        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 42);
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        // this one calls original function again
        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 3.1415926);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_clonefunction + upvalues
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "incuv");
        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 1);
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "incuv");
        // two clones
        lua_clonefunction(L, -1);
        lua_clonefunction(L, -2);

        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 2);
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 3);
        lua_pop(L, 1);

        // this one calls original function again
        lua_call(L, 0, 1);
        CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 4);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_pcall on OOM
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        int res = lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0);
        CHECK(res == LUA_ERRMEM);
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // lua_pcall on OOM with an error handler
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "oops");
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        int res = lua_pcall(L, 0, 1, -2);
        CHECK(res == LUA_ERRMEM);
        CHECK((lua_isstring(L, -1) && strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "oops") == 0));
        lua_pop(L, 2);
    }

    // lua_pcall on OOM with an error handler that errors
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "error");
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        int res = lua_pcall(L, 0, 1, -2);
        CHECK(res == LUA_ERRERR);
        CHECK((lua_isstring(L, -1) && strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "error in error handling") == 0));
        lua_pop(L, 2);
    }

    // lua_pcall on OOM with an error handler that OOMs
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        int res = lua_pcall(L, 0, 1, -2);
        CHECK(res == LUA_ERRMEM);
        CHECK((lua_isstring(L, -1) && strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "not enough memory") == 0));
        lua_pop(L, 2);
    }

    // lua_pcall on error with an error handler that OOMs
    {
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "largealloc");
        lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "error");
        int res = lua_pcall(L, 0, 1, -2);
        CHECK(res == LUA_ERRERR);
        CHECK((lua_isstring(L, -1) && strcmp(lua_tostring(L, -1), "error in error handling") == 0));
        lua_pop(L, 2);
    }

    CHECK(lua_gettop(L) == 0);
}

TEST_CASE("ApiAtoms")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_callbacks(L)->useratom = [](lua_State* L, const char* s, size_t l) -> int16_t
    {
        if (strcmp(s, "string") == 0)
            return 0;
        if (strcmp(s, "important") == 0)
            return 1;

        return -1;
    };

    lua_pushstring(L, "string");
    lua_pushstring(L, "import");
    lua_pushstring(L, "ant");
    lua_concat(L, 2);
    lua_pushstring(L, "unimportant");

    int a1, a2, a3;
    const char* s1 = lua_tostringatom(L, -3, &a1);
    const char* s2 = lua_tostringatom(L, -2, &a2);
    const char* s3 = lua_tostringatom(L, -1, &a3);

    CHECK(strcmp(s1, "string") == 0);
    CHECK(a1 == 0);

    CHECK(strcmp(s2, "important") == 0);
    CHECK(a2 == 1);

    CHECK(strcmp(s3, "unimportant") == 0);
    CHECK(a3 == -1);
}

static bool endsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& suffix)
{
    if (suffix.length() > str.length())
        return false;

    return suffix == std::string_view(str.c_str() + str.length() - suffix.length(), suffix.length());
}

TEST_CASE("ApiType")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_pushnumber(L, 2);
    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "number") == 0);
    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, 1), "number") == 0);
    CHECK(lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER);
    CHECK(lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TNUMBER);

    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, 2), "no value") == 0);
    CHECK(lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TNONE);
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, 2)), "no value") == 0);

    lua_newuserdata(L, 0);
    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "userdata") == 0);
    CHECK(lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TUSERDATA);

    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushstring(L, "hello");
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__type");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "hello") == 0);
    CHECK(lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TUSERDATA);
}

TEST_CASE("ApiBuffer")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_newbuffer(L, 1000);

    REQUIRE(lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TBUFFER);

    CHECK(lua_isbuffer(L, -1));
    CHECK(lua_objlen(L, -1) == 1000);

    CHECK(strcmp(lua_typename(L, LUA_TBUFFER), "buffer") == 0);

    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "buffer") == 0);

    void* p1 = lua_tobuffer(L, -1, nullptr);

    size_t len = 0;
    void* p2 = lua_tobuffer(L, -1, &len);
    CHECK(len == 1000);
    CHECK(p1 == p2);

    void* p3 = luaL_checkbuffer(L, -1, nullptr);
    CHECK(p1 == p3);

    len = 0;
    void* p4 = luaL_checkbuffer(L, -1, &len);
    CHECK(len == 1000);
    CHECK(p1 == p4);

    memset(p1, 0xab, 1000);

    CHECK(lua_topointer(L, -1) != nullptr);

    lua_newbuffer(L, 0);

    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);

    CHECK(lua_equal(L, -3, -1));
    CHECK(!lua_equal(L, -2, -1));

    lua_pop(L, 1);
}

int slowlyOverflowStack(lua_State* L)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < LUAI_MAXCSTACK * 2; i++)
    {
        luaL_checkstack(L, 1, "test");
        lua_pushnumber(L, 1.0);
    }

    return 0;
}

TEST_CASE("ApiStack")
{
    StateRef globalState(lua_newstate(blockableRealloc, nullptr), lua_close);
    lua_State* GL = globalState.get();

    {
        lua_State* L = lua_newthread(GL);

        lua_pushcfunction(L, slowlyOverflowStack, "foo");
        int result = lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0);
        REQUIRE(result == LUA_ERRRUN);
        CHECK(strcmp(luaL_checkstring(L, -1), "stack overflow (test)") == 0);
    }

    {
        lua_State* L = lua_newthread(GL);

        REQUIRE(lua_checkstack(L, 100) == 1);

        blockableReallocAllowed = false;
        REQUIRE(lua_checkstack(L, 1000) == 0);
        blockableReallocAllowed = true;

        REQUIRE(lua_checkstack(L, 1000) == 1);

        REQUIRE(lua_checkstack(L, LUAI_MAXCSTACK * 2) == 0);
    }
}

TEST_CASE("ApiAlloc")
{
    int ud = 0;
    StateRef globalState(lua_newstate(limitedRealloc, &ud), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    void* udCheck = nullptr;
    bool allocfIsSet = lua_getallocf(L, &udCheck) == limitedRealloc;
    CHECK(allocfIsSet);
    CHECK(udCheck == &ud);
}

#if !LUA_USE_LONGJMP
TEST_CASE("ExceptionObject")
{
    struct ExceptionResult
    {
        bool exceptionGenerated;
        std::string description;
    };

    auto captureException = [](lua_State* L, const char* functionToRun)
    {
        try
        {
            lua_State* threadState = lua_newthread(L);
            lua_getfield(threadState, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, functionToRun);
            CHECK(lua_isLfunction(threadState, -1));
            lua_call(threadState, 0, 0);
        }
        catch (std::exception& e)
        {
            CHECK(e.what() != nullptr);
            return ExceptionResult{true, e.what()};
        }
        return ExceptionResult{false, ""};
    };

    StateRef globalState = runConformance("exceptions.luau", nullptr, nullptr, lua_newstate(limitedRealloc, nullptr));
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "infinite_recursion_error");
        CHECK(result.exceptionGenerated);
    }

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "empty_function");
        CHECK_FALSE(result.exceptionGenerated);
    }

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "pass_number_to_error");
        CHECK(result.exceptionGenerated);
        CHECK(endsWith(result.description, "42"));
    }

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "pass_string_to_error");
        CHECK(result.exceptionGenerated);
        CHECK(endsWith(result.description, "string argument"));
    }

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "pass_table_to_error");
        CHECK(result.exceptionGenerated);
    }

    {
        ExceptionResult result = captureException(L, "large_allocation_error");
        CHECK(result.exceptionGenerated);
    }
}
#endif

TEST_CASE("IfElseExpression")
{
    runConformance("ifelseexpr.luau");
}

// Optionally returns debug info for the first Luau stack frame that is encountered on the callstack.
static std::optional<lua_Debug> getFirstLuauFrameDebugInfo(lua_State* L)
{
    static std::string_view kLua = "Lua";
    lua_Debug ar;
    for (int i = 0; lua_getinfo(L, i, "sl", &ar); i++)
    {
        if (kLua == ar.what)
            return ar;
    }
    return std::nullopt;
}

TEST_CASE("TagMethodError")
{
    static std::vector<int> expectedHits;

    // Loop over two modes:
    //   when doLuaBreak is false the test only verifies that callbacks occur on the expected lines in the Luau source
    //   when doLuaBreak is true the test additionally calls lua_break to ensure breaking the debugger doesn't cause the VM to crash
    for (bool doLuaBreak : {false, true})
    {
        expectedHits = {37, 54, 73};

        static int index;
        static bool luaBreak;
        index = 0;
        luaBreak = doLuaBreak;

        // To restore from a protected error break, we return 'true' so that test runner will use lua_resumeerror
        auto yieldCallback = [](lua_State* L) -> bool
        {
            return true;
        };

        runConformance(
            "tmerror.luau",
            [](lua_State* L)
            {
                auto* cb = lua_callbacks(L);

                cb->debugprotectederror = [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    std::optional<lua_Debug> ar = getFirstLuauFrameDebugInfo(L);

                    CHECK(lua_isyieldable(L));
                    REQUIRE(ar.has_value());
                    REQUIRE(index < int(std::size(expectedHits)));
                    CHECK(ar->currentline == expectedHits[index++]);

                    if (luaBreak)
                    {
                        // Cause luau execution to break when 'error' is called via 'pcall'
                        // This call to lua_break is a regression test for an issue where debugprotectederror
                        // was called on a thread that couldn't be yielded even though lua_isyieldable was true.
                        lua_break(L);
                    }
                };
            },
            yieldCallback
        );

        // Make sure the number of break points hit was the expected number
        CHECK(index == std::size(expectedHits));
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Coverage")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    copts.optimizationLevel = 1; // disable inlining to get fixed expected hit results
    copts.coverageLevel = 2;

    runConformance(
        "coverage.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L) -> int
                {
                    luaL_argexpected(L, lua_isLfunction(L, 1), 1, "function");

                    lua_newtable(L);
                    lua_getcoverage(
                        L,
                        1,
                        L,
                        [](void* context, const char* function, int linedefined, int depth, const int* hits, size_t size)
                        {
                            lua_State* L = static_cast<lua_State*>(context);

                            lua_newtable(L);

                            lua_pushstring(L, function);
                            lua_setfield(L, -2, "name");

                            lua_pushinteger(L, linedefined);
                            lua_setfield(L, -2, "linedefined");

                            lua_pushinteger(L, depth);
                            lua_setfield(L, -2, "depth");

                            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
                                if (hits[i] != -1)
                                {
                                    lua_pushinteger(L, hits[i]);
                                    lua_rawseti(L, -2, int(i));
                                }

                            lua_rawseti(L, -2, lua_objlen(L, -2) + 1);
                        }
                    );

                    return 1;
                },
                "getcoverage"
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "getcoverage");
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        &copts
    );
}

TEST_CASE("StringConversion")
{
    runConformance("strconv.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("GCDump")
{
    // internal function, declared in lgc.h - not exposed via lua.h
    extern void luaC_dump(lua_State * L, void* file, const char* (*categoryName)(lua_State* L, uint8_t memcat));
    extern void luaC_enumheap(
        lua_State * L,
        void* context,
        void (*node)(void* context, void* ptr, uint8_t tt, uint8_t memcat, size_t size, const char* name),
        void (*edge)(void* context, void* from, void* to, const char* name)
    );

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    // push various objects on stack to cover different paths
    lua_createtable(L, 1, 2);
    lua_pushstring(L, "value");
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "key");

    lua_pushstring(L, "u42");
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__type");

    lua_pushinteger(L, 42);
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1000);

    lua_pushinteger(L, 42);
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);

    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    lua_newuserdata(L, 42);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    lua_pushinteger(L, 1);
    lua_pushcclosure(L, lua_silence, "test", 1);

    lua_newbuffer(L, 100);

    lua_State* CL = lua_newthread(L);

    lua_pushstring(CL, R"(
local x
x = {}
local function f()
    x[1] = math.abs(42)
end
function foo()
    x[2] = ''
    for i = 1, 10000 do x[2] ..= '1234567890' end
end
foo()
return f
)");
    lua_pushstring(CL, "=GCDump");
    REQUIRE(lua_loadstring(CL) == 1);
    REQUIRE(lua_resume(CL, nullptr, 0) == LUA_OK);

#ifdef _WIN32
    const char* path = "NUL";
#else
    const char* path = "/dev/null";
#endif

    FILE* f = fopen(path, "w");
    REQUIRE(f);

    luaC_fullgc(L);
    luaC_dump(L, f, nullptr);

    fclose(f);

    struct Node
    {
        void* ptr;
        uint8_t tag;
        uint8_t memcat;
        size_t size;
        std::string name;
    };

    struct EnumContext
    {
        Luau::DenseHashMap<void*, Node> nodes{nullptr};
        Luau::DenseHashMap<void*, void*> edges{nullptr};

        bool seenTargetString = false;
    } ctx;

    luaC_enumheap(
        L,
        &ctx,
        [](void* ctx, void* gco, uint8_t tt, uint8_t memcat, size_t size, const char* name)
        {
            EnumContext& context = *(EnumContext*)ctx;

            if (name)
            {
                std::string_view sv{name};

                if (tt == LUA_TUSERDATA)
                    CHECK(sv == "u42");
                else if (tt == LUA_TPROTO)
                    CHECK((sv == "proto unnamed:1 =GCDump" || sv == "proto foo:7 =GCDump" || sv == "proto f:4 =GCDump"));
                else if (tt == LUA_TFUNCTION)
                    CHECK((sv == "test" || sv == "unnamed:1 =GCDump" || sv == "foo:7 =GCDump" || sv == "f:4 =GCDump"));
                else if (tt == LUA_TTHREAD)
                    CHECK(sv == "thread at unnamed:1 =GCDump");
            }
            else if (tt == LUA_TSTRING && size >= 100000)
            {
                CHECK(!context.seenTargetString);
                context.seenTargetString = true;

                // The only string we have in this test that is 100000 characters long should include string data overhead
                CHECK(size > 100000);
            }

            context.nodes[gco] = {gco, tt, memcat, size, name ? name : ""};
        },
        [](void* ctx, void* s, void* t, const char*)
        {
            EnumContext& context = *(EnumContext*)ctx;
            context.edges[s] = t;
        }
    );

    CHECK(!ctx.nodes.empty());
    CHECK(!ctx.edges.empty());
    CHECK(ctx.seenTargetString);
}

TEST_CASE("Interrupt")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    copts.optimizationLevel = 1; // disable loop unrolling to get fixed expected hit results

    static int index;

    StateRef globalState = runConformance("interrupt.luau", nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &copts);

    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    // note: for simplicity here we setup the interrupt callback when the test starts
    // however, this carries a noticeable performance cost. in a real application,
    // it's advised to set interrupt callback on a timer from a different thread,
    // and set it back to nullptr once the interrupt triggered.

    // define the interrupt to check the expected hits
    static const int expectedhits[] = {11, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 20, 15, 15, 15, 15, 18, 25, 23, 26};

    lua_callbacks(L)->interrupt = [](lua_State* L, int gc)
    {
        if (gc >= 0)
            return;

        CHECK(index < int(std::size(expectedhits)));

        lua_Debug ar = {};
        lua_getinfo(L, 0, "l", &ar);

        CHECK(ar.currentline == expectedhits[index]);

        index++;

        // check that we can yield inside an interrupt
        if (index == 4)
            lua_yield(L, 0);
    };

    {
        lua_State* T = lua_newthread(L);

        lua_getglobal(T, "test");

        index = 0;
        int status = lua_resume(T, nullptr, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_YIELD);
        CHECK(index == 4);

        status = lua_resume(T, nullptr, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_OK);
        CHECK(index == int(std::size(expectedhits)));

        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    // redefine the interrupt to break after 10 iterations of a loop that would otherwise be infinite
    // the test exposes a few global functions that we will call; the interrupt will force a yield
    lua_callbacks(L)->interrupt = [](lua_State* L, int gc)
    {
        if (gc >= 0)
            return;

        CHECK(index < 11);
        if (++index == 11)
            lua_yield(L, 0);
    };

    for (int test = 1; test <= 10; ++test)
    {
        lua_State* T = lua_newthread(L);

        std::string name = "infloop" + std::to_string(test);
        lua_getglobal(T, name.c_str());

        index = 0;
        int status = lua_resume(T, nullptr, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_YIELD);
        CHECK(index == 11);

        // abandon the thread
        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    lua_callbacks(L)->interrupt = [](lua_State* L, int gc)
    {
        if (gc >= 0)
            return;

        index++;

        if (index == 1'000)
        {
            index = 0;
            luaL_error(L, "timeout");
        }
    };

    for (int test = 1; test <= 6; ++test)
    {
        lua_State* T = lua_newthread(L);

        std::string name = "hang" + std::to_string(test);
        lua_getglobal(T, name.c_str());

        index = 0;
        int status = lua_resume(T, nullptr, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_ERRRUN);
        CHECK(strstr(luaL_checkstring(T, -1), "timeout") != nullptr);

        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }

    {
        lua_State* T = lua_newthread(L);

        lua_getglobal(T, "hangpcall");

        index = 0;
        int status = lua_resume(T, nullptr, 0);
        CHECK(status == LUA_OK);

        lua_pop(L, 1);
    }
}

TEST_CASE("UserdataApi")
{
    static int dtorhits = 0;

    dtorhits = 0;

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    // setup dtor for tag 42 (created later)
    auto dtor = [](lua_State* l, void* data)
    {
        dtorhits += *(int*)data;
    };
    bool dtorIsNull = lua_getuserdatadtor(L, 42) == nullptr;
    CHECK(dtorIsNull);
    lua_setuserdatadtor(L, 42, dtor);
    bool dtorIsSet = lua_getuserdatadtor(L, 42) == dtor;
    CHECK(dtorIsSet);

    // light user data
    int lud;
    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, &lud);

    CHECK(lua_tolightuserdata(L, -1) == &lud);
    CHECK(lua_touserdata(L, -1) == &lud);
    CHECK(lua_topointer(L, -1) == &lud);

    // regular user data
    int* ud1 = (int*)lua_newuserdata(L, 4);
    *ud1 = 42;

    CHECK(lua_tolightuserdata(L, -1) == nullptr);
    CHECK(lua_touserdata(L, -1) == ud1);
    CHECK(lua_topointer(L, -1) == ud1);

    // tagged user data
    int* ud2 = (int*)lua_newuserdatatagged(L, 4, 42);
    *ud2 = -4;

    CHECK(lua_touserdatatagged(L, -1, 42) == ud2);
    CHECK(lua_touserdatatagged(L, -1, 41) == nullptr);
    CHECK(lua_userdatatag(L, -1) == 42);

    lua_setuserdatatag(L, -1, 43);
    CHECK(lua_userdatatag(L, -1) == 43);
    lua_setuserdatatag(L, -1, 42);

    // user data with inline dtor
    void* ud3 = lua_newuserdatadtor(
        L,
        4,
        [](void* data)
        {
            dtorhits += *(int*)data;
        }
    );

    void* ud4 = lua_newuserdatadtor(
        L,
        1,
        [](void* data)
        {
            dtorhits += *(char*)data;
        }
    );

    *(int*)ud3 = 43;
    *(char*)ud4 = 3;

    // user data with named metatable
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "udata1");
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "udata2");

    void* ud5 = lua_newuserdata(L, 0);
    luaL_getmetatable(L, "udata1");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    void* ud6 = lua_newuserdata(L, 0);
    luaL_getmetatable(L, "udata2");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    CHECK(luaL_checkudata(L, -2, "udata1") == ud5);
    CHECK(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "udata2") == ud6);

    // tagged user data with fast metatable access
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "udata3");
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setuserdatametatable(L, 50);

    luaL_newmetatable(L, "udata4");
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setuserdatametatable(L, 51);

    void* ud7 = lua_newuserdatatagged(L, 16, 50);
    lua_getuserdatametatable(L, 50);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    void* ud8 = lua_newuserdatataggedwithmetatable(L, 16, 51);

    CHECK(luaL_checkudata(L, -2, "udata3") == ud7);
    CHECK(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "udata4") == ud8);

    globalState.reset();

    CHECK(dtorhits == 42);
}

// provide alignment of 16 for userdata objects with size of 16 and up as long as the Luau allocation functions supports it
TEST_CASE("UserdataAlignment")
{
    const auto testAllocate = [](void* ud, void* ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize) -> void*
    {
        if (nsize == 0)
        {
            ::operator delete(ptr, std::align_val_t(16));
            return nullptr;
        }
        else if (osize == 0)
        {
            return ::operator new(nsize, std::align_val_t(16));
        }

        // resize is unreachable in this test and is omitted
        return nullptr;
    };

    StateRef globalState(lua_newstate(testAllocate, nullptr), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    for (int size = 16; size <= 4096; size += 4)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            void* data = lua_newuserdata(L, size);
            LUAU_ASSERT(uintptr_t(data) % 16 == 0);
            lua_pop(L, 1);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            void* data = lua_newuserdatadtor(L, size, [](void*) {});
            LUAU_ASSERT(uintptr_t(data) % 16 == 0);
            lua_pop(L, 1);
        }
    }
}

TEST_CASE("LightuserdataApi")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    void* value = (void*)0x12345678;

    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 1);
    CHECK(lua_lightuserdatatag(L, -1) == 1);
    CHECK(lua_tolightuserdatatagged(L, -1, 0) == nullptr);
    CHECK(lua_tolightuserdatatagged(L, -1, 1) == value);

    lua_setlightuserdataname(L, 1, "id");
    CHECK(!lua_getlightuserdataname(L, 0));
    CHECK(strcmp(lua_getlightuserdataname(L, 1), "id") == 0);
    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "id") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 0);
    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 1);
    CHECK(lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2) == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 2);

    // Check lightuserdata table key uniqueness
    lua_newtable(L);

    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 2);
    lua_pushinteger(L, 20);
    lua_settable(L, -3);
    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 3);
    lua_pushinteger(L, 30);
    lua_settable(L, -3);

    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 2);
    lua_gettable(L, -2);
    lua_pushinteger(L, 20);
    CHECK(lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2) == 1);
    lua_pop(L, 2);

    lua_pushlightuserdatatagged(L, value, 3);
    lua_gettable(L, -2);
    lua_pushinteger(L, 30);
    CHECK(lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2) == 1);
    lua_pop(L, 2);

    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // Still possible to rename the global lightuserdata name using a metatable
    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, value);
    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "userdata") == 0);

    lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);
    lua_pushstring(L, "luserdata");
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__type");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    CHECK(strcmp(luaL_typename(L, -1), "luserdata") == 0);
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    globalState.reset();
}

TEST_CASE("DebugApi")
{
    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    lua_pushnumber(L, 10);

    lua_Debug ar;
    CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, -1, "f", &ar) == 0);  // number is not a function
    CHECK(lua_getinfo(L, -10, "f", &ar) == 0); // not on stack
}

TEST_CASE("Iter")
{
    runConformance("iter.luau");
}

const int kInt64Tag = 1;

static int64_t getInt64(lua_State* L, int idx)
{
    if (void* p = lua_touserdatatagged(L, idx, kInt64Tag))
        return *static_cast<int64_t*>(p);

    if (lua_isnumber(L, idx))
        return lua_tointeger(L, idx);

    luaL_typeerror(L, 1, "int64");
}

static void pushInt64(lua_State* L, int64_t value)
{
    void* p = lua_newuserdatatagged(L, sizeof(int64_t), kInt64Tag);

    luaL_getmetatable(L, "int64");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    *static_cast<int64_t*>(p) = value;
}

TEST_CASE("Userdata")
{
    runConformance(
        "userdata.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            // create metatable with all the metamethods
            luaL_newmetatable(L, "int64");

            // __index
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    void* p = lua_touserdatatagged(L, 1, kInt64Tag);
                    if (!p)
                        luaL_typeerror(L, 1, "int64");

                    const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);

                    if (strcmp(name, "value") == 0)
                    {
                        lua_pushnumber(L, double(*static_cast<int64_t*>(p)));
                        return 1;
                    }

                    luaL_error(L, "unknown field %s", name);
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");

            // __newindex
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    void* p = lua_touserdatatagged(L, 1, kInt64Tag);
                    if (!p)
                        luaL_typeerror(L, 1, "int64");

                    const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);

                    if (strcmp(name, "value") == 0)
                    {
                        double value = luaL_checknumber(L, 3);
                        *static_cast<int64_t*>(p) = int64_t(value);
                        return 0;
                    }

                    luaL_error(L, "unknown field %s", name);
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__newindex");

            // __eq
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    lua_pushboolean(L, getInt64(L, 1) == getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__eq");

            // __lt
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    lua_pushboolean(L, getInt64(L, 1) < getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__lt");

            // __le
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    lua_pushboolean(L, getInt64(L, 1) <= getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__le");

            // __add
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    pushInt64(L, getInt64(L, 1) + getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__add");

            // __sub
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    pushInt64(L, getInt64(L, 1) - getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__sub");

            // __mul
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    pushInt64(L, getInt64(L, 1) * getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mul");

            // __div
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    // ideally we'd guard against 0 but it's a test so eh
                    pushInt64(L, getInt64(L, 1) / getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__div");

            // __idiv
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    // for testing we use different semantics here compared to __div: __idiv rounds to negative inf, __div truncates (rounds to zero)
                    // additionally, division loses precision here outside of 2^53 range
                    // we do not necessarily recommend this behavior in production code!
                    pushInt64(L, int64_t(floor(double(getInt64(L, 1)) / double(getInt64(L, 2)))));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__idiv");

            // __mod
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    // ideally we'd guard against 0 and INT64_MIN but it's a test so eh
                    pushInt64(L, getInt64(L, 1) % getInt64(L, 2));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mod");

            // __pow
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    pushInt64(L, int64_t(pow(double(getInt64(L, 1)), double(getInt64(L, 2)))));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__pow");

            // __unm
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    pushInt64(L, -getInt64(L, 1));
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__unm");

            // __tostring
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    int64_t value = getInt64(L, 1);
                    std::string str = std::to_string(value);
                    lua_pushlstring(L, str.c_str(), str.length());
                    return 1;
                },
                nullptr
            );
            lua_setfield(L, -2, "__tostring");

            // ctor
            lua_pushcfunction(
                L,
                [](lua_State* L)
                {
                    double v = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
                    pushInt64(L, int64_t(v));
                    return 1;
                },
                "int64"
            );
            lua_setglobal(L, "int64");
        }
    );
}

TEST_CASE("SafeEnv")
{
    runConformance("safeenv.luau");
}

TEST_CASE("Native")
{
    // This tests requires code to run natively, otherwise all 'is_native' checks will fail
    if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
        return;

    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();

    SUBCASE("Checked")
    {
        FFlag::DebugLuauAbortingChecks.value = true;

        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }

    SUBCASE("Regular")
    {
        FFlag::DebugLuauAbortingChecks.value = false;

        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }

    runConformance(
        "native.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            setupNativeHelpers(L);
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        &copts
    );
}

TEST_CASE("NativeIntegerSpills")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();

    SUBCASE("O0")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
    }
    SUBCASE("O1")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
    }
    SUBCASE("O2")
    {
        copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
    }

    runConformance("native_integer_spills.luau", nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &copts);
}

TEST_CASE("NativeTypeAnnotations")
{
    // This tests requires code to run natively, otherwise all 'is_native' checks will fail
    if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
        return;

    runConformance(
        "native_types.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            setupNativeHelpers(L);
            setupVectorHelpers(L);
        }
    );
}

TEST_CASE("NativeUserdata")
{
    lua_CompileOptions copts = defaultOptions();
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOpts = defaultCodegenOptions();

    static const char* kUserdataCompileTypes[] = {"vec2", "color", "mat3", "vertex", nullptr};
    copts.userdataTypes = kUserdataCompileTypes;

    SUBCASE("NoIrHooks")
    {
        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }
    SUBCASE("IrHooks")
    {
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorAccessBytecodeType = vectorAccessBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorNamecallBytecodeType = vectorNamecallBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorAccess = vectorAccess;
        nativeOpts.hooks.vectorNamecall = vectorNamecall;

        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataAccessBytecodeType = userdataAccessBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataMetamethodBytecodeType = userdataMetamethodBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataNamecallBytecodeType = userdataNamecallBytecodeType;
        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataAccess = userdataAccess;
        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataMetamethod = userdataMetamethod;
        nativeOpts.hooks.userdataNamecall = userdataNamecall;

        nativeOpts.userdataTypes = kUserdataRunTypes;

        SUBCASE("O0")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 0;
        }
        SUBCASE("O1")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 1;
        }
        SUBCASE("O2")
        {
            copts.optimizationLevel = 2;
        }
    }

    runConformance(
        "native_userdata.luau",
        [](lua_State* L)
        {
            Luau::CodeGen::setUserdataRemapper(
                L,
                kUserdataRunTypes,
                [](void* context, const char* str, size_t len) -> uint8_t
                {
                    const char** types = (const char**)context;

                    uint8_t index = 0;

                    std::string_view sv{str, len};

                    for (; *types; ++types)
                    {
                        if (sv == *types)
                            return index;

                        index++;
                    }

                    return 0xff;
                }
            );

            setupVectorHelpers(L);
            setupUserdataHelpers(L);
        },
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        &copts,
        false,
        &nativeOpts
    );
}

[[nodiscard]] static std::string makeHugeFunctionSource()
{
    std::string source;

    // add non-executed block that requires JUMPKX and generates a lot of constants that take available short (15-bit) constant space
    source += "if ... then\n";
    source += "local _ = {\n";

    for (int i = 0; i < 40000; ++i)
    {
        source += "0.";
        source += std::to_string(i);
        source += ",";
    }

    source += "}\n";
    source += "end\n";

    // use failed fast-calls with imports and constants to exercise all of the more complex fallback sequences
    source += "return bit32.lshift('84', -1)";

    return source;
}

TEST_CASE("HugeFunction")
{
    std::string source = makeHugeFunctionSource();

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
        luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_sandbox(L);
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, "=HugeFunction", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
    {
        Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOptions{Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions};
        Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOptions);
    }

    int status = lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);
    REQUIRE(status == 0);

    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 42);
}

TEST_CASE("HugeFunctionLoadFailure")
{
    // This test case verifies that if an out-of-memory error occurs inside of
    // luau_load, we are not left with any GC objects in inconsistent states
    // that would cause issues during garbage collection.
    //
    // We create a script with a huge function in it, then pass this to
    // luau_load.  This should require two "large" allocations:  One for the
    // code array and one for the constants array (k).  We run this test twice
    // and fail each of these two allocations.
    std::string source = makeHugeFunctionSource();

    static const size_t expectedTotalLargeAllocations = 2;

    static size_t largeAllocationToFail = 0;
    static size_t largeAllocationCount = 0;

    const auto testAllocate = [](void* ud, void* ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize) -> void*
    {
        if (nsize == 0)
        {
            free(ptr);
            return nullptr;
        }
        else if (nsize > 32768)
        {
            if (largeAllocationCount == largeAllocationToFail)
                return nullptr;

            ++largeAllocationCount;
            return realloc(ptr, nsize);
        }
        else
        {
            return realloc(ptr, nsize);
        }
    };

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* const bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);

    for (largeAllocationToFail = 0; largeAllocationToFail != expectedTotalLargeAllocations; ++largeAllocationToFail)
    {
        largeAllocationCount = 0;

        StateRef globalState(lua_newstate(testAllocate, nullptr), lua_close);
        lua_State* L = globalState.get();

        luaL_openlibs(L);
        luaL_sandbox(L);
        luaL_sandboxthread(L);

        int status = luau_load(L, "=HugeFunction", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
        REQUIRE(status == 1);

        const char* error = lua_tostring(L, -1);
        CHECK(strcmp(error, "not enough memory") == 0);

        luaC_fullgc(L);
    }

    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE_EQ(largeAllocationToFail, expectedTotalLargeAllocations);
}

TEST_CASE("HugeConstantTable")
{
    std::string source = "function foo(...)\n";

    source += "    local args = ...\n";
    source += "    local t = args and {\n";

    for (int i = 0; i < 400; i++)
    {
        for (int k = 0; k < 100; k++)
        {
            source += "call(";
            source += std::to_string(i * 100 + k);
            source += ".125), ";
        }

        source += "\n        ";
    }

    source += "    }\n";
    source += "    return { a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 }\n";
    source += "end\n";
    source += "return foo().a + foo().b\n";

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
        luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_sandbox(L);
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, "=HugeConstantTable", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
    {
        Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOptions{Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions};
        Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOptions);
    }

    int status = lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);
    REQUIRE(status == 0);

    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == 3);
}

TEST_CASE("LargeNestedClosure")
{
    const int kCount = 2048;
    std::string source;

    source += "local function test()\n";
    source += "local x = 0\n";

    for (int i = 0; i < kCount; ++i)
    {
        std::string n = std::to_string(i + 1);
        source += "    function f" + n + "() x = x + 1; return " + n + " end\n";
    }

    source += "    return f" + std::to_string(kCount) + "\n";
    source += "end\n";
    source += "return test()()\n";

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
        luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_sandbox(L);
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, "=LargeNestedClosure", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
    {
        Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOptions{Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions};
        Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOptions);
    }

    int status = lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);
    REQUIRE(status == 0);

    CHECK(lua_tonumber(L, -1) == kCount);
}

TEST_CASE("IrInstructionLimit")
{
    if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
        return;

    ScopedFastInt codegenHeuristicsInstructionLimit{FInt::CodegenHeuristicsInstructionLimit, 50'000};

    std::string source;

    // Generate a hundred fat functions
    for (int fn = 0; fn < 100; fn++)
    {
        source += "local function fn" + std::to_string(fn) + "(...)\n";
        source += "if ... then\n";
        source += "local p1, p2 = ...\n";
        source += "local _ = {\n";

        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
        {
            source += "p1*0." + std::to_string(i) + ",";
            source += "p2+0." + std::to_string(i) + ",";
        }

        source += "}\n";
        source += "return _\n";
        source += "end\n";
        source += "end\n";
    }

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_sandbox(L);
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, "=HugeFunction", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOptions{Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions};
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationStats nativeStats = {};
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationResult nativeResult = Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOptions, &nativeStats);

    // Limit is not hit immediately, so with some functions compiled it should be a success
    CHECK(nativeResult.result == Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::Success);

    // But it has some failed functions
    CHECK(nativeResult.hasErrors());
    REQUIRE(!nativeResult.protoFailures.empty());

    CHECK(nativeResult.protoFailures.front().result == Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenOverflowInstructionLimit);
    CHECK(nativeResult.protoFailures.front().line != -1);
    CHECK(nativeResult.protoFailures.front().debugname != "");

    // We should be able to compile at least one of our functions
    CHECK(nativeStats.functionsCompiled > 0);

    // But because of the limit, not all of them (101 because there's an extra global function)
    CHECK(nativeStats.functionsCompiled < 101);
}

TEST_CASE("BytecodeDistributionPerFunctionTest")
{
    const char* source = R"(
local function first(n, p)
  local t = {}
  for i=1,p do t[i] = i*10 end

  local function inner(_,n)
    if n > 0 then
      n = n-1
      return n, unpack(t)
    end
  end
  return inner, nil, n
end

local function second(x)
 return x[1]
end
)";

    std::vector<Luau::CodeGen::FunctionBytecodeSummary> summaries(analyzeFile(source, 0));

    CHECK_EQ(summaries[0].getName(), "inner");
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[0].getLine(), 6);
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[0].getCounts(0), std::vector<unsigned>({0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}));

    CHECK_EQ(summaries[1].getName(), "first");
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[1].getLine(), 2);
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[1].getCounts(0), std::vector<unsigned>({0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
                                                               1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}));


    CHECK_EQ(summaries[2].getName(), "second");
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[2].getLine(), 15);
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[2].getCounts(0), std::vector<unsigned>({0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}));

    CHECK_EQ(summaries[3].getName(), "");
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[3].getLine(), 1);
    CHECK_EQ(summaries[3].getCounts(0), std::vector<unsigned>({0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                                               0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}));
}

TEST_CASE("NativeAttribute")
{
    if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
        return;

    std::string source = R"R(
        @native
        local function sum(x, y)
            local function sumHelper(z)
                return (x+y+z)
            end
            return sumHelper
        end

        local function sub(x, y)
            @native
            local function subHelper(z)
                return (x+y-z)
            end
            return subHelper
        end)R";

    StateRef globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
    lua_State* L = globalState.get();

    luau_codegen_create(L);

    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_sandbox(L);
    luaL_sandboxthread(L);

    size_t bytecodeSize = 0;
    char* bytecode = luau_compile(source.data(), source.size(), nullptr, &bytecodeSize);
    int result = luau_load(L, "=Code", bytecode, bytecodeSize, 0);
    free(bytecode);

    REQUIRE(result == 0);

    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions nativeOptions{Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions};
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationStats nativeStats = {};
    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationResult nativeResult = Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, nativeOptions, &nativeStats);

    CHECK(nativeResult.result == Luau::CodeGen::CodeGenCompilationResult::Success);

    CHECK(!nativeResult.hasErrors());
    REQUIRE(nativeResult.protoFailures.empty());

    // We should be able to compile at least one of our functions
    CHECK_EQ(nativeStats.functionsCompiled, 2);
}

TEST_SUITE_END();