funcobject.c

/* Function object implementation */

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_ceval.h"         // _PyEval_BuiltinsFromGlobals()
#include "pycore_code.h"          // _Py_next_func_version
#include "pycore_object.h"        // _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK()
#include "pycore_pyerrors.h"      // _PyErr_Occurred()
#include "structmember.h"         // PyMemberDef

static PyObject* func_repr(PyFunctionObject *op);

static const char *
func_event_name(PyFunction_WatchEvent event) {
    switch (event) {
        #define CASE(op)                \
        case PyFunction_EVENT_##op:         \
            return "PyFunction_EVENT_" #op;
        PY_FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(CASE)
        #undef CASE
    }
    Py_UNREACHABLE();
}

static void
notify_func_watchers(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyFunction_WatchEvent event,
                     PyFunctionObject *func, PyObject *new_value)
{
    uint8_t bits = interp->active_func_watchers;
    int i = 0;
    while (bits) {
        assert(i < FUNC_MAX_WATCHERS);
        if (bits & 1) {
            PyFunction_WatchCallback cb = interp->func_watchers[i];
            // callback must be non-null if the watcher bit is set
            assert(cb != NULL);
            if (cb(event, func, new_value) < 0) {
                // Don't risk resurrecting the func if an unraisablehook keeps a
                // reference; pass a string as context.
                PyObject *context = NULL;
                PyObject *repr = func_repr(func);
                if (repr != NULL) {
                    context = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                        "%s watcher callback for %U",
                        func_event_name(event), repr);
                    Py_DECREF(repr);
                }
                if (context == NULL) {
                    context = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
                }
                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(context);
                Py_DECREF(context);
            }
        }
        i++;
        bits >>= 1;
    }
}

static inline void
handle_func_event(PyFunction_WatchEvent event, PyFunctionObject *func,
                  PyObject *new_value)
{
    assert(Py_REFCNT(func) > 0);
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    assert(interp->_initialized);
    if (interp->active_func_watchers) {
        notify_func_watchers(interp, event, func, new_value);
    }
}

int
PyFunction_AddWatcher(PyFunction_WatchCallback callback)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    assert(interp->_initialized);
    for (int i = 0; i < FUNC_MAX_WATCHERS; i++) {
        if (interp->func_watchers[i] == NULL) {
            interp->func_watchers[i] = callback;
            interp->active_func_watchers |= (1 << i);
            return i;
        }
    }
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no more func watcher IDs available");
    return -1;
}

int
PyFunction_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    if (watcher_id < 0 || watcher_id >= FUNC_MAX_WATCHERS) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid func watcher ID %d",
                     watcher_id);
        return -1;
    }
    if (!interp->func_watchers[watcher_id]) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "no func watcher set for ID %d",
                     watcher_id);
        return -1;
    }
    interp->func_watchers[watcher_id] = NULL;
    interp->active_func_watchers &= ~(1 << watcher_id);
    return 0;
}
PyFunctionObject *
_PyFunction_FromConstructor(PyFrameConstructor *constr)
{
    PyObject *module = Py_XNewRef(PyDict_GetItemWithError(constr->fc_globals, &_Py_ID(__name__)));
    if (!module && PyErr_Occurred()) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyFunctionObject *op = PyObject_GC_New(PyFunctionObject, &PyFunction_Type);
    if (op == NULL) {
        Py_XDECREF(module);
        return NULL;
    }
    op->func_globals = Py_NewRef(constr->fc_globals);
    op->func_builtins = Py_NewRef(constr->fc_builtins);
    op->func_name = Py_NewRef(constr->fc_name);
    op->func_qualname = Py_NewRef(constr->fc_qualname);
    op->func_code = Py_NewRef(constr->fc_code);
    op->func_defaults = Py_XNewRef(constr->fc_defaults);
    op->func_kwdefaults = Py_XNewRef(constr->fc_kwdefaults);
    op->func_closure = Py_XNewRef(constr->fc_closure);
    op->func_doc = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
    op->func_dict = NULL;
    op->func_weakreflist = NULL;
    op->func_module = module;
    op->func_annotations = NULL;
    op->func_typeparams = NULL;
    op->vectorcall = _PyFunction_Vectorcall;
    op->func_version = 0;
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op);
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_CREATE, op, NULL);
    return op;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_NewWithQualName(PyObject *code, PyObject *globals, PyObject *qualname)
{
    assert(globals != NULL);
    assert(PyDict_Check(globals));
    Py_INCREF(globals);

    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

    PyCodeObject *code_obj = (PyCodeObject *)Py_NewRef(code);

    assert(code_obj->co_name != NULL);
    PyObject *name = Py_NewRef(code_obj->co_name);

    if (!qualname) {
        qualname = code_obj->co_qualname;
    }
    assert(qualname != NULL);
    Py_INCREF(qualname);

    PyObject *consts = code_obj->co_consts;
    assert(PyTuple_Check(consts));
    PyObject *doc;
    if (PyTuple_Size(consts) >= 1) {
        doc = PyTuple_GetItem(consts, 0);
        if (!PyUnicode_Check(doc)) {
            doc = Py_None;
        }
    }
    else {
        doc = Py_None;
    }
    Py_INCREF(doc);

    // __module__: Use globals['__name__'] if it exists, or NULL.
    PyObject *module = PyDict_GetItemWithError(globals, &_Py_ID(__name__));
    PyObject *builtins = NULL;
    if (module == NULL && _PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
        goto error;
    }
    Py_XINCREF(module);

    builtins = _PyEval_BuiltinsFromGlobals(tstate, globals); // borrowed ref
    if (builtins == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    Py_INCREF(builtins);

    PyFunctionObject *op = PyObject_GC_New(PyFunctionObject, &PyFunction_Type);
    if (op == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    /* Note: No failures from this point on, since func_dealloc() does not
       expect a partially-created object. */

    op->func_globals = globals;
    op->func_builtins = builtins;
    op->func_name = name;
    op->func_qualname = qualname;
    op->func_code = (PyObject*)code_obj;
    op->func_defaults = NULL;    // No default positional arguments
    op->func_kwdefaults = NULL;  // No default keyword arguments
    op->func_closure = NULL;
    op->func_doc = doc;
    op->func_dict = NULL;
    op->func_weakreflist = NULL;
    op->func_module = module;
    op->func_annotations = NULL;
    op->func_typeparams = NULL;
    op->vectorcall = _PyFunction_Vectorcall;
    op->func_version = 0;
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op);
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_CREATE, op, NULL);
    return (PyObject *)op;

error:
    Py_DECREF(globals);
    Py_DECREF(code_obj);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    Py_DECREF(qualname);
    Py_DECREF(doc);
    Py_XDECREF(module);
    Py_XDECREF(builtins);
    return NULL;
}

uint32_t _PyFunction_GetVersionForCurrentState(PyFunctionObject *func)
{
    if (func->func_version != 0) {
        return func->func_version;
    }
    if (func->vectorcall != _PyFunction_Vectorcall) {
        return 0;
    }
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    if (interp->func_state.next_version == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    uint32_t v = interp->func_state.next_version++;
    func->func_version = v;
    return v;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_New(PyObject *code, PyObject *globals)
{
    return PyFunction_NewWithQualName(code, globals, NULL);
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetCode(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_code;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetGlobals(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_globals;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetModule(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_module;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetDefaults(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_defaults;
}

int
PyFunction_SetDefaults(PyObject *op, PyObject *defaults)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    if (defaults == Py_None)
        defaults = NULL;
    else if (defaults && PyTuple_Check(defaults)) {
        Py_INCREF(defaults);
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "non-tuple default args");
        return -1;
    }
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_MODIFY_DEFAULTS,
                      (PyFunctionObject *) op, defaults);
    ((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_defaults, defaults);
    return 0;
}

void
PyFunction_SetVectorcall(PyFunctionObject *func, vectorcallfunc vectorcall)
{
    assert(func != NULL);
    func->func_version = 0;
    func->vectorcall = vectorcall;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetKwDefaults(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_kwdefaults;
}

int
PyFunction_SetKwDefaults(PyObject *op, PyObject *defaults)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    if (defaults == Py_None)
        defaults = NULL;
    else if (defaults && PyDict_Check(defaults)) {
        Py_INCREF(defaults);
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "non-dict keyword only default args");
        return -1;
    }
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_MODIFY_KWDEFAULTS,
                      (PyFunctionObject *) op, defaults);
    ((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_kwdefaults, defaults);
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetClosure(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return ((PyFunctionObject *) op) -> func_closure;
}

int
PyFunction_SetClosure(PyObject *op, PyObject *closure)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    if (closure == Py_None)
        closure = NULL;
    else if (PyTuple_Check(closure)) {
        Py_INCREF(closure);
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                     "expected tuple for closure, got '%.100s'",
                     Py_TYPE(closure)->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    ((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_closure, closure);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_annotation_dict(PyFunctionObject *op)
{
    if (op->func_annotations == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(op->func_annotations)) {
        PyObject *ann_tuple = op->func_annotations;
        PyObject *ann_dict = PyDict_New();
        if (ann_dict == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }

        assert(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(ann_tuple) % 2 == 0);

        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(ann_tuple); i += 2) {
            int err = PyDict_SetItem(ann_dict,
                                     PyTuple_GET_ITEM(ann_tuple, i),
                                     PyTuple_GET_ITEM(ann_tuple, i + 1));

            if (err < 0) {
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        Py_SETREF(op->func_annotations, ann_dict);
    }
    assert(PyDict_Check(op->func_annotations));
    return op->func_annotations;
}

PyObject *
PyFunction_GetAnnotations(PyObject *op)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return func_get_annotation_dict((PyFunctionObject *)op);
}

int
PyFunction_SetAnnotations(PyObject *op, PyObject *annotations)
{
    if (!PyFunction_Check(op)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    if (annotations == Py_None)
        annotations = NULL;
    else if (annotations && PyDict_Check(annotations)) {
        Py_INCREF(annotations);
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "non-dict annotations");
        return -1;
    }
    ((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(((PyFunctionObject *)op)->func_annotations, annotations);
    return 0;
}

/* Methods */

#define OFF(x) offsetof(PyFunctionObject, x)

static PyMemberDef func_memberlist[] = {
    {"__closure__",   T_OBJECT,     OFF(func_closure), READONLY},
    {"__doc__",       T_OBJECT,     OFF(func_doc), 0},
    {"__globals__",   T_OBJECT,     OFF(func_globals), READONLY},
    {"__module__",    T_OBJECT,     OFF(func_module), 0},
    {"__builtins__",  T_OBJECT,     OFF(func_builtins), READONLY},
    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
};

static PyObject *
func_get_code(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (PySys_Audit("object.__getattr__", "Os", op, "__code__") < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    return Py_NewRef(op->func_code);
}

static int
func_set_code(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    Py_ssize_t nclosure;
    int nfree;

    /* Not legal to del f.func_code or to set it to anything
     * other than a code object. */
    if (value == NULL || !PyCode_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "__code__ must be set to a code object");
        return -1;
    }

    if (PySys_Audit("object.__setattr__", "OsO",
                    op, "__code__", value) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    nfree = ((PyCodeObject *)value)->co_nfreevars;
    nclosure = (op->func_closure == NULL ? 0 :
            PyTuple_GET_SIZE(op->func_closure));
    if (nclosure != nfree) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "%U() requires a code object with %zd free vars,"
                     " not %zd",
                     op->func_name,
                     nclosure, nfree);
        return -1;
    }
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_MODIFY_CODE, op, value);
    op->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_code, Py_NewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_name(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return Py_NewRef(op->func_name);
}

static int
func_set_name(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    /* Not legal to del f.func_name or to set it to anything
     * other than a string object. */
    if (value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "__name__ must be set to a string object");
        return -1;
    }
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_name, Py_NewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_qualname(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return Py_NewRef(op->func_qualname);
}

static int
func_set_qualname(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    /* Not legal to del f.__qualname__ or to set it to anything
     * other than a string object. */
    if (value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "__qualname__ must be set to a string object");
        return -1;
    }
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_qualname, Py_NewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_defaults(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (PySys_Audit("object.__getattr__", "Os", op, "__defaults__") < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (op->func_defaults == NULL) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(op->func_defaults);
}

static int
func_set_defaults(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    /* Legal to del f.func_defaults.
     * Can only set func_defaults to NULL or a tuple. */
    if (value == Py_None)
        value = NULL;
    if (value != NULL && !PyTuple_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "__defaults__ must be set to a tuple object");
        return -1;
    }
    if (value) {
        if (PySys_Audit("object.__setattr__", "OsO",
                        op, "__defaults__", value) < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (PySys_Audit("object.__delattr__", "Os",
                           op, "__defaults__") < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_MODIFY_DEFAULTS, op, value);
    op->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_defaults, Py_XNewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_kwdefaults(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (PySys_Audit("object.__getattr__", "Os",
                    op, "__kwdefaults__") < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (op->func_kwdefaults == NULL) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(op->func_kwdefaults);
}

static int
func_set_kwdefaults(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (value == Py_None)
        value = NULL;
    /* Legal to del f.func_kwdefaults.
     * Can only set func_kwdefaults to NULL or a dict. */
    if (value != NULL && !PyDict_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "__kwdefaults__ must be set to a dict object");
        return -1;
    }
    if (value) {
        if (PySys_Audit("object.__setattr__", "OsO",
                        op, "__kwdefaults__", value) < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (PySys_Audit("object.__delattr__", "Os",
                           op, "__kwdefaults__") < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_MODIFY_KWDEFAULTS, op, value);
    op->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_kwdefaults, Py_XNewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_annotations(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (op->func_annotations == NULL) {
        op->func_annotations = PyDict_New();
        if (op->func_annotations == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *d = func_get_annotation_dict(op);
    return Py_XNewRef(d);
}

static int
func_set_annotations(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (value == Py_None)
        value = NULL;
    /* Legal to del f.func_annotations.
     * Can only set func_annotations to NULL (through C api)
     * or a dict. */
    if (value != NULL && !PyDict_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "__annotations__ must be set to a dict object");
        return -1;
    }
    op->func_version = 0;
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_annotations, Py_XNewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
func_get_type_params(PyFunctionObject *op, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    if (op->func_typeparams == NULL) {
        return PyTuple_New(0);
    }

    assert(PyTuple_Check(op->func_typeparams));
    return Py_NewRef(op->func_typeparams);
}

static int
func_set_type_params(PyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    /* Not legal to del f.__type_params__ or to set it to anything
     * other than a tuple object. */
    if (value == NULL || !PyTuple_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "__type_params__ must be set to a tuple");
        return -1;
    }
    Py_XSETREF(op->func_typeparams, Py_NewRef(value));
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
_Py_set_function_type_params(PyThreadState *Py_UNUSED(ignored), PyObject *func,
                             PyObject *type_params)
{
    assert(PyFunction_Check(func));
    assert(PyTuple_Check(type_params));
    PyFunctionObject *f = (PyFunctionObject *)func;
    Py_XSETREF(f->func_typeparams, Py_NewRef(type_params));
    return Py_NewRef(func);
}

static PyGetSetDef func_getsetlist[] = {
    {"__code__", (getter)func_get_code, (setter)func_set_code},
    {"__defaults__", (getter)func_get_defaults,
     (setter)func_set_defaults},
    {"__kwdefaults__", (getter)func_get_kwdefaults,
     (setter)func_set_kwdefaults},
    {"__annotations__", (getter)func_get_annotations,
     (setter)func_set_annotations},
    {"__dict__", PyObject_GenericGetDict, PyObject_GenericSetDict},
    {"__name__", (getter)func_get_name, (setter)func_set_name},
    {"__qualname__", (getter)func_get_qualname, (setter)func_set_qualname},
    {"__type_params__", (getter)func_get_type_params,
     (setter)func_set_type_params},
    {NULL} /* Sentinel */
};

/*[clinic input]
class function "PyFunctionObject *" "&PyFunction_Type"
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=70af9c90aa2e71b0]*/

#include "clinic/funcobject.c.h"

/* function.__new__() maintains the following invariants for closures.
   The closure must correspond to the free variables of the code object.

   if len(code.co_freevars) == 0:
       closure = NULL
   else:
       len(closure) == len(code.co_freevars)
   for every elt in closure, type(elt) == cell
*/

/*[clinic input]
@classmethod
function.__new__ as func_new
    code: object(type="PyCodeObject *", subclass_of="&PyCode_Type")
        a code object
    globals: object(subclass_of="&PyDict_Type")
        the globals dictionary
    name: object = None
        a string that overrides the name from the code object
    argdefs as defaults: object = None
        a tuple that specifies the default argument values
    closure: object = None
        a tuple that supplies the bindings for free variables

Create a function object.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
func_new_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyCodeObject *code, PyObject *globals,
              PyObject *name, PyObject *defaults, PyObject *closure)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=99c6d9da3a24e3be input=93611752fc2daf11]*/
{
    PyFunctionObject *newfunc;
    Py_ssize_t nclosure;

    if (name != Py_None && !PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "arg 3 (name) must be None or string");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (defaults != Py_None && !PyTuple_Check(defaults)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "arg 4 (defaults) must be None or tuple");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyTuple_Check(closure)) {
        if (code->co_nfreevars && closure == Py_None) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                            "arg 5 (closure) must be tuple");
            return NULL;
        }
        else if (closure != Py_None) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "arg 5 (closure) must be None or tuple");
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    /* check that the closure is well-formed */
    nclosure = closure == Py_None ? 0 : PyTuple_GET_SIZE(closure);
    if (code->co_nfreevars != nclosure)
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "%U requires closure of length %zd, not %zd",
                            code->co_name, code->co_nfreevars, nclosure);
    if (nclosure) {
        Py_ssize_t i;
        for (i = 0; i < nclosure; i++) {
            PyObject *o = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(closure, i);
            if (!PyCell_Check(o)) {
                return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                    "arg 5 (closure) expected cell, found %s",
                                    Py_TYPE(o)->tp_name);
            }
        }
    }
    if (PySys_Audit("function.__new__", "O", code) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    newfunc = (PyFunctionObject *)PyFunction_New((PyObject *)code,
                                                 globals);
    if (newfunc == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (name != Py_None) {
        Py_SETREF(newfunc->func_name, Py_NewRef(name));
    }
    if (defaults != Py_None) {
        newfunc->func_defaults = Py_NewRef(defaults);
    }
    if (closure != Py_None) {
        newfunc->func_closure = Py_NewRef(closure);
    }

    return (PyObject *)newfunc;
}

static int
func_clear(PyFunctionObject *op)
{
    op->func_version = 0;
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_globals);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_builtins);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_module);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_defaults);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_kwdefaults);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_doc);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_dict);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_closure);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_annotations);
    Py_CLEAR(op->func_typeparams);
    // Don't Py_CLEAR(op->func_code), since code is always required
    // to be non-NULL. Similarly, name and qualname shouldn't be NULL.
    // However, name and qualname could be str subclasses, so they
    // could have reference cycles. The solution is to replace them
    // with a genuinely immutable string.
    Py_SETREF(op->func_name, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
    Py_SETREF(op->func_qualname, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
    return 0;
}

static void
func_dealloc(PyFunctionObject *op)
{
    assert(Py_REFCNT(op) == 0);
    Py_SET_REFCNT(op, 1);
    handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_DESTROY, op, NULL);
    if (Py_REFCNT(op) > 1) {
        Py_SET_REFCNT(op, Py_REFCNT(op) - 1);
        return;
    }
    Py_SET_REFCNT(op, 0);
    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(op);
    if (op->func_weakreflist != NULL) {
        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) op);
    }
    (void)func_clear(op);
    // These aren't cleared by func_clear().
    Py_DECREF(op->func_code);
    Py_DECREF(op->func_name);
    Py_DECREF(op->func_qualname);
    PyObject_GC_Del(op);
}

static PyObject*
func_repr(PyFunctionObject *op)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<function %U at %p>",
                                op->func_qualname, op);
}

static int
func_traverse(PyFunctionObject *f, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(f->func_code);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_globals);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_builtins);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_module);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_defaults);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_kwdefaults);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_doc);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_name);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_dict);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_closure);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_annotations);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_typeparams);
    Py_VISIT(f->func_qualname);
    return 0;
}

/* Bind a function to an object */
static PyObject *
func_descr_get(PyObject *func, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
{
    if (obj == Py_None || obj == NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(func);
    }
    return PyMethod_New(func, obj);
}

PyTypeObject PyFunction_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "function",
    sizeof(PyFunctionObject),
    0,
    (destructor)func_dealloc,                   /* tp_dealloc */
    offsetof(PyFunctionObject, vectorcall),     /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_async */
    (reprfunc)func_repr,                        /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    PyVectorcall_Call,                          /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC |
    Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL |
    Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR,               /* tp_flags */
    func_new__doc__,                            /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)func_traverse,                /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)func_clear,                        /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_weakreflist), /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                          /* tp_methods */
    func_memberlist,                            /* tp_members */
    func_getsetlist,                            /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    func_descr_get,                             /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_dict),      /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_init */
    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
    func_new,                                   /* tp_new */
};


static int
functools_copy_attr(PyObject *wrapper, PyObject *wrapped, PyObject *name)
{
    PyObject *value = PyObject_GetAttr(wrapped, name);
    if (value == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            return 0;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    int res = PyObject_SetAttr(wrapper, name, value);
    Py_DECREF(value);
    return res;
}

// Similar to functools.wraps(wrapper, wrapped)
static int
functools_wraps(PyObject *wrapper, PyObject *wrapped)
{
#define COPY_ATTR(ATTR) \
    do { \
        if (functools_copy_attr(wrapper, wrapped, &_Py_ID(ATTR)) < 0) { \
            return -1; \
        } \
    } while (0) \

    COPY_ATTR(__module__);
    COPY_ATTR(__name__);
    COPY_ATTR(__qualname__);
    COPY_ATTR(__doc__);
    COPY_ATTR(__annotations__);
    return 0;

#undef COPY_ATTR
}


/* Class method object */

/* A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
   just like an instance method receives the instance.
   To declare a class method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @classmethod
         def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):
             ...

   It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
   (e.g. C().f()); the instance is ignored except for its class.
   If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
   object is passed as the implied first argument.

   Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
   If you want those, see static methods below.
*/

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *cm_callable;
    PyObject *cm_dict;
} classmethod;

static void
cm_dealloc(classmethod *cm)
{
    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK((PyObject *)cm);
    Py_XDECREF(cm->cm_callable);
    Py_XDECREF(cm->cm_dict);
    Py_TYPE(cm)->tp_free((PyObject *)cm);
}

static int
cm_traverse(classmethod *cm, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(cm->cm_callable);
    Py_VISIT(cm->cm_dict);
    return 0;
}

static int
cm_clear(classmethod *cm)
{
    Py_CLEAR(cm->cm_callable);
    Py_CLEAR(cm->cm_dict);
    return 0;
}


static PyObject *
cm_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
{
    classmethod *cm = (classmethod *)self;

    if (cm->cm_callable == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "uninitialized classmethod object");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (type == NULL)
        type = (PyObject *)(Py_TYPE(obj));
    if (Py_TYPE(cm->cm_callable)->tp_descr_get != NULL) {
        return Py_TYPE(cm->cm_callable)->tp_descr_get(cm->cm_callable, type,
                                                      type);
    }
    return PyMethod_New(cm->cm_callable, type);
}

static int
cm_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    classmethod *cm = (classmethod *)self;
    PyObject *callable;

    if (!_PyArg_NoKeywords("classmethod", kwds))
        return -1;
    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "classmethod", 1, 1, &callable))
        return -1;
    Py_XSETREF(cm->cm_callable, Py_NewRef(callable));

    if (functools_wraps((PyObject *)cm, cm->cm_callable) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static PyMemberDef cm_memberlist[] = {
    {"__func__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(classmethod, cm_callable), READONLY},
    {"__wrapped__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(classmethod, cm_callable), READONLY},
    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
};

static PyObject *
cm_get___isabstractmethod__(classmethod *cm, void *closure)
{
    int res = _PyObject_IsAbstract(cm->cm_callable);
    if (res == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    else if (res) {
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    }
    Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

static PyGetSetDef cm_getsetlist[] = {
    {"__isabstractmethod__",
     (getter)cm_get___isabstractmethod__, NULL, NULL, NULL},
    {"__dict__", PyObject_GenericGetDict, PyObject_GenericSetDict, NULL, NULL},
    {NULL} /* Sentinel */
};

static PyObject*
cm_repr(classmethod *cm)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<classmethod(%R)>", cm->cm_callable);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(classmethod_doc,
"classmethod(function) -> method\n\
\n\
Convert a function to be a class method.\n\
\n\
A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,\n\
just like an instance method receives the instance.\n\
To declare a class method, use this idiom:\n\
\n\
  class C:\n\
      @classmethod\n\
      def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):\n\
          ...\n\
\n\
It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance\n\
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.\n\
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class\n\
object is passed as the implied first argument.\n\
\n\
Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.\n\
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.");

PyTypeObject PyClassMethod_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "classmethod",
    sizeof(classmethod),
    0,
    (destructor)cm_dealloc,                     /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_async */
    (reprfunc)cm_repr,                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                                          /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
    classmethod_doc,                            /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)cm_traverse,                  /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)cm_clear,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                          /* tp_methods */
    cm_memberlist,              /* tp_members */
    cm_getsetlist,                              /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    cm_descr_get,                               /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    offsetof(classmethod, cm_dict),             /* tp_dictoffset */
    cm_init,                                    /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                        /* tp_alloc */
    PyType_GenericNew,                          /* tp_new */
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};

PyObject *
PyClassMethod_New(PyObject *callable)
{
    classmethod *cm = (classmethod *)
        PyType_GenericAlloc(&PyClassMethod_Type, 0);
    if (cm != NULL) {
        cm->cm_callable = Py_NewRef(callable);
    }
    return (PyObject *)cm;
}


/* Static method object */

/* A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
   To declare a static method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @staticmethod
         def f(arg1, arg2, argN):
             ...

   It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
   (e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and
   neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.

   Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
   For a more advanced concept, see class methods above.
*/

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *sm_callable;
    PyObject *sm_dict;
} staticmethod;

static void
sm_dealloc(staticmethod *sm)
{
    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK((PyObject *)sm);
    Py_XDECREF(sm->sm_callable);
    Py_XDECREF(sm->sm_dict);
    Py_TYPE(sm)->tp_free((PyObject *)sm);
}

static int
sm_traverse(staticmethod *sm, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(sm->sm_callable);
    Py_VISIT(sm->sm_dict);
    return 0;
}

static int
sm_clear(staticmethod *sm)
{
    Py_CLEAR(sm->sm_callable);
    Py_CLEAR(sm->sm_dict);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
sm_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
{
    staticmethod *sm = (staticmethod *)self;

    if (sm->sm_callable == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "uninitialized staticmethod object");
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(sm->sm_callable);
}

static int
sm_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    staticmethod *sm = (staticmethod *)self;
    PyObject *callable;

    if (!_PyArg_NoKeywords("staticmethod", kwds))
        return -1;
    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "staticmethod", 1, 1, &callable))
        return -1;
    Py_XSETREF(sm->sm_callable, Py_NewRef(callable));

    if (functools_wraps((PyObject *)sm, sm->sm_callable) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static PyObject*
sm_call(PyObject *callable, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    staticmethod *sm = (staticmethod *)callable;
    return PyObject_Call(sm->sm_callable, args, kwargs);
}

static PyMemberDef sm_memberlist[] = {
    {"__func__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(staticmethod, sm_callable), READONLY},
    {"__wrapped__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(staticmethod, sm_callable), READONLY},
    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
};

static PyObject *
sm_get___isabstractmethod__(staticmethod *sm, void *closure)
{
    int res = _PyObject_IsAbstract(sm->sm_callable);
    if (res == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    else if (res) {
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    }
    Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

static PyGetSetDef sm_getsetlist[] = {
    {"__isabstractmethod__",
     (getter)sm_get___isabstractmethod__, NULL, NULL, NULL},
    {"__dict__", PyObject_GenericGetDict, PyObject_GenericSetDict, NULL, NULL},
    {NULL} /* Sentinel */
};

static PyObject*
sm_repr(staticmethod *sm)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<staticmethod(%R)>", sm->sm_callable);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(staticmethod_doc,
"staticmethod(function) -> method\n\
\n\
Convert a function to be a static method.\n\
\n\
A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.\n\
To declare a static method, use this idiom:\n\
\n\
     class C:\n\
         @staticmethod\n\
         def f(arg1, arg2, argN):\n\
             ...\n\
\n\
It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance\n\
(e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and\n\
neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.\n\
\n\
Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.\n\
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.");

PyTypeObject PyStaticMethod_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "staticmethod",
    sizeof(staticmethod),
    0,
    (destructor)sm_dealloc,                     /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_async */
    (reprfunc)sm_repr,                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    sm_call,                                    /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
    staticmethod_doc,                           /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)sm_traverse,                  /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)sm_clear,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                          /* tp_methods */
    sm_memberlist,              /* tp_members */
    sm_getsetlist,                              /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    sm_descr_get,                               /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    offsetof(staticmethod, sm_dict),            /* tp_dictoffset */
    sm_init,                                    /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                        /* tp_alloc */
    PyType_GenericNew,                          /* tp_new */
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};

PyObject *
PyStaticMethod_New(PyObject *callable)
{
    staticmethod *sm = (staticmethod *)
        PyType_GenericAlloc(&PyStaticMethod_Type, 0);
    if (sm != NULL) {
        sm->sm_callable = Py_NewRef(callable);
    }
    return (PyObject *)sm;
}