pbr_lighting.wgsl

#define_import_path bevy_pbr::lighting

#import bevy_pbr::{
    mesh_view_types::POINT_LIGHT_FLAGS_SPOT_LIGHT_Y_NEGATIVE,
    mesh_view_bindings as view_bindings,
}
#import bevy_render::maths::PI

const LAYER_BASE: u32 = 0;
const LAYER_CLEARCOAT: u32 = 1;

// From the Filament design doc
// https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#table_symbols
// Symbol Definition
// v    View unit vector
// l    Incident light unit vector
// n    Surface normal unit vector
// h    Half unit vector between l and v
// f    BRDF
// f_d    Diffuse component of a BRDF
// f_r    Specular component of a BRDF
// α    Roughness, remapped from using input perceptualRoughness
// σ    Diffuse reflectance
// Ω    Spherical domain
// f0    Reflectance at normal incidence
// f90    Reflectance at grazing angle
// χ+(a)    Heaviside function (1 if a>0 and 0 otherwise)
// nior    Index of refraction (IOR) of an interface
// ⟨n⋅l⟩    Dot product clamped to [0..1]
// ⟨a⟩    Saturated value (clamped to [0..1])

// The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) describes the surface response of a standard material
// and consists of two components, the diffuse component (f_d) and the specular component (f_r):
// f(v,l) = f_d(v,l) + f_r(v,l)
//
// The form of the microfacet model is the same for diffuse and specular
// f_r(v,l) = f_d(v,l) = 1 / { |n⋅v||n⋅l| } ∫_Ω D(m,α) G(v,l,m) f_m(v,l,m) (v⋅m) (l⋅m) dm
//
// In which:
// D, also called the Normal Distribution Function (NDF) models the distribution of the microfacets
// G models the visibility (or occlusion or shadow-masking) of the microfacets
// f_m is the microfacet BRDF and differs between specular and diffuse components
//
// The above integration needs to be approximated.

// Input to a lighting function for a single layer (either the base layer or the
// clearcoat layer).
struct LayerLightingInput {
    // The normal vector.
    N: vec3<f32>,
    // The reflected vector.
    R: vec3<f32>,
    // The normal vector ⋅ the view vector.
    NdotV: f32,

    // The perceptual roughness of the layer.
    perceptual_roughness: f32,
    // The roughness of the layer.
    roughness: f32,
}

// Input to a lighting function (`point_light`, `spot_light`,
// `directional_light`).
struct LightingInput {
#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    layers: array<LayerLightingInput, 2>,
#else   // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    layers: array<LayerLightingInput, 1>,
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

    // The world-space position.
    P: vec3<f32>,
    // The vector to the view.
    V: vec3<f32>,

    // The diffuse color of the material.
    diffuse_color: vec3<f32>,

    // Specular reflectance at the normal incidence angle.
    //
    // This should be read F₀, but due to Naga limitations we can't name it that.
    F0_: vec3<f32>,
    // Constants for the BRDF approximation.
    //
    // See `EnvBRDFApprox` in
    // <https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/blog/physically-based-shading-on-mobile>.
    // What we call `F_ab` they call `AB`.
    F_ab: vec2<f32>,

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    // The strength of the clearcoat layer.
    clearcoat_strength: f32,
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
    // The anisotropy strength, reflecting the amount of increased roughness in
    // the tangent direction.
    anisotropy: f32,
    // The tangent direction for anisotropy: i.e. the direction in which
    // roughness increases.
    Ta: vec3<f32>,
    // The bitangent direction, which is the cross product of the normal with
    // the tangent direction.
    Ba: vec3<f32>,
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
}

// Values derived from the `LightingInput` for both diffuse and specular lights.
struct DerivedLightingInput {
    // The half-vector between L, the incident light vector, and V, the view
    // vector.
    H: vec3<f32>,
    // The normal vector ⋅ the incident light vector.
    NdotL: f32,
    // The normal vector ⋅ the half-vector.
    NdotH: f32,
    // The incident light vector ⋅ the half-vector.
    LdotH: f32,
}

// distanceAttenuation is simply the square falloff of light intensity
// combined with a smooth attenuation at the edge of the light radius
//
// light radius is a non-physical construct for efficiency purposes,
// because otherwise every light affects every fragment in the scene
fn getDistanceAttenuation(distanceSquare: f32, inverseRangeSquared: f32) -> f32 {
    let factor = distanceSquare * inverseRangeSquared;
    let smoothFactor = saturate(1.0 - factor * factor);
    let attenuation = smoothFactor * smoothFactor;
    return attenuation * 1.0 / max(distanceSquare, 0.0001);
}

// Normal distribution function (specular D)
// Based on https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#citation-walter07

// D_GGX(h,α) = α^2 / { π ((n⋅h)^2 (α2−1) + 1)^2 }

// Simple implementation, has precision problems when using fp16 instead of fp32
// see https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#listing_speculardfp16
fn D_GGX(roughness: f32, NdotH: f32) -> f32 {
    let oneMinusNdotHSquared = 1.0 - NdotH * NdotH;
    let a = NdotH * roughness;
    let k = roughness / (oneMinusNdotHSquared + a * a);
    let d = k * k * (1.0 / PI);
    return d;
}

// An approximation of the anisotropic GGX distribution function.
//
//                                     1
//     D(𝐡) = ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
//            παₜα_b((𝐡 ⋅ 𝐭)² / αₜ²) + (𝐡 ⋅ 𝐛)² / α_b² + (𝐡 ⋅ 𝐧)²)²
//
// * `T` = 𝐭 = the tangent direction = the direction of increased roughness.
//
// * `B` = 𝐛 = the bitangent direction = the direction of decreased roughness.
//
// * `at` = αₜ = the alpha-roughness in the tangent direction.
//
// * `ab` = α_b = the alpha-roughness in the bitangent direction.
//
// This is from the `KHR_materials_anisotropy` spec:
// <https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF/blob/main/extensions/2.0/Khronos/KHR_materials_anisotropy/README.md#individual-lights>
fn D_GGX_anisotropic(at: f32, ab: f32, NdotH: f32, TdotH: f32, BdotH: f32) -> f32 {
    let a2 = at * ab;
    let f = vec3(ab * TdotH, at * BdotH, a2 * NdotH);
    let w2 = a2 / dot(f, f);
    let d = a2 * w2 * w2 * (1.0 / PI);
    return d;
}

// Visibility function (Specular G)
// V(v,l,a) = G(v,l,α) / { 4 (n⋅v) (n⋅l) }
// such that f_r becomes
// f_r(v,l) = D(h,α) V(v,l,α) F(v,h,f0)
// where
// V(v,l,α) = 0.5 / { n⋅l sqrt((n⋅v)^2 (1−α2) + α2) + n⋅v sqrt((n⋅l)^2 (1−α2) + α2) }
// Note the two sqrt's, that may be slow on mobile, see https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#listing_approximatedspecularv
fn V_SmithGGXCorrelated(roughness: f32, NdotV: f32, NdotL: f32) -> f32 {
    let a2 = roughness * roughness;
    let lambdaV = NdotL * sqrt((NdotV - a2 * NdotV) * NdotV + a2);
    let lambdaL = NdotV * sqrt((NdotL - a2 * NdotL) * NdotL + a2);
    let v = 0.5 / (lambdaV + lambdaL);
    return v;
}

// The visibility function, anisotropic variant.
fn V_GGX_anisotropic(
    at: f32,
    ab: f32,
    NdotL: f32,
    NdotV: f32,
    BdotV: f32,
    TdotV: f32,
    TdotL: f32,
    BdotL: f32,
) -> f32 {
    let GGX_V = NdotL * length(vec3(at * TdotV, ab * BdotV, NdotV));
    let GGX_L = NdotV * length(vec3(at * TdotL, ab * BdotL, NdotL));
    let v = 0.5 / (GGX_V + GGX_L);
    return saturate(v);
}

// Probability-density function that matches the bounded VNDF sampler
// https://gpuopen.com/download/Bounded_VNDF_Sampling_for_Smith-GGX_Reflections.pdf (Listing 2)
fn ggx_vndf_pdf(i: vec3<f32>, NdotH: f32, roughness: f32) -> f32 {
    let ndf = D_GGX(roughness, NdotH);

    // Common terms
    let ai = roughness * i.xy;
    let len2 = dot(ai, ai);
    let t = sqrt(len2 + i.z * i.z);
    if i.z >= 0.0 {
        let a = roughness;
        let s = 1.0 + length(i.xy);
        let a2 = a * a;
        let s2 = s * s;
        let k = (1.0 - a2) * s2 / (s2 + a2 * i.z * i.z);
        return ndf / (2.0 * (k * i.z + t));
    }

    // Backfacing case
    return ndf * (t - i.z) / (2.0 * len2);
}

// https://gpuopen.com/download/Bounded_VNDF_Sampling_for_Smith-GGX_Reflections.pdf (Listing 1)
fn sample_visible_ggx(
    xi: vec2<f32>,
    roughness: f32,
    normal: vec3<f32>,
    view: vec3<f32>,
) -> vec3<f32> {
    let n = normal;
    let alpha = roughness;

    // Decompose view into components parallel/perpendicular to the normal
    let wi_n = dot(view, n);
    let wi_z = -n * wi_n;
    let wi_xy = view + wi_z;

    // Warp view vector to the unit-roughness configuration
    let wi_std = -normalize(alpha * wi_xy + wi_z);

    // Compute wi_std.z once for reuse
    let wi_std_z = dot(wi_std, n);

    // Bounded VNDF sampling
    // Compute the bound parameter k (Eq. 5) and the scaled z–limit b (Eq. 6)
    let s = 1.0 + length(wi_xy);
    let a = clamp(alpha, 0.0, 1.0);
    let a2 = a * a;
    let s2 = s * s;
    let k = (1.0 - a2) * s2 / (s2 + a2 * wi_n * wi_n);
    let b = select(wi_std_z, k * wi_std_z, wi_n > 0.0);

    // Sample a spherical cap in (-b, 1]
    let z = 1.0 - xi.y * (1.0 + b);
    let sin_theta = sqrt(max(0.0, 1.0 - z * z));
    let phi = 2.0 * PI * xi.x - PI;
    let x = sin_theta * cos(phi);
    let y = sin_theta * sin(phi);
    let c_std = vec3f(x, y, z);

    // Reflect the sample so that the normal aligns with +Z
    let up = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    let wr = n + up;
    let c = dot(wr, c_std) * wr / wr.z - c_std;

    // Half-vector in the standard frame
    let wm_std = c + wi_std;
    let wm_std_z = n * dot(n, wm_std);
    let wm_std_xy = wm_std_z - wm_std;

    // Unwarp back to original roughness and compute microfacet normal
    let H = normalize(alpha * wm_std_xy + wm_std_z);

    // Reflect view to obtain the outgoing (light) direction
    return reflect(-view, H);
}

// Smith geometric shadowing function
fn G_Smith(NdotV: f32, NdotL: f32, roughness: f32) -> f32 {
    let k = roughness / 2.0;
    let GGXL = NdotL / (NdotL * (1.0 - k) + k);
    let GGXV = NdotV / (NdotV * (1.0 - k) + k);
    return GGXL * GGXV;
}

// A simpler, but nonphysical, alternative to Smith-GGX. We use this for
// clearcoat, per the Filament spec.
//
// https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#materialsystem/clearcoatmodel#toc4.9.1
fn V_Kelemen(LdotH: f32) -> f32 {
    return 0.25 / (LdotH * LdotH);
}

// Fresnel function
// see https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#citation-schlick94
// F_Schlick(v,h,f_0,f_90) = f_0 + (f_90 − f_0) (1 − v⋅h)^5
fn F_Schlick_vec(f0: vec3<f32>, f90: f32, VdotH: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
    // not using mix to keep the vec3 and float versions identical
    return f0 + (f90 - f0) * pow(1.0 - VdotH, 5.0);
}

fn F_Schlick(f0: f32, f90: f32, VdotH: f32) -> f32 {
    // not using mix to keep the vec3 and float versions identical
    return f0 + (f90 - f0) * pow(1.0 - VdotH, 5.0);
}

fn fresnel(f0: vec3<f32>, LdotH: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
    // f_90 suitable for ambient occlusion
    // see https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#lighting/occlusion
    let f90 = saturate(dot(f0, vec3<f32>(50.0 * 0.33)));
    return F_Schlick_vec(f0, f90, LdotH);
}

// Given distribution, visibility, and Fresnel term, calculates the final
// specular light.
//
// Multiscattering approximation:
// <https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#listing_energycompensationimpl>
fn specular_multiscatter(
    D: f32,
    V: f32,
    F: vec3<f32>,
    F0: vec3<f32>,
    F_ab: vec2<f32>,
    specular_intensity: f32,
) -> vec3<f32> {
    var Fr = (specular_intensity * D * V) * F;
    Fr *= 1.0 + F0 * (1.0 / F_ab.x - 1.0);
    return Fr;
}

// Specular BRDF
// https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#materialsystem/specularbrdf

// N, V, and L must all be normalized.
fn derive_lighting_input(N: vec3<f32>, V: vec3<f32>, L: vec3<f32>) -> DerivedLightingInput {
    var input: DerivedLightingInput;
    var H: vec3<f32> = normalize(L + V);
    input.H = H;
    input.NdotL = saturate(dot(N, L));
    input.NdotH = saturate(dot(N, H));
    input.LdotH = saturate(dot(L, H));
    return input;
}

// Returns L in the `xyz` components and the specular intensity in the `w` component.
fn compute_specular_layer_values_for_point_light(
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    layer: u32,
    V: vec3<f32>,
    light_to_frag: vec3<f32>,
    light_position_radius: f32,
) -> vec4<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let R = (*input).layers[layer].R;
    let a = (*input).layers[layer].roughness;

    // Representative Point Area Lights.
    // see http://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2013-shading-course/karis/s2013_pbs_epic_notes_v2.pdf p14-16
    var LtFdotR = dot(light_to_frag, R);

    // HACK: the following line is an amendment to fix a discontinuity when a surface
    // intersects the light sphere. See https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/13318
    //
    // This sentence in the reference is crux of the problem: "We approximate finding the point with the
    // smallest angle to the reflection ray by finding the point with the smallest distance to the ray."
    // This approximation turns out to be completely wrong for points inside or near the sphere.
    // Clamping this dot product to be positive ensures `centerToRay` lies on ray and not behind it.
    // Any non-zero epsilon works here, it just has to be positive to avoid a singularity at zero.
    // However, this is still far from physically accurate. Deriving an exact solution would help,
    // but really we should adopt a superior solution to area lighting, such as:
    // Physically Based Area Lights by Michal Drobot, or
    // Polygonal-Light Shading with Linearly Transformed Cosines by Eric Heitz et al.
    LtFdotR = max(0.0001, LtFdotR);

    let centerToRay = LtFdotR * R - light_to_frag;
    let closestPoint = light_to_frag + centerToRay * saturate(
        light_position_radius * inverseSqrt(dot(centerToRay, centerToRay)));
    let LspecLengthInverse = inverseSqrt(dot(closestPoint, closestPoint));
    let normalizationFactor = a / saturate(a + (light_position_radius * 0.5 * LspecLengthInverse));
    let intensity = normalizationFactor * normalizationFactor;

    let L: vec3<f32> = closestPoint * LspecLengthInverse; // normalize() equivalent?
    return vec4(L, intensity);
}

// Cook-Torrance approximation of the microfacet model integration using Fresnel law F to model f_m
// f_r(v,l) = { D(h,α) G(v,l,α) F(v,h,f0) } / { 4 (n⋅v) (n⋅l) }
fn specular(
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    derived_input: ptr<function, DerivedLightingInput>,
    specular_intensity: f32,
) -> vec3<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let roughness = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].roughness;
    let NdotV = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].NdotV;
    let F0 = (*input).F0_;
    let NdotL = (*derived_input).NdotL;
    let NdotH = (*derived_input).NdotH;
    let LdotH = (*derived_input).LdotH;

    // Calculate distribution.
    let D = D_GGX(roughness, NdotH);
    // Calculate visibility.
    let V = V_SmithGGXCorrelated(roughness, NdotV, NdotL);
    // Calculate the Fresnel term.
    let F = fresnel(F0, LdotH);

    // Calculate the specular light.
    let Fr = specular_multiscatter(D, V, F, F0, (*input).F_ab, specular_intensity);
    return Fr;
}

// Calculates the specular light for the clearcoat layer. Returns Fc, the
// Fresnel term, in the first channel, and Frc, the specular clearcoat light, in
// the second channel.
//
// <https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#listing_clearcoatbrdf>
fn specular_clearcoat(
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    derived_input: ptr<function, DerivedLightingInput>,
    clearcoat_strength: f32,
    specular_intensity: f32,
) -> vec2<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let roughness = (*input).layers[LAYER_CLEARCOAT].roughness;
    let NdotH = (*derived_input).NdotH;
    let LdotH = (*derived_input).LdotH;

    // Calculate distribution.
    let Dc = D_GGX(roughness, NdotH);
    // Calculate visibility.
    let Vc = V_Kelemen(LdotH);
    // Calculate the Fresnel term.
    let Fc = F_Schlick(0.04, 1.0, LdotH) * clearcoat_strength;
    // Calculate the specular light.
    let Frc = (specular_intensity * Dc * Vc) * Fc;
    return vec2(Fc, Frc);
}

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY

fn specular_anisotropy(
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    derived_input: ptr<function, DerivedLightingInput>,
    L: vec3<f32>,
    specular_intensity: f32,
) -> vec3<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let roughness = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].roughness;
    let NdotV = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].NdotV;
    let V = (*input).V;
    let F0 = (*input).F0_;
    let anisotropy = (*input).anisotropy;
    let Ta = (*input).Ta;
    let Ba = (*input).Ba;
    let H = (*derived_input).H;
    let NdotL = (*derived_input).NdotL;
    let NdotH = (*derived_input).NdotH;
    let LdotH = (*derived_input).LdotH;

    let TdotL = dot(Ta, L);
    let BdotL = dot(Ba, L);
    let TdotH = dot(Ta, H);
    let BdotH = dot(Ba, H);
    let TdotV = dot(Ta, V);
    let BdotV = dot(Ba, V);

    let ab = roughness * roughness;
    let at = mix(ab, 1.0, anisotropy * anisotropy);

    let Da = D_GGX_anisotropic(at, ab, NdotH, TdotH, BdotH);
    let Va = V_GGX_anisotropic(at, ab, NdotL, NdotV, BdotV, TdotV, TdotL, BdotL);
    let Fa = fresnel(F0, LdotH);

    // Calculate the specular light.
    let Fr = specular_multiscatter(Da, Va, Fa, F0, (*input).F_ab, specular_intensity);
    return Fr;
}

#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY

// Diffuse BRDF
// https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#materialsystem/diffusebrdf
// fd(v,l) = σ/π * 1 / { |n⋅v||n⋅l| } ∫Ω D(m,α) G(v,l,m) (v⋅m) (l⋅m) dm
//
// simplest approximation
// float Fd_Lambert() {
//     return 1.0 / PI;
// }
//
// vec3 Fd = diffuseColor * Fd_Lambert();
//
// Disney approximation
// See https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#citation-burley12
// minimal quality difference
fn Fd_Burley(
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    derived_input: ptr<function, DerivedLightingInput>,
) -> f32 {
    // Unpack.
    let roughness = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].roughness;
    let NdotV = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].NdotV;
    let NdotL = (*derived_input).NdotL;
    let LdotH = (*derived_input).LdotH;

    let f90 = 0.5 + 2.0 * roughness * LdotH * LdotH;
    let lightScatter = F_Schlick(1.0, f90, NdotL);
    let viewScatter = F_Schlick(1.0, f90, NdotV);
    return lightScatter * viewScatter * (1.0 / PI);
}

// Scale/bias approximation
// https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/blog/physically-based-shading-on-mobile
// TODO: Use a LUT (more accurate)
fn F_AB(perceptual_roughness: f32, NdotV: f32) -> vec2<f32> {
    let c0 = vec4<f32>(-1.0, -0.0275, -0.572, 0.022);
    let c1 = vec4<f32>(1.0, 0.0425, 1.04, -0.04);
    let r = perceptual_roughness * c0 + c1;
    let a004 = min(r.x * r.x, exp2(-9.28 * NdotV)) * r.x + r.y;
    return vec2<f32>(-1.04, 1.04) * a004 + r.zw;
}

fn EnvBRDFApprox(F0: vec3<f32>, F_ab: vec2<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
    return F0 * F_ab.x + F_ab.y;
}

fn perceptualRoughnessToRoughness(perceptualRoughness: f32) -> f32 {
    // clamp perceptual roughness to prevent precision problems
    // According to Filament design 0.089 is recommended for mobile
    // Filament uses 0.045 for non-mobile
    let clampedPerceptualRoughness = clamp(perceptualRoughness, 0.089, 1.0);
    return clampedPerceptualRoughness * clampedPerceptualRoughness;
}

// this must align with CubemapLayout in decal/clustered.rs
const CUBEMAP_TYPE_CROSS_VERTICAL: u32 = 0;
const CUBEMAP_TYPE_CROSS_HORIZONTAL: u32 = 1;
const CUBEMAP_TYPE_SEQUENCE_VERTICAL: u32 = 2;
const CUBEMAP_TYPE_SEQUENCE_HORIZONTAL: u32 = 3;

const X_PLUS: u32 = 0;
const X_MINUS: u32 = 1;
const Y_PLUS: u32 = 2;
const Y_MINUS: u32 = 3;
const Z_MINUS: u32 = 4;
const Z_PLUS: u32 = 5;

fn cubemap_uv(direction: vec3<f32>, cubemap_type: u32) -> vec2<f32> {
    let abs_direction = abs(direction);
    let max_axis = max(abs_direction.x, max(abs_direction.y, abs_direction.z));

    let face_index = select(
        select(X_PLUS, X_MINUS, direction.x < 0.0),
        select(
            select(Y_PLUS, Y_MINUS, direction.y < 0.0),
            select(Z_PLUS, Z_MINUS, direction.z < 0.0),
            max_axis != abs_direction.y
        ),
        max_axis != abs_direction.x
    );

    var face_uv: vec2<f32>;
    var divisor: f32;
    var corner_uv: vec2<u32> = vec2(0, 0);
    var face_size: vec2<f32>;

    switch face_index {
        case X_PLUS:  { face_uv = vec2<f32>(direction.z, -direction.y); divisor = direction.x; }
        case X_MINUS: { face_uv = vec2<f32>(-direction.z, -direction.y); divisor = -direction.x; }
        case Y_PLUS:  { face_uv = vec2<f32>(direction.x,  -direction.z); divisor = direction.y; }
        case Y_MINUS: { face_uv = vec2<f32>(direction.x, direction.z); divisor = -direction.y; }
        case Z_PLUS:  { face_uv = vec2<f32>(direction.x, direction.y); divisor = direction.z; }
        case Z_MINUS: { face_uv = vec2<f32>(direction.x, -direction.y); divisor = -direction.z; }
        default: {}
    }
    face_uv = (face_uv / divisor) * 0.5 + 0.5;

    switch cubemap_type {
        case CUBEMAP_TYPE_CROSS_VERTICAL: {
            face_size = vec2(1.0/3.0, 1.0/4.0);
            corner_uv = vec2<u32>((0x111102u >> (4 * face_index)) & 0xFu, (0x132011u >> (4 * face_index)) & 0xFu);
        }
        case CUBEMAP_TYPE_CROSS_HORIZONTAL: {
            face_size = vec2(1.0/4.0, 1.0/3.0);
            corner_uv = vec2<u32>((0x131102u >> (4 * face_index)) & 0xFu, (0x112011u >> (4 * face_index)) & 0xFu);
        }
        case CUBEMAP_TYPE_SEQUENCE_HORIZONTAL: {
            face_size = vec2(1.0/6.0, 1.0);
            corner_uv.x = face_index;
        }
        case CUBEMAP_TYPE_SEQUENCE_VERTICAL: {
            face_size = vec2(1.0, 1.0/6.0);
            corner_uv.y = face_index;
        }
        default: {}
    }

    return (vec2<f32>(corner_uv) + face_uv) * face_size;
}

fn point_light(
    light_id: u32,
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    enable_diffuse: bool,
    enable_texture: bool,
) -> vec3<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let diffuse_color = (*input).diffuse_color;
    let P = (*input).P;
    let N = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].N;
    let V = (*input).V;

    let light = &view_bindings::clusterable_objects.data[light_id];
    let light_to_frag = (*light).position_radius.xyz - P;
    let L = normalize(light_to_frag);
    let distance_square = dot(light_to_frag, light_to_frag);
    let rangeAttenuation = getDistanceAttenuation(distance_square, (*light).color_inverse_square_range.w);

    // Base layer

    let specular_L_intensity = compute_specular_layer_values_for_point_light(
        input,
        LAYER_BASE,
        V,
        light_to_frag,
        (*light).position_radius.w,
    );
    var specular_derived_input = derive_lighting_input(N, V, specular_L_intensity.xyz);

    let specular_intensity = specular_L_intensity.w;

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
    let specular_light = specular_anisotropy(input, &specular_derived_input, L, specular_intensity);
#else   // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
    let specular_light = specular(input, &specular_derived_input, specular_intensity);
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY

    // Clearcoat

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    // Unpack.
    let clearcoat_N = (*input).layers[LAYER_CLEARCOAT].N;
    let clearcoat_strength = (*input).clearcoat_strength;

    // Perform specular input calculations again for the clearcoat layer. We
    // can't reuse the above because the clearcoat normal might be different
    // from the main layer normal.
    let clearcoat_specular_L_intensity = compute_specular_layer_values_for_point_light(
        input,
        LAYER_CLEARCOAT,
        V,
        light_to_frag,
        (*light).position_radius.w,
    );
    var clearcoat_specular_derived_input =
        derive_lighting_input(clearcoat_N, V, clearcoat_specular_L_intensity.xyz);

    // Calculate the specular light.
    let clearcoat_specular_intensity = clearcoat_specular_L_intensity.w;
    let Fc_Frc = specular_clearcoat(
        input,
        &clearcoat_specular_derived_input,
        clearcoat_strength,
        clearcoat_specular_intensity
    );
    let inv_Fc = 1.0 - Fc_Frc.r;    // Inverse Fresnel term.
    let Frc = Fc_Frc.g;             // Clearcoat light.
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

    // Diffuse.
    // Comes after specular since its N⋅L is used in the lighting equation.
    var derived_input = derive_lighting_input(N, V, L);
    var diffuse = vec3(0.0);
    if (enable_diffuse) {
        diffuse = diffuse_color * Fd_Burley(input, &derived_input);
    }

    // See https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#mjx-eqn-pointLightLuminanceEquation
    // Lout = f(v,l) Φ / { 4 π d^2 }⟨n⋅l⟩
    // where
    // f(v,l) = (f_d(v,l) + f_r(v,l)) * light_color
    // Φ is luminous power in lumens
    // our rangeAttenuation = 1 / d^2 multiplied with an attenuation factor for smoothing at the edge of the non-physical maximum light radius

    // For a point light, luminous intensity, I, in lumens per steradian is given by:
    // I = Φ / 4 π
    // The derivation of this can be seen here: https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#mjx-eqn-pointLightLuminousPower

    // NOTE: (*light).color.rgb is premultiplied with (*light).intensity / 4 π (which would be the luminous intensity) on the CPU

    var color: vec3<f32>;
#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    // Account for the Fresnel term from the clearcoat darkening the main layer.
    //
    // <https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#materialsystem/clearcoatmodel/integrationinthesurfaceresponse>
    color = (diffuse + specular_light * inv_Fc) * inv_Fc + Frc;
#else   // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    color = diffuse + specular_light;
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

    var texture_sample = 1f;

#ifdef LIGHT_TEXTURES
    if enable_texture && (*light).decal_index != 0xFFFFFFFFu {
        let relative_position = (view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].local_from_world * vec4(P, 1.0)).xyz;
        let cubemap_type = view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].tag;
        let decal_uv = cubemap_uv(relative_position, cubemap_type);
        let image_index = view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].image_index;

        texture_sample = textureSampleLevel(
            view_bindings::clustered_decal_textures[image_index],
            view_bindings::clustered_decal_sampler,
            decal_uv,
            0.0
        ).r;
    }
#endif

    return color * (*light).color_inverse_square_range.rgb *
        (rangeAttenuation * derived_input.NdotL) * texture_sample;
}

fn spot_light(
    light_id: u32,
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    enable_diffuse: bool
) -> vec3<f32> {
    // reuse the point light calculations
    let point_light = point_light(light_id, input, enable_diffuse, false);

    let light = &view_bindings::clusterable_objects.data[light_id];

    // reconstruct spot dir from x/z and y-direction flag
    var spot_dir = vec3<f32>((*light).light_custom_data.x, 0.0, (*light).light_custom_data.y);
    spot_dir.y = sqrt(max(0.0, 1.0 - spot_dir.x * spot_dir.x - spot_dir.z * spot_dir.z));
    if ((*light).flags & POINT_LIGHT_FLAGS_SPOT_LIGHT_Y_NEGATIVE) != 0u {
        spot_dir.y = -spot_dir.y;
    }
    let light_to_frag = (*light).position_radius.xyz - (*input).P.xyz;

    // calculate attenuation based on filament formula https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#listing_glslpunctuallight
    // spot_scale and spot_offset have been precomputed
    // note we normalize here to get "l" from the filament listing. spot_dir is already normalized
    let cd = dot(-spot_dir, normalize(light_to_frag));
    let attenuation = saturate(cd * (*light).light_custom_data.z + (*light).light_custom_data.w);
    let spot_attenuation = attenuation * attenuation;

    var texture_sample = 1f;

#ifdef LIGHT_TEXTURES
    if (*light).decal_index != 0xFFFFFFFFu {
        let local_position = (view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].local_from_world *
            vec4((*input).P, 1.0)).xyz;
        if local_position.z < 0.0 {
            let decal_uv = (local_position.xy / (local_position.z * (*light).spot_light_tan_angle)) * vec2(-0.5, 0.5) + 0.5;
            let image_index = view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].image_index;

            texture_sample = textureSampleLevel(
                view_bindings::clustered_decal_textures[image_index],
                view_bindings::clustered_decal_sampler,
                decal_uv,
                0.0
            ).r;
        }
    }
#endif

    return point_light * spot_attenuation * texture_sample;
}

fn directional_light(
    light_id: u32,
    input: ptr<function, LightingInput>,
    enable_diffuse: bool
) -> vec3<f32> {
    // Unpack.
    let diffuse_color = (*input).diffuse_color;
    let NdotV = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].NdotV;
    let N = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].N;
    let V = (*input).V;
    let roughness = (*input).layers[LAYER_BASE].roughness;

    let light = &view_bindings::lights.directional_lights[light_id];

    let L = (*light).direction_to_light.xyz;
    var derived_input = derive_lighting_input(N, V, L);

    var diffuse = vec3(0.0);
    if (enable_diffuse) {
        diffuse = diffuse_color * Fd_Burley(input, &derived_input);
    }

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
    let specular_light = specular_anisotropy(input, &derived_input, L, 1.0);
#else   // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY
    let specular_light = specular(input, &derived_input, 1.0);
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_ANISOTROPY

#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    let clearcoat_N = (*input).layers[LAYER_CLEARCOAT].N;
    let clearcoat_strength = (*input).clearcoat_strength;

    // Perform specular input calculations again for the clearcoat layer. We
    // can't reuse the above because the clearcoat normal might be different
    // from the main layer normal.
    var derived_clearcoat_input = derive_lighting_input(clearcoat_N, V, L);

    let Fc_Frc =
        specular_clearcoat(input, &derived_clearcoat_input, clearcoat_strength, 1.0);
    let inv_Fc = 1.0 - Fc_Frc.r;
    let Frc = Fc_Frc.g;
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

    var color: vec3<f32>;
#ifdef STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    // Account for the Fresnel term from the clearcoat darkening the main layer.
    //
    // <https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html#materialsystem/clearcoatmodel/integrationinthesurfaceresponse>
    color = (diffuse + specular_light * inv_Fc) * inv_Fc * derived_input.NdotL +
        Frc * derived_clearcoat_input.NdotL;
#else   // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT
    color = (diffuse + specular_light) * derived_input.NdotL;
#endif  // STANDARD_MATERIAL_CLEARCOAT

    var texture_sample = 1f;

#ifdef LIGHT_TEXTURES
    if (*light).decal_index != 0xFFFFFFFFu {
        let local_position = (view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].local_from_world *
            vec4((*input).P, 1.0)).xyz;
        let decal_uv = local_position.xy * vec2(-0.5, 0.5) + 0.5;

        // if tiled or within tile
        if (view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].tag != 0u)
                || all(clamp(decal_uv, vec2(0.0), vec2(1.0)) == decal_uv)
        {
            let image_index = view_bindings::clustered_decals.decals[(*light).decal_index].image_index;

            texture_sample = textureSampleLevel(
                view_bindings::clustered_decal_textures[image_index],
                view_bindings::clustered_decal_sampler,
                decal_uv - floor(decal_uv),
                0.0
            ).r;
        } else {
            texture_sample = 0f;
        }
    }
#endif

    return color * (*light).color.rgb * texture_sample;
}