program.c

/*
 * *****************************************************************************
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2018-2025 Gavin D. Howard and contributors.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
 *   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * *****************************************************************************
 *
 * Code to execute bc programs.
 *
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <setjmp.h>

#include <signal.h>

#include <time.h>

#include <read.h>
#include <parse.h>
#include <program.h>
#include <vm.h>

/**
 * Does a type check for something that expects a number.
 * @param r  The result that will be checked.
 * @param n  The result's number.
 */
static inline void
bc_program_type_num(BcResult* r, BcNum* n)
{
#if BC_ENABLED

	// This should have already been taken care of.
	assert(r->t != BC_RESULT_VOID);

#endif // BC_ENABLED

	if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_NUM(r, n))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);
}

#if BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Does a type check.
 * @param r  The result to check.
 * @param t  The type that the result should be.
 */
static void
bc_program_type_match(BcResult* r, BcType t)
{
	if (BC_ERR((r->t != BC_RESULT_ARRAY) != (!t))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);
}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Pulls an index out of a bytecode vector and updates the index into the vector
 * to point to the spot after the index. For more details on bytecode indices,
 * see the development manual (manuals/development.md#bytecode-indices).
 * @param code  The bytecode vector.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the index into the vector that will be
 *              updated.
 * @return      The index at @a bgn in the bytecode vector.
 */
static size_t
bc_program_index(const char* restrict code, size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	uchar amt = (uchar) code[(*bgn)++], i = 0;
	size_t res = 0;

	for (; i < amt; ++i, ++(*bgn))
	{
		size_t temp = ((size_t) ((int) (uchar) code[*bgn]) & UCHAR_MAX);
		res |= (temp << (i * CHAR_BIT));
	}

	return res;
}

/**
 * Returns a string from a result and its number.
 * @param p  The program.
 * @param n  The number tied to the result.
 * @return   The string corresponding to the result and number.
 */
static inline char*
bc_program_string(BcProgram* p, const BcNum* n)
{
	return *((char**) bc_vec_item(&p->strs, n->scale));
}

#if BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Prepares the globals for a function call. This is only called when global
 * stacks are on because it pushes a copy of the current globals onto each of
 * their respective stacks.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_prepGlobals(BcProgram* p)
{
	size_t i;

	for (i = 0; i < BC_PROG_GLOBALS_LEN; ++i)
	{
		bc_vec_push(p->globals_v + i, p->globals + i);
	}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	bc_rand_push(&p->rng);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
}

/**
 * Pops globals stacks on returning from a function, or in the case of reset,
 * pops all but one item on each global stack.
 * @param p      The program.
 * @param reset  True if all but one item on each stack should be popped, false
 *               otherwise.
 */
static void
bc_program_popGlobals(BcProgram* p, bool reset)
{
	size_t i;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	for (i = 0; i < BC_PROG_GLOBALS_LEN; ++i)
	{
		BcVec* v = p->globals_v + i;
		bc_vec_npop(v, reset ? v->len - 1 : 1);
		p->globals[i] = BC_PROG_GLOBAL(v);
	}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	bc_rand_pop(&p->rng, reset);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
}

/**
 * Derefeneces an array reference and returns a pointer to the real array.
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param vec  The reference vector.
 * @return     A pointer to the desired array.
 */
static BcVec*
bc_program_dereference(const BcProgram* p, BcVec* vec)
{
	BcVec* v;
	size_t vidx, nidx, i = 0;

	// We want to be sure we have a reference vector.
	assert(vec->size == sizeof(uchar));

	// Get the index of the vector in arrs, then the index of the original
	// referenced vector.
	vidx = bc_program_index(vec->v, &i);
	nidx = bc_program_index(vec->v, &i);

	v = bc_vec_item(bc_vec_item(&p->arrs, vidx), nidx);

	// We want to be sure we do *not* have a reference vector.
	assert(v->size != sizeof(uchar));

	return v;
}

#endif // BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Creates a BcNum from a BcBigDig and pushes onto the results stack. This is a
 * convenience function.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param dig   The BcBigDig to push onto the results stack.
 * @param type  The type that the pushed result should be.
 */
static void
bc_program_pushBigdig(BcProgram* p, BcBigDig dig, BcResultType type)
{
	BcResult res;

	res.t = type;

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_num_createFromBigdig(&res.d.n, dig);
	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &res);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}

size_t
bc_program_addString(BcProgram* p, const char* str)
{
	size_t idx;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	if (bc_map_insert(&p->str_map, str, p->strs.len, &idx))
	{
		char** str_ptr;
		BcId* id = bc_vec_item(&p->str_map, idx);

		// Get the index.
		idx = id->idx;

		// Push an empty string on the proper vector.
		str_ptr = bc_vec_pushEmpty(&p->strs);

		// We reuse the string in the ID (allocated by bc_map_insert()), because
		// why not?
		*str_ptr = id->name;
	}
	else
	{
		BcId* id = bc_vec_item(&p->str_map, idx);
		idx = id->idx;
	}

	return idx;
}

size_t
bc_program_search(BcProgram* p, const char* name, bool var)
{
	BcVec* v;
	BcVec* map;
	size_t i;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	// Grab the right vector and map.
	v = var ? &p->vars : &p->arrs;
	map = var ? &p->var_map : &p->arr_map;

	// We do an insert because the variable might not exist yet. This is because
	// the parser calls this function. If the insert succeeds, we create a stack
	// for the variable/array. But regardless, bc_map_insert() gives us the
	// index of the item in i.
	if (bc_map_insert(map, name, v->len, &i))
	{
		BcVec* temp = bc_vec_pushEmpty(v);
		bc_array_init(temp, var);
	}

	return ((BcId*) bc_vec_item(map, i))->idx;
}

/**
 * Returns the correct variable or array stack for the type.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param idx   The index of the variable or array in the variable or array
 *              vector.
 * @param type  The type of vector to return.
 * @return      A pointer to the variable or array stack.
 */
static inline BcVec*
bc_program_vec(const BcProgram* p, size_t idx, BcType type)
{
	const BcVec* v = (type == BC_TYPE_VAR) ? &p->vars : &p->arrs;
	return bc_vec_item(v, idx);
}

/**
 * Returns a pointer to the BcNum corresponding to the result. There is one
 * case, however, where this returns a pointer to a BcVec: if the type of the
 * result is array. In that case, the pointer is casted to a pointer to BcNum,
 * but is never used. The function that calls this expecting an array casts the
 * pointer back. This function is called a lot and needs to be as fast as
 * possible.
 * @param p  The program.
 * @param r  The result whose number will be returned.
 * @return   The BcNum corresponding to the result.
 */
static BcNum*
bc_program_num(BcProgram* p, BcResult* r)
{
	BcNum* n;

#ifdef _WIN32
	// Windows made it an error to not initialize this, so shut it up.
	// I don't want to do this on other platforms because this procedure
	// is one of the most heavily-used, and eliminating the initialization
	// is a performance win.
	n = NULL;
#endif // _WIN32

	switch (r->t)
	{
		case BC_RESULT_STR:
		case BC_RESULT_TEMP:
		case BC_RESULT_IBASE:
		case BC_RESULT_SCALE:
		case BC_RESULT_OBASE:
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
		case BC_RESULT_SEED:
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
		{
			n = &r->d.n;
			break;
		}

		case BC_RESULT_VAR:
		case BC_RESULT_ARRAY:
		case BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM:
		{
			BcVec* v;
			BcType type = (r->t == BC_RESULT_VAR) ? BC_TYPE_VAR : BC_TYPE_ARRAY;

			// Get the correct variable or array vector.
			v = bc_program_vec(p, r->d.loc.loc, type);

			// Surprisingly enough, the hard case is *not* returning an array;
			// it's returning an array element. This is because we have to dig
			// deeper to get *to* the element. That's what the code inside this
			// if statement does.
			if (r->t == BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM)
			{
				size_t idx = r->d.loc.idx;

				v = bc_vec_item(v, r->d.loc.stack_idx);

#if BC_ENABLED
				// If this is true, we have a reference vector, so dereference
				// it. The reason we don't need to worry about it for returning
				// a straight array is because we only care about references
				// when we access elements of an array that is a reference. That
				// is this code, so in essence, this line takes care of arrays
				// as well.
				if (v->size == sizeof(uchar)) v = bc_program_dereference(p, v);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

				// We want to be sure we got a valid array of numbers.
				assert(v->size == sizeof(BcNum));

				// The bc spec says that if an element is accessed that does not
				// exist, it should be preinitialized to 0. Well, if we access
				// an element *way* out there, we have to preinitialize all
				// elements between the current last element and the actual
				// accessed element.
				if (v->len <= idx)
				{
					BC_SIG_LOCK;
					bc_array_expand(v, bc_vm_growSize(idx, 1));
					BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
				}

				n = bc_vec_item(v, idx);
			}
			// This is either a number (for a var) or an array (for an array).
			// Because bc_vec_top() and bc_vec_item() return a void*, we don't
			// need to cast.
			else
			{
#if BC_ENABLED
				if (BC_IS_BC)
				{
					n = bc_vec_item(v, r->d.loc.stack_idx);
				}
				else
#endif // BC_ENABLED
				{
					n = bc_vec_top(v);
				}
			}

			break;
		}

		case BC_RESULT_ZERO:
		{
			n = &vm->zero;
			break;
		}

		case BC_RESULT_ONE:
		{
			n = &vm->one;
			break;
		}

#if BC_ENABLED
		// We should never get here; this is taken care of earlier because a
		// result is expected.
		case BC_RESULT_VOID:
#if BC_DEBUG
		{
			abort();
			// Fallthrough
		}
#endif // BC_DEBUG
		case BC_RESULT_LAST:
		{
			n = &p->last;
			break;
		}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

#if BC_GCC
		// This is here in GCC to quiet the "maybe-uninitialized" warning.
		default:
		{
			abort();
		}
#endif // BC_GCC
	}

	return n;
}

/**
 * Prepares an operand for use.
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param r    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result that
 *             we care about.
 * @param n    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number that
 *             we care about.
 * @param idx  The index of the result from the top of the results stack.
 */
static void
bc_program_operand(BcProgram* p, BcResult** r, BcNum** n, size_t idx)
{
	*r = bc_vec_item_rev(&p->results, idx);

#if BC_ENABLED
	if (BC_ERR((*r)->t == BC_RESULT_VOID)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_VOID_VAL);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	*n = bc_program_num(p, *r);
}

/**
 * Prepares the operands of a binary operator.
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param l    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for
 *             the left operand.
 * @param ln   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for
 *             the left operand.
 * @param r    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for
 *             the right operand.
 * @param rn   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for
 *             the right operand.
 * @param idx  The starting index where the operands are in the results stack,
 *             starting from the top.
 */
static void
bc_program_binPrep(BcProgram* p, BcResult** l, BcNum** ln, BcResult** r,
                   BcNum** rn, size_t idx)
{
	BcResultType lt;

	assert(p != NULL && l != NULL && ln != NULL && r != NULL && rn != NULL);

#ifndef BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK
	// Check the stack for dc.
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 2)))
		{
			bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
		}
	}
#endif // BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 2));

	// Get the operands.
	bc_program_operand(p, l, ln, idx + 1);
	bc_program_operand(p, r, rn, idx);

	lt = (*l)->t;

#if BC_ENABLED
	// bc_program_operand() checked these for us.
	assert(lt != BC_RESULT_VOID && (*r)->t != BC_RESULT_VOID);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	// We run this again under these conditions in case any vector has been
	// reallocated out from under the BcNums or arrays we had. In other words,
	// this is to fix pointer invalidation.
	if (lt == (*r)->t && (lt == BC_RESULT_VAR || lt == BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM))
	{
		*ln = bc_program_num(p, *l);
	}

	if (BC_ERR(lt == BC_RESULT_STR)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);
}

/**
 * Prepares the operands of a binary operator and type checks them. This is
 * separate from bc_program_binPrep() because some places want this, others want
 * bc_program_binPrep().
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param l    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for
 *             the left operand.
 * @param ln   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for
 *             the left operand.
 * @param r    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for
 *             the right operand.
 * @param rn   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for
 *             the right operand.
 * @param idx  The starting index where the operands are in the results stack,
 *             starting from the top.
 */
static void
bc_program_binOpPrep(BcProgram* p, BcResult** l, BcNum** ln, BcResult** r,
                     BcNum** rn, size_t idx)
{
	bc_program_binPrep(p, l, ln, r, rn, idx);
	bc_program_type_num(*l, *ln);
	bc_program_type_num(*r, *rn);
}

/**
 * Prepares the operands of an assignment operator.
 * @param p   The program.
 * @param l   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for the
 *            left operand.
 * @param ln  An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for the
 *            left operand.
 * @param r   An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result for the
 *            right operand.
 * @param rn  An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number for the
 *            right operand.
 */
static void
bc_program_assignPrep(BcProgram* p, BcResult** l, BcNum** ln, BcResult** r,
                      BcNum** rn)
{
	BcResultType lt, min;
	bool good;

	// This is the min non-allowable result type. dc allows strings.
	min = BC_RESULT_TEMP - ((unsigned int) (BC_IS_BC));

	// Prepare the operands.
	bc_program_binPrep(p, l, ln, r, rn, 0);

	lt = (*l)->t;

	// Typecheck the left.
	if (BC_ERR(lt >= min && lt <= BC_RESULT_ONE)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);

	// Strings can be assigned to variables. We are already good if we are
	// assigning a string.
	good = ((*r)->t == BC_RESULT_STR && lt <= BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM);

	assert(BC_PROG_STR(*rn) || (*r)->t != BC_RESULT_STR);

	// If not, type check for a number.
	if (!good) bc_program_type_num(*r, *rn);
}

/**
 * Prepares a single operand and type checks it. This is separate from
 * bc_program_operand() because different places want one or the other.
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param r    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the result that
 *             we care about.
 * @param n    An out parameter; this is set to the pointer to the number that
 *             we care about.
 * @param idx  The index of the result from the top of the results stack.
 */
static void
bc_program_prep(BcProgram* p, BcResult** r, BcNum** n, size_t idx)
{
	assert(p != NULL && r != NULL && n != NULL);

#ifndef BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK
	// Check the stack for dc.
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 1)))
		{
			bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
		}
	}
#endif // BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 1));

	bc_program_operand(p, r, n, idx);

	// dc does not allow strings in this case.
	bc_program_type_num(*r, *n);
}

/**
 * Prepares and returns a clean result for the result of an operation.
 * @param p  The program.
 * @return   A clean result.
 */
static BcResult*
bc_program_prepResult(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult* res = bc_vec_pushEmpty(&p->results);

	// Mark a result as not retired.
	p->nresults += 1;

	bc_result_clear(res);

	return res;
}

/**
 * Prepares a constant for use. This parses the constant into a number and then
 * pushes that number onto the results stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector that we will pull the index of the constant
 *              from.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; marks the start of the index in the
 *              bytecode vector and will be updated to point to after the index.
 */
static void
bc_program_const(BcProgram* p, const char* code, size_t* bgn)
{
	// I lied. I actually push the result first. I can do this because the
	// result will be popped on error. I also get the constant itself.
	BcResult* r = bc_program_prepResult(p);
	BcConst* c = bc_vec_item(&p->consts, bc_program_index(code, bgn));
	BcBigDig base = BC_PROG_IBASE(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	// Only reparse if the base changed.
	if (c->base != base)
	{
		// Allocate if we haven't yet.
		if (c->num.num == NULL)
		{
			// The plus 1 is in case of overflow with lack of clamping.
			size_t len = strlen(c->val) + (BC_DIGIT_CLAMP == 0);

			BC_SIG_LOCK;
			bc_num_init(&c->num, BC_NUM_RDX(len));
			BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
		}
		// We need to zero an already existing number.
		else bc_num_zero(&c->num);

		// bc_num_parse() should only do operations that cannot fail.
		bc_num_parse(&c->num, c->val, base);

		c->base = base;
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_num_createCopy(&r->d.n, &c->num);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// XXX: Make sure to clear the number of results.
	p->nresults -= 1;
}

/**
 * Executes a binary operator operation.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The instruction corresponding to the binary operator to execute.
 */
static void
bc_program_op(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* opd1;
	BcResult* opd2;
	BcResult* res;
	BcNum* n1;
	BcNum* n2;
	size_t idx = inst - BC_INST_POWER;

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	bc_program_binOpPrep(p, &opd1, &n1, &opd2, &n2, 1);

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Initialize the number with enough space, using the correct
	// BcNumBinaryOpReq function. This looks weird because it is executing an
	// item of an array. Rest assured that item is a function.
	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, bc_program_opReqs[idx](n1, n2, BC_PROG_SCALE(p)));

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	assert(BC_NUM_RDX_VALID(n1));
	assert(BC_NUM_RDX_VALID(n2));

	// Run the operation. This also executes an item of an array.
	bc_program_ops[idx](n1, n2, &res->d.n, BC_PROG_SCALE(p));

	bc_program_retire(p, 2);
}

/**
 * Executes a read() or ? command.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_read(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcStatus s;
	BcInstPtr ip;
	size_t i;
	const char* file;
	BcMode mode;
	BcFunc* f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, BC_PROG_READ);

	// If we are already executing a read, that is an error. So look for a read
	// and barf.
	for (i = 0; i < p->stack.len; ++i)
	{
		BcInstPtr* ip_ptr = bc_vec_item(&p->stack, i);
		if (ip_ptr->func == BC_PROG_READ) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_REC_READ);
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Save the filename because we are going to overwrite it.
	file = vm->file;
	mode = vm->mode;

	// It is a parse error if there needs to be more than one line, so we unset
	// this to tell the lexer to not request more. We set it back later.
	vm->mode = BC_MODE_FILE;

	if (!BC_PARSE_IS_INITED(&vm->read_prs, p))
	{
		// We need to parse, but we don't want to use the existing parser
		// because it has state it needs to keep. (It could have a partial parse
		// state.) So we create a new parser. This parser is in the BcVm struct
		// so that it is not local, which means that a longjmp() could change
		// it.
		bc_parse_init(&vm->read_prs, p, BC_PROG_READ);

		// We need a separate input buffer; that's why it is also in the BcVm
		// struct.
		bc_vec_init(&vm->read_buf, sizeof(char), BC_DTOR_NONE);
	}
	else
	{
		// This needs to be updated because the parser could have been used
		// somewhere else.
		bc_parse_updateFunc(&vm->read_prs, BC_PROG_READ);

		// The read buffer also needs to be emptied or else it will still
		// contain previous read expressions.
		bc_vec_empty(&vm->read_buf);
	}

	BC_SETJMP_LOCKED(vm, exec_err);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// Set up the lexer and the read function.
	bc_lex_file(&vm->read_prs.l, bc_program_stdin_name);
	bc_vec_popAll(&f->code);

	// Read a line.
	if (!BC_R) s = bc_read_line(&vm->read_buf, "");
	else s = bc_read_line(&vm->read_buf, BC_VM_READ_PROMPT);

	// We should *not* have run into EOF.
	if (s == BC_STATUS_EOF) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_READ_EXPR);

	// Parse *one* expression, so mode should not be stdin.
	bc_parse_text(&vm->read_prs, vm->read_buf.v, BC_MODE_FILE);
	BC_SIG_LOCK;
	vm->expr(&vm->read_prs, BC_PARSE_NOREAD | BC_PARSE_NEEDVAL);
	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// We *must* have a valid expression. A semicolon cannot end an expression,
	// although EOF can.
	if (BC_ERR(vm->read_prs.l.t != BC_LEX_NLINE &&
	           vm->read_prs.l.t != BC_LEX_EOF))
	{
		bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_READ_EXPR);
	}

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Push on the globals stack if necessary.
	if (BC_G) bc_program_prepGlobals(p);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	// Set up a new BcInstPtr.
	ip.func = BC_PROG_READ;
	ip.idx = 0;
	ip.len = p->results.len;

	// Update this pointer, just in case.
	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, BC_PROG_READ);

	// We want a return instruction to simplify things.
	bc_vec_pushByte(&f->code, vm->read_ret);

	// This lock is here to make sure dc's tail calls are the same length.
	BC_SIG_LOCK;
	bc_vec_push(&p->stack, &ip);

#if DC_ENABLED
	// We need a new tail call entry for dc.
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		size_t temp = 0;
		bc_vec_push(&p->tail_calls, &temp);
	}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

exec_err:
	BC_SIG_MAYLOCK;
	vm->mode = (uchar) mode;
	vm->file = file;
	BC_LONGJMP_CONT(vm);
}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Execute a rand().
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_rand(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcRand rand = bc_rand_int(&p->rng);

	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, (BcBigDig) rand, BC_RESULT_TEMP);

#if BC_DEBUG
	// This is just to ensure that the generated number is correct. I also use
	// braces because I declare every local at the top of the scope.
	{
		BcResult* r = bc_vec_top(&p->results);
		assert(BC_NUM_RDX_VALID_NP(r->d.n));
	}
#endif // BC_DEBUG
}
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Prints a series of characters, without escapes.
 * @param str  The string (series of characters).
 */
static void
bc_program_printChars(const char* str)
{
	const char* nl;
	size_t len = vm->nchars + strlen(str);
	sig_atomic_t lock;

	BC_SIG_TRYLOCK(lock);

	bc_file_puts(&vm->fout, bc_flush_save, str);

	// We need to update the number of characters, so we find the last newline
	// and set the characters accordingly.
	nl = strrchr(str, '\n');

	if (nl != NULL) len = strlen(nl + 1);

	vm->nchars = len > UINT16_MAX ? UINT16_MAX : (uint16_t) len;

	BC_SIG_TRYUNLOCK(lock);
}

/**
 * Prints a string with escapes.
 * @param str  The string.
 */
static void
bc_program_printString(const char* restrict str)
{
	size_t i, len = strlen(str);

#if DC_ENABLED
	// This is to ensure a nul byte is printed for dc's stream operation.
	if (!len && BC_IS_DC)
	{
		bc_vm_putchar('\0', bc_flush_save);
		return;
	}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

	// Loop over the characters, processing escapes and printing the rest.
	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
	{
		int c = str[i];

		// If we have an escape...
		if (c == '\\' && i != len - 1)
		{
			const char* ptr;

			// Get the escape character and its companion.
			c = str[++i];
			ptr = strchr(bc_program_esc_chars, c);

			// If we have a companion character...
			if (ptr != NULL)
			{
				// We need to specially handle a newline.
				if (c == 'n')
				{
					BC_SIG_LOCK;
					vm->nchars = UINT16_MAX;
					BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
				}

				// Grab the actual character.
				c = bc_program_esc_seqs[(size_t) (ptr - bc_program_esc_chars)];
			}
			else
			{
				// Just print the backslash if there is no companion character.
				// The following character will be printed later after the outer
				// if statement.
				bc_vm_putchar('\\', bc_flush_save);
			}
		}

		bc_vm_putchar(c, bc_flush_save);
	}
}

/**
 * Executes a print. This function handles all printing except streaming.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The instruction for the type of print we are doing.
 * @param idx   The index of the result that we are printing.
 */
static void
bc_program_print(BcProgram* p, uchar inst, size_t idx)
{
	BcResult* r;
	char* str;
	BcNum* n;
	bool pop = (inst != BC_INST_PRINT);

	assert(p != NULL);

#ifndef BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 1)))
		{
			bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
		}
	}
#endif // BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, idx + 1));

	r = bc_vec_item_rev(&p->results, idx);

#if BC_ENABLED
	// If we have a void value, that's not necessarily an error. It is if pop is
	// true because that means that we are executing a print statement, but
	// attempting to do a print on a lone void value is allowed because that's
	// exactly how we want void values used.
	if (r->t == BC_RESULT_VOID)
	{
		if (BC_ERR(pop)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_VOID_VAL);
		bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
		return;
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	n = bc_program_num(p, r);

	// If we have a number...
	if (BC_PROG_NUM(r, n))
	{
#if BC_ENABLED
		assert(inst != BC_INST_PRINT_STR);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// Print the number.
		bc_num_print(n, BC_PROG_OBASE(p), !pop);

#if BC_ENABLED
		// Need to store the number in last.
		if (BC_IS_BC) bc_num_copy(&p->last, n);
#endif // BC_ENABLED
	}
	else
	{
		// We want to flush any stuff in the stdout buffer first.
		bc_file_flush(&vm->fout, bc_flush_save);
		str = bc_program_string(p, n);

#if BC_ENABLED
		if (inst == BC_INST_PRINT_STR) bc_program_printChars(str);
		else
#endif // BC_ENABLED
		{
			bc_program_printString(str);

			// Need to print a newline only in this case.
			if (inst == BC_INST_PRINT) bc_vm_putchar('\n', bc_flush_err);
		}
	}

	// bc always pops. This macro makes sure that happens.
	if (BC_PROGRAM_POP(pop)) bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
}

void
bc_program_negate(BcResult* r, BcNum* n)
{
	bc_num_copy(&r->d.n, n);
	if (BC_NUM_NONZERO(&r->d.n)) BC_NUM_NEG_TGL_NP(r->d.n);
}

void
bc_program_not(BcResult* r, BcNum* n)
{
	if (!bc_num_cmpZero(n)) bc_num_one(&r->d.n);
}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
void
bc_program_trunc(BcResult* r, BcNum* n)
{
	bc_num_copy(&r->d.n, n);
	bc_num_truncate(&r->d.n, n->scale);
}
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Runs a unary operation.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The unary operation.
 */
static void
bc_program_unary(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* res;
	BcResult* ptr;
	BcNum* num;

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	bc_program_prep(p, &ptr, &num, 1);

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, num->len);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// This calls a function that is in an array.
	bc_program_unarys[inst - BC_INST_NEG](res, num);
	bc_program_retire(p, 1);
}

/**
 * Executes a logical operator.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The operator.
 */
static void
bc_program_logical(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* opd1;
	BcResult* opd2;
	BcResult* res;
	BcNum* n1;
	BcNum* n2;
	bool cond = 0;
	ssize_t cmp;

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	// All logical operators (except boolean not, which is taken care of by
	// bc_program_unary()), are binary operators.
	bc_program_binOpPrep(p, &opd1, &n1, &opd2, &n2, 1);

	// Boolean and and or are not short circuiting. This is why; they can be
	// implemented much easier this way.
	if (inst == BC_INST_BOOL_AND)
	{
		cond = (bc_num_cmpZero(n1) && bc_num_cmpZero(n2));
	}
	else if (inst == BC_INST_BOOL_OR)
	{
		cond = (bc_num_cmpZero(n1) || bc_num_cmpZero(n2));
	}
	else
	{
		// We have a relational operator, so do a comparison.
		cmp = bc_num_cmp(n1, n2);

		switch (inst)
		{
			case BC_INST_REL_EQ:
			{
				cond = (cmp == 0);
				break;
			}

			case BC_INST_REL_LE:
			{
				cond = (cmp <= 0);
				break;
			}

			case BC_INST_REL_GE:
			{
				cond = (cmp >= 0);
				break;
			}

			case BC_INST_REL_NE:
			{
				cond = (cmp != 0);
				break;
			}

			case BC_INST_REL_LT:
			{
				cond = (cmp < 0);
				break;
			}

			case BC_INST_REL_GT:
			{
				cond = (cmp > 0);
				break;
			}
#if BC_DEBUG
			default:
			{
				// There is a bug if we get here.
				abort();
			}
#endif // BC_DEBUG
		}
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	if (cond) bc_num_one(&res->d.n);

	bc_program_retire(p, 2);
}

/**
 * Assigns a string to a variable.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param num   The location of the string as a BcNum.
 * @param v     The stack for the variable.
 * @param push  Whether to push the string or not. To push means to move the
 *              string from the results stack and push it onto the variable
 *              stack.
 */
static void
bc_program_assignStr(BcProgram* p, BcNum* num, BcVec* v, bool push)
{
	BcNum* n;

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1 + !push));
	assert(num != NULL && num->num == NULL && num->cap == 0);

	// If we are not pushing onto the variable stack, we need to replace the
	// top of the variable stack.
	if (!push) bc_vec_pop(v);

	bc_vec_npop(&p->results, 1 + !push);

	n = bc_vec_pushEmpty(v);

	// We can just copy because the num should not have allocated anything.
	// NOLINTNEXTLINE
	memcpy(n, num, sizeof(BcNum));
}

/**
 * Copies a value to a variable. This is used for storing in dc as well as to
 * set function parameters to arguments in bc.
 * @param p    The program.
 * @param idx  The index of the variable or array to copy to.
 * @param t    The type to copy to. This could be a variable or an array.
 */
static void
bc_program_copyToVar(BcProgram* p, size_t idx, BcType t)
{
	BcResult *ptr = NULL, r;
	BcVec* vec;
	BcNum* n = NULL;
	bool var = (t == BC_TYPE_VAR);

#if DC_ENABLED
	// Check the stack for dc.
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
	}
#endif

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

	bc_program_operand(p, &ptr, &n, 0);

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Get the variable for a bc function call.
	if (BC_IS_BC)
	{
		// Type match the result.
		bc_program_type_match(ptr, t);
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	vec = bc_program_vec(p, idx, t);

	// We can shortcut in dc if it's assigning a string by using
	// bc_program_assignStr().
	if (ptr->t == BC_RESULT_STR)
	{
		assert(BC_PROG_STR(n));

		if (BC_ERR(!var)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);

		bc_program_assignStr(p, n, vec, true);

		return;
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Just create and copy for a normal variable.
	if (var)
	{
		if (BC_PROG_STR(n))
		{
			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(&r.d.n, n, sizeof(BcNum));
		}
		else bc_num_createCopy(&r.d.n, n);
	}
	else
	{
		// If we get here, we are handling an array. This is one place we need
		// to cast the number from bc_program_num() to a vector.
		BcVec* v = (BcVec*) n;
		BcVec* rv = &r.d.v;

#if BC_ENABLED

		if (BC_IS_BC)
		{
			bool ref, ref_size;

			// True if we are using a reference.
			ref = (v->size == sizeof(BcNum) && t == BC_TYPE_REF);

			// True if we already have a reference vector. This is slightly
			// (okay, a lot; it just doesn't look that way) different from
			// above. The above means that we need to construct a reference
			// vector, whereas this means that we have one and we might have to
			// *dereference* it.
			ref_size = (v->size == sizeof(uchar));

			// If we *should* have a reference.
			if (ref || (ref_size && t == BC_TYPE_REF))
			{
				// Create a new reference vector.
				bc_vec_init(rv, sizeof(uchar), BC_DTOR_NONE);

				// If this is true, then we need to construct a reference.
				if (ref)
				{
					// Make sure the pointer was not invalidated.
					vec = bc_program_vec(p, idx, t);

					// Push the indices onto the reference vector. This takes
					// care of last; it ensures the reference goes to the right
					// place.
					bc_vec_pushIndex(rv, ptr->d.loc.loc);
					bc_vec_pushIndex(rv, ptr->d.loc.stack_idx);
				}
				// If we get here, we are copying a ref to a ref. Just push a
				// copy of all of the bytes.
				else bc_vec_npush(rv, v->len * sizeof(uchar), v->v);

				// Push the reference vector onto the array stack and pop the
				// source.
				bc_vec_push(vec, &r.d);
				bc_vec_pop(&p->results);

				// We need to return early to avoid executing code that we must
				// not touch.
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
				return;
			}
			// If we get here, we have a reference, but we need an array, so
			// dereference the array.
			else if (ref_size && t != BC_TYPE_REF)
			{
				v = bc_program_dereference(p, v);
			}
		}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// If we get here, we need to copy the array because in bc, all
		// arguments are passed by value. Yes, this is expensive.
		bc_array_init(rv, true);
		bc_array_copy(rv, v);
	}

	// Push the vector onto the array stack and pop the source.
	bc_vec_push(vec, &r.d);
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}

void
bc_program_assignBuiltin(BcProgram* p, bool scale, bool obase, BcBigDig val)
{
	BcBigDig* ptr_t;
	BcBigDig max, min;
#if BC_ENABLED
	BcVec* v;
	BcBigDig* ptr;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	assert(!scale || !obase);

	// Scale needs handling separate from ibase and obase.
	if (scale)
	{
		// Set the min and max.
		min = 0;
		max = vm->maxes[BC_PROG_GLOBALS_SCALE];

#if BC_ENABLED
		// Get a pointer to the stack.
		v = p->globals_v + BC_PROG_GLOBALS_SCALE;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// Get a pointer to the current value.
		ptr_t = p->globals + BC_PROG_GLOBALS_SCALE;
	}
	else
	{
		// Set the min and max.
		min = BC_NUM_MIN_BASE;
		if (BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH && obase && (BC_IS_DC || !BC_IS_POSIX))
		{
			min = 0;
		}
		max = vm->maxes[obase + BC_PROG_GLOBALS_IBASE];

#if BC_ENABLED
		// Get a pointer to the stack.
		v = p->globals_v + BC_PROG_GLOBALS_IBASE + obase;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// Get a pointer to the current value.
		ptr_t = p->globals + BC_PROG_GLOBALS_IBASE + obase;
	}

	// Check for error.
	if (BC_ERR(val > max || val < min))
	{
		BcErr e;

		// This grabs the right error.
		if (scale) e = BC_ERR_EXEC_SCALE;
		else if (obase) e = BC_ERR_EXEC_OBASE;
		else e = BC_ERR_EXEC_IBASE;

		bc_verr(e, min, max);
	}

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Set the top of the stack.
	ptr = bc_vec_top(v);
	*ptr = val;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	// Set the actual global variable.
	*ptr_t = val;
}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
void
bc_program_assignSeed(BcProgram* p, BcNum* val)
{
	bc_num_rng(val, &p->rng);
}
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Executes an assignment operator.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The assignment operator to execute.
 */
static void
bc_program_assign(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	// The local use_val is true when the assigned value needs to be copied.
	BcResult* left;
	BcResult* right;
	BcResult res;
	BcNum* l;
	BcNum* r;
	bool ob, sc, use_val = BC_INST_USE_VAL(inst);

	bc_program_assignPrep(p, &left, &l, &right, &r);

	// Assigning to a string should be impossible simply because of the parse.
	assert(left->t != BC_RESULT_STR);

	// If we are assigning a string...
	if (right->t == BC_RESULT_STR)
	{
		assert(BC_PROG_STR(r));

#if BC_ENABLED
		if (inst != BC_INST_ASSIGN && inst != BC_INST_ASSIGN_NO_VAL)
		{
			bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);
		}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// If we are assigning to an array element...
		if (left->t == BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM)
		{
			BC_SIG_LOCK;

			// We need to free the number and clear it.
			bc_num_free(l);

			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(l, r, sizeof(BcNum));

			// Now we can pop the results.
			bc_vec_npop(&p->results, 2);

			BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
		}
		else
		{
			// If we get here, we are assigning to a variable, which we can use
			// bc_program_assignStr() for.
			BcVec* v = bc_program_vec(p, left->d.loc.loc, BC_TYPE_VAR);
			bc_program_assignStr(p, r, v, false);
		}

#if BC_ENABLED

		// If this is true, the value is going to be used again, so we want to
		// push a temporary with the string.
		if (inst == BC_INST_ASSIGN)
		{
			res.t = BC_RESULT_STR;
			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(&res.d.n, r, sizeof(BcNum));
			bc_vec_push(&p->results, &res);
		}

#endif // BC_ENABLED

		// By using bc_program_assignStr(), we short-circuited this, so return.
		return;
	}

	// If we have a normal assignment operator, not a math one...
	if (BC_INST_IS_ASSIGN(inst))
	{
		// Assigning to a variable that has a string here is fine because there
		// is no math done on it.

		// BC_RESULT_TEMP, BC_RESULT_IBASE, BC_RESULT_OBASE, BC_RESULT_SCALE,
		// and BC_RESULT_SEED all have temporary copies. Because that's the
		// case, we can free the left and just move the value over. We set the
		// type of right to BC_RESULT_ZERO in order to prevent it from being
		// freed. We also don't have to worry about BC_RESULT_STR because it's
		// take care of above.
		if (right->t == BC_RESULT_TEMP || right->t >= BC_RESULT_IBASE)
		{
			BC_SIG_LOCK;

			bc_num_free(l);
			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(l, r, sizeof(BcNum));
			right->t = BC_RESULT_ZERO;

			BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
		}
		// Copy over.
		else bc_num_copy(l, r);
	}
#if BC_ENABLED
	else
	{
		// If we get here, we are doing a math assignment (+=, -=, etc.). So
		// we need to prepare for a binary operator.
		BcBigDig scale = BC_PROG_SCALE(p);

		// At this point, the left side could still be a string because it could
		// be a variable that has the string. If that's the case, we have a type
		// error.
		if (BC_PROG_STR(l)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);

		// Get the right type of assignment operator, whether val is used or
		// NO_VAL for performance.
		if (!use_val)
		{
			inst -= (BC_INST_ASSIGN_POWER_NO_VAL - BC_INST_ASSIGN_POWER);
		}

		assert(BC_NUM_RDX_VALID(l));
		assert(BC_NUM_RDX_VALID(r));

		// Run the actual operation. We do not need worry about reallocating l
		// because bc_num_binary() does that behind the scenes for us.
		bc_program_ops[inst - BC_INST_ASSIGN_POWER](l, r, l, scale);
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	ob = (left->t == BC_RESULT_OBASE);
	sc = (left->t == BC_RESULT_SCALE);

	// The globals need special handling, especially the non-seed ones. The
	// first part of the if statement handles them.
	if (ob || sc || left->t == BC_RESULT_IBASE)
	{
		// Get the actual value.
		BcBigDig val = bc_num_bigdig(l);

		bc_program_assignBuiltin(p, sc, ob, val);
	}
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	// To assign to steed, let bc_num_rng() do its magic.
	else if (left->t == BC_RESULT_SEED) bc_program_assignSeed(p, l);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// If we needed to use the value, then we need to copy it. Otherwise, we can
	// pop indiscriminately. Oh, and the copy should be a BC_RESULT_TEMP.
	if (use_val)
	{
		bc_num_createCopy(&res.d.n, l);
		res.t = BC_RESULT_TEMP;
		bc_vec_npop(&p->results, 2);
		bc_vec_push(&p->results, &res);
	}
	else bc_vec_npop(&p->results, 2);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}

/**
 * Pushes a variable's value onto the results stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector to pull the variable's index out of.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the start of the index in the bytecode
 *              vector, and will be updated to point after the index on return.
 * @param pop   True if the variable's value should be popped off its stack.
 *              This is only used in dc.
 * @param copy  True if the variable's value should be copied to the results
 *              stack. This is only used in dc.
 */
static void
bc_program_pushVar(BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                   size_t* restrict bgn, bool pop, bool copy)
{
	BcResult r;
	size_t idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
	BcVec* v;

	// Set the result appropriately.
	r.t = BC_RESULT_VAR;
	r.d.loc.loc = idx;

	// Get the stack for the variable. This is used in both bc and dc.
	v = bc_program_vec(p, idx, BC_TYPE_VAR);
	r.d.loc.stack_idx = v->len - 1;

#if DC_ENABLED
	// If this condition is true, then we have the hard case, where we have to
	// adjust dc registers.
	if (BC_IS_DC && (pop || copy))
	{
		// Get the number at the top at the top of the stack.
		BcNum* num = bc_vec_top(v);

		// Ensure there are enough elements on the stack.
		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(v, 2 - copy)))
		{
			const char* name = bc_map_name(&p->var_map, idx);
			bc_verr(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK_REGISTER, name);
		}

		assert(BC_PROG_STACK(v, 2 - copy));

		// If the top of the stack is actually a number...
		if (!BC_PROG_STR(num))
		{
			BC_SIG_LOCK;

			// Create a copy to go onto the results stack as appropriate.
			r.t = BC_RESULT_TEMP;
			bc_num_createCopy(&r.d.n, num);

			// If we are not actually copying, we need to do a replace, so pop.
			if (!copy) bc_vec_pop(v);

			bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);

			BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

			return;
		}
		else
		{
			// Set the string result. We can just memcpy because all of the
			// fields in the num should be cleared.
			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(&r.d.n, num, sizeof(BcNum));
			r.t = BC_RESULT_STR;
		}

		// If we are not actually copying, we need to do a replace, so pop.
		if (!copy) bc_vec_pop(v);
	}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);
}

/**
 * Pushes an array or an array element onto the results stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector to pull the variable's index out of.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the start of the index in the bytecode
 *              vector, and will be updated to point after the index on return.
 * @param inst  The instruction; whether to push an array or an array element.
 */
static void
bc_program_pushArray(BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                     size_t* restrict bgn, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult r;
	BcResult* operand;
	BcNum* num;
	BcBigDig temp;
	BcVec* v;

	// Get the index of the array.
	r.d.loc.loc = bc_program_index(code, bgn);

	// We need the array to get its length.
	v = bc_program_vec(p, r.d.loc.loc, BC_TYPE_ARRAY);
	assert(v != NULL);

	r.d.loc.stack_idx = v->len - 1;

	// Doing an array is easy; just set the result type and finish.
	if (inst == BC_INST_ARRAY)
	{
		r.t = BC_RESULT_ARRAY;
		bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);
		return;
	}

	// Grab the top element of the results stack for the array index.
	bc_program_prep(p, &operand, &num, 0);
	temp = bc_num_bigdig(num);

	// Set the result.
	r.t = BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM;
	r.d.loc.idx = (size_t) temp;

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Pop the index and push the element.
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}

#if BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Executes an increment or decrement operator. This only handles postfix
 * inc/dec because the parser translates prefix inc/dec into an assignment where
 * the value is used.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The instruction; whether to do an increment or decrement.
 */
static void
bc_program_incdec(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult *ptr, res, copy;
	BcNum* num;
	uchar inst2;

	bc_program_prep(p, &ptr, &num, 0);

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// We need a copy from *before* the operation.
	copy.t = BC_RESULT_TEMP;
	bc_num_createCopy(&copy.d.n, num);

	BC_SETJMP_LOCKED(vm, exit);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// Create the proper assignment.
	res.t = BC_RESULT_ONE;
	inst2 = BC_INST_ASSIGN_PLUS_NO_VAL + (inst & 0x01);

	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &res);
	bc_program_assign(p, inst2);

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &copy);

	BC_UNSETJMP(vm);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// No need to free the copy here because we pushed it onto the stack.
	return;

exit:
	BC_SIG_MAYLOCK;
	bc_num_free(&copy.d.n);
	BC_LONGJMP_CONT(vm);
}

/**
 * Executes a function call for bc.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector to pull the number of arguments and the
 *              function index out of.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the start of the indices in the bytecode
 *              vector, and will be updated to point after the indices on
 *              return.
 */
static void
bc_program_call(BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code, size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	BcInstPtr ip;
	size_t i, nargs;
	BcFunc* f;
	BcVec* v;
	BcAuto* a;
	BcResult* arg;

	// Pull the number of arguments out of the bytecode vector.
	nargs = bc_program_index(code, bgn);

	// Set up instruction pointer.
	ip.idx = 0;
	ip.func = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip.func);

	// Error checking.
	if (BC_ERR(!f->code.len)) bc_verr(BC_ERR_EXEC_UNDEF_FUNC, f->name);
	if (BC_ERR(nargs != f->nparams))
	{
		bc_verr(BC_ERR_EXEC_PARAMS, f->nparams, nargs);
	}

	// Set the length of the results stack. We discount the argument, of course.
	ip.len = p->results.len - nargs;

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, nargs));

	// Prepare the globals' stacks.
	if (BC_G) bc_program_prepGlobals(p);

	// Push the arguments onto the stacks of their respective parameters.
	for (i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
	{
		arg = bc_vec_top(&p->results);
		if (BC_ERR(arg->t == BC_RESULT_VOID)) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_VOID_VAL);

		// Get the corresponding parameter.
		a = bc_vec_item(&f->autos, nargs - 1 - i);

		// Actually push the value onto the parameter's stack.
		bc_program_copyToVar(p, a->idx, a->type);
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Push zeroes onto the stacks of the auto variables.
	for (; i < f->autos.len; ++i)
	{
		// Get the auto and its stack.
		a = bc_vec_item(&f->autos, i);
		v = bc_program_vec(p, a->idx, a->type);

		// If a variable, just push a 0; otherwise, push an array.
		if (a->type == BC_TYPE_VAR)
		{
			BcNum* n = bc_vec_pushEmpty(v);
			bc_num_init(n, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);
		}
		else
		{
			BcVec* v2;

			assert(a->type == BC_TYPE_ARRAY);

			v2 = bc_vec_pushEmpty(v);
			bc_array_init(v2, true);
		}
	}

	// Push the instruction pointer onto the execution stack.
	bc_vec_push(&p->stack, &ip);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}

/**
 * Executes a return instruction.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The return instruction. bc can return void, and we need to know
 *              if it is.
 */
static void
bc_program_return(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* res;
	BcFunc* f;
	BcInstPtr* ip;
	size_t i, nresults;

	// Get the instruction pointer.
	ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);

	// Get the difference between the actual number of results and the number of
	// results the caller expects.
	nresults = p->results.len - ip->len;

	// If this isn't true, there was a missing call somewhere.
	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->stack, 2));

	// If this isn't true, the parser screwed by giving us no value when we
	// expected one, or giving us a value when we expected none.
	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, ip->len + (inst == BC_INST_RET)));

	// Get the function we are returning from.
	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	// If we are returning normally...
	if (inst == BC_INST_RET)
	{
		BcNum* num;
		BcResult* operand;

		// Prepare and copy the return value.
		bc_program_operand(p, &operand, &num, 1);

		if (BC_PROG_STR(num))
		{
			// We need to set this because otherwise, it will be a
			// BC_RESULT_TEMP, and BC_RESULT_TEMP needs an actual number to make
			// it easier to do type checking.
			res->t = BC_RESULT_STR;

			// NOLINTNEXTLINE
			memcpy(&res->d.n, num, sizeof(BcNum));
		}
		else
		{
			BC_SIG_LOCK;

			bc_num_createCopy(&res->d.n, num);
		}
	}
	// Void is easy; set the result.
	else if (inst == BC_INST_RET_VOID) res->t = BC_RESULT_VOID;
	else
	{
		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		// If we get here, the instruction is for returning a zero, so do that.
		bc_num_init(&res->d.n, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);
	}

	BC_SIG_MAYUNLOCK;

	// We need to pop items off of the stacks of arguments and autos as well.
	for (i = 0; i < f->autos.len; ++i)
	{
		BcAuto* a = bc_vec_item(&f->autos, i);
		BcVec* v = bc_program_vec(p, a->idx, a->type);

		bc_vec_pop(v);
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// When we retire, pop all of the unused results.
	bc_program_retire(p, nresults);

	// Pop the globals, if necessary.
	if (BC_G) bc_program_popGlobals(p, false);

	// Pop the stack. This is what causes the function to actually "return."
	bc_vec_pop(&p->stack);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

/**
 * Executes a builtin function.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The builtin to execute.
 */
static void
bc_program_builtin(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* opd;
	BcResult* res;
	BcNum* num;
	bool len = (inst == BC_INST_LENGTH);

	// Ensure we have a valid builtin.
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	assert(inst >= BC_INST_LENGTH && inst <= BC_INST_IRAND);
#else // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	assert(inst >= BC_INST_LENGTH && inst <= BC_INST_IS_STRING);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

#ifndef BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK
	// Check stack for dc.
	if (BC_IS_DC && BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1)))
	{
		bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
	}
#endif // BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	bc_program_operand(p, &opd, &num, 1);

	assert(num != NULL);

	// We need to ensure that strings and arrays aren't passed to most builtins.
	// The scale function can take strings in dc.
	if (!len && (inst != BC_INST_SCALE_FUNC || BC_IS_BC) &&
	    inst != BC_INST_IS_NUMBER && inst != BC_INST_IS_STRING)
	{
		bc_program_type_num(opd, num);
	}

	// Square root is easy.
	if (inst == BC_INST_SQRT) bc_num_sqrt(num, &res->d.n, BC_PROG_SCALE(p));

	// Absolute value is easy.
	else if (inst == BC_INST_ABS)
	{
		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		bc_num_createCopy(&res->d.n, num);

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

		BC_NUM_NEG_CLR_NP(res->d.n);
	}

	// Testing for number or string is easy.
	else if (inst == BC_INST_IS_NUMBER || inst == BC_INST_IS_STRING)
	{
		bool cond;
		bool is_str;

		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		bc_num_init(&res->d.n, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

		// Test if the number is a string.
		is_str = BC_PROG_STR(num);

		// This confusing condition simply means that the instruction must be
		// true if is_str is, or it must be false if is_str is. Otherwise, the
		// returned value is false (0).
		cond = ((inst == BC_INST_IS_STRING) == is_str);
		if (cond) bc_num_one(&res->d.n);
	}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

	// irand() is easy.
	else if (inst == BC_INST_IRAND)
	{
		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		bc_num_init(&res->d.n, num->len - BC_NUM_RDX_VAL(num));

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

		bc_num_irand(num, &res->d.n, &p->rng);
	}

#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

	// Everything else is...not easy.
	else
	{
		BcBigDig val = 0;

		// Well, scale() is easy, but length() is not.
		if (len)
		{
			// If we are bc and we have an array...
			if (opd->t == BC_RESULT_ARRAY)
			{
				// Yes, this is one place where we need to cast the number from
				// bc_program_num() to a vector.
				BcVec* v = (BcVec*) num;

				// XXX: If this is changed, you should also change the similar
				// code in bc_program_asciify().

#if BC_ENABLED
				// Dereference the array, if necessary.
				if (BC_IS_BC && v->size == sizeof(uchar))
				{
					v = bc_program_dereference(p, v);
				}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

				assert(v->size == sizeof(BcNum));

				val = (BcBigDig) v->len;
			}
			else
			{
				// If the item is a string...
				if (!BC_PROG_NUM(opd, num))
				{
					char* str;

					// Get the string, then get the length.
					str = bc_program_string(p, num);
					val = (BcBigDig) strlen(str);
				}
				else
				{
					// Calculate the length of the number.
					val = (BcBigDig) bc_num_len(num);
				}
			}
		}
		// Like I said; scale() is actually easy. It just also needs the integer
		// conversion that length() does.
		else if (BC_IS_BC || BC_PROG_NUM(opd, num))
		{
			val = (BcBigDig) bc_num_scale(num);
		}

		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		// Create the result.
		bc_num_createFromBigdig(&res->d.n, val);

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}

	bc_program_retire(p, 1);
}

/**
 * Executes a divmod.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_divmod(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult* opd1;
	BcResult* opd2;
	BcResult* res;
	BcResult* res2;
	BcNum* n1;
	BcNum* n2;
	size_t req;

	// We grow first to avoid pointer invalidation.
	bc_vec_grow(&p->results, 2);

	// We don't need to update the pointer because
	// the capacity is enough due to the line above.
	res2 = bc_program_prepResult(p);
	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);
	assert(p->nresults == 2);

	// Prepare the operands.
	bc_program_binOpPrep(p, &opd1, &n1, &opd2, &n2, 2);

	req = bc_num_mulReq(n1, n2, BC_PROG_SCALE(p));

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Initialize the results.
	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, req);
	bc_num_init(&res2->d.n, req);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	// Execute.
	bc_num_divmod(n1, n2, &res2->d.n, &res->d.n, BC_PROG_SCALE(p));

	bc_program_retire(p, 2);
}

/**
 * Executes modular exponentiation.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_modexp(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult* r1;
	BcResult* r2;
	BcResult* r3;
	BcResult* res;
	BcNum* n1;
	BcNum* n2;
	BcNum* n3;

#if DC_ENABLED

	// Check the stack.
	if (BC_IS_DC && BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 3)))
	{
		bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
	}

#endif // DC_ENABLED

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 3));

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	// Get the first operand and typecheck.
	bc_program_operand(p, &r1, &n1, 3);
	bc_program_type_num(r1, n1);

	// Get the last two operands.
	bc_program_binOpPrep(p, &r2, &n2, &r3, &n3, 1);

	// Make sure that the values have their pointers updated, if necessary.
	// Only array elements are possible because this is dc.
	if (r1->t == BC_RESULT_ARRAY_ELEM && (r1->t == r2->t || r1->t == r3->t))
	{
		n1 = bc_program_num(p, r1);
	}

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, n3->len);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	bc_num_modexp(n1, n2, n3, &res->d.n);

	bc_program_retire(p, 3);
}

/**
 * Asciifies a number for dc. This is a helper for bc_program_asciify().
 * @param p  The program.
 * @param n  The number to asciify.
 */
static uchar
bc_program_asciifyNum(BcProgram* p, BcNum* n)
{
	bc_num_copy(&p->asciify, n);

	// We want to clear the scale and sign for easy mod later.
	bc_num_truncate(&p->asciify, p->asciify.scale);
	BC_NUM_NEG_CLR(&p->asciify);

	// This is guaranteed to not have a divide by 0
	// because strmb is equal to 256.
	bc_num_mod(&p->asciify, &p->strmb, &p->asciify, 0);

	// This is also guaranteed to not error because num is in the range
	// [0, UCHAR_MAX], which is definitely in range for a BcBigDig. And
	// it is not negative.
	return (uchar) bc_num_bigdig2(&p->asciify);
}

/**
 * Executes the "asciify" command in bc and dc.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_asciify(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult *r, res;
	BcNum* n;
	uchar c;
	size_t idx;
#if BC_ENABLED
	// This is in the outer scope because it has to be freed after a jump.
	char* temp_str;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	// Check the stack.
	if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

	// Get the top of the results stack.
	bc_program_operand(p, &r, &n, 0);

	assert(n != NULL);
	assert(BC_IS_BC || r->t != BC_RESULT_ARRAY);

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Handle arrays in bc specially.
	if (r->t == BC_RESULT_ARRAY)
	{
		// Yes, this is one place where we need to cast the number from
		// bc_program_num() to a vector.
		BcVec* v = (BcVec*) n;
		size_t i;

		// XXX: If this is changed, you should also change the similar code in
		// bc_program_builtin().

		// Dereference the array, if necessary.
		if (v->size == sizeof(uchar))
		{
			v = bc_program_dereference(p, v);
		}

		assert(v->size == sizeof(BcNum));

		// Allocate the string and set the jump for it.
		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		temp_str = bc_vm_malloc(v->len + 1);
		BC_SETJMP_LOCKED(vm, exit);
		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

		// Convert the array.
		for (i = 0; i < v->len; ++i)
		{
			BcNum* num = (BcNum*) bc_vec_item(v, i);

			if (BC_PROG_STR(num))
			{
				temp_str[i] = (bc_program_string(p, num))[0];
			}
			else
			{
				temp_str[i] = (char) bc_program_asciifyNum(p, num);
			}
		}

		temp_str[v->len] = '\0';

		// Store the string in the slab and map, and free the temp string.
		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		idx = bc_program_addString(p, temp_str);
		free(temp_str);
		BC_UNSETJMP(vm);
		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}
	else
#endif // BC_ENABLED
	{
		char str[2];
		char* str2;

		// Asciify.
		if (BC_PROG_NUM(r, n)) c = bc_program_asciifyNum(p, n);
		else
		{
			// Get the string itself, then the first character.
			str2 = bc_program_string(p, n);
			c = (uchar) str2[0];
		}

		// Fill the resulting string.
		str[0] = (char) c;
		str[1] = '\0';

		// Add the string to the data structures.
		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		idx = bc_program_addString(p, str);
		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}

	// Set the result
	res.t = BC_RESULT_STR;
	bc_num_clear(&res.d.n);
	res.d.n.scale = idx;

	// Pop and push.
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
	bc_vec_push(&p->results, &res);

	return;

#if BC_ENABLED
exit:
	free(temp_str);
#endif // BC_ENABLED
}

/**
 * Streams a number or a string to stdout.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_printStream(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult* r;
	BcNum* n;

	// Check the stack.
	if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

	// Get the top of the results stack.
	bc_program_operand(p, &r, &n, 0);

	assert(n != NULL);

	// Stream appropriately.
	if (BC_PROG_NUM(r, n)) bc_num_stream(n);
	else bc_program_printChars(bc_program_string(p, n));

	// Pop the operand.
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
}

#if DC_ENABLED

/**
 * Gets the length of a register in dc and pushes it onto the results stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector to pull the register's index out of.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the start of the index in the bytecode
 *              vector, and will be updated to point after the index on return.
 */
static void
bc_program_regStackLen(BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                       size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	size_t idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
	BcVec* v = bc_program_vec(p, idx, BC_TYPE_VAR);

	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, (BcBigDig) v->len, BC_RESULT_TEMP);
}

/**
 * Pushes the length of the results stack onto the results stack.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_stackLen(BcProgram* p)
{
	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, (BcBigDig) p->results.len, BC_RESULT_TEMP);
}

/**
 * Pops a certain number of elements off the execution stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  The instruction to tell us how many. There is one to pop up to
 *              2, and one to pop the amount equal to the number at the top of
 *              the results stack.
 */
static void
bc_program_nquit(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResult* opnd;
	BcNum* num;
	BcBigDig val;
	size_t i;

	// Ensure that the tail calls stack is correct.
	assert(p->stack.len == p->tail_calls.len);

	// Get the number of executions to pop.
	if (inst == BC_INST_QUIT) val = 2;
	else
	{
		bc_program_prep(p, &opnd, &num, 0);
		val = bc_num_bigdig(num);

		bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
	}

	// Loop over the tail call stack and adjust the quit value appropriately.
	for (i = 0; val && i < p->tail_calls.len; ++i)
	{
		// Get the number of tail calls for this one.
		size_t calls = *((size_t*) bc_vec_item_rev(&p->tail_calls, i)) + 1;

		// Adjust the value.
		if (calls >= val) val = 0;
		else val -= (BcBigDig) calls;
	}

	// If we don't have enough executions, just quit.
	if (i == p->stack.len)
	{
		vm->status = BC_STATUS_QUIT;
		BC_JMP;
	}
	else
	{
		// We can always pop the last item we reached on the tail call stack
		// because these are for tail calls. That means that any executions that
		// we would not have quit in that position on the stack would have quit
		// anyway.
		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		bc_vec_npop(&p->stack, i);
		bc_vec_npop(&p->tail_calls, i);
		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}
}

/**
 * Pushes the depth of the execution stack onto the stack.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_execStackLen(BcProgram* p)
{
	size_t i, amt, len = p->tail_calls.len;

	amt = len;

	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
	{
		amt += *((size_t*) bc_vec_item(&p->tail_calls, i));
	}

	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, (BcBigDig) amt, BC_RESULT_TEMP);
}

/**
 *
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param code  The bytecode vector to pull the register's index out of.
 * @param bgn   An in/out parameter; the start of the index in the bytecode
 *              vector, and will be updated to point after the index on return.
 * @param cond  True if the execution is conditional, false otherwise.
 * @param len   The number of bytes in the bytecode vector.
 */
static void
bc_program_execStr(BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                   size_t* restrict bgn, bool cond, size_t len)
{
	BcResult* r;
	char* str;
	BcFunc* f;
	BcInstPtr ip;
	size_t fidx;
	BcNum* n;

	assert(p->stack.len == p->tail_calls.len);

	// Check the stack.
	if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);

	assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

	// Get the operand.
	bc_program_operand(p, &r, &n, 0);

	// If execution is conditional...
	if (cond)
	{
		bool exec;
		size_t then_idx;
		// These are volatile to quiet warnings on GCC about clobbering with
		// longjmp().
		volatile size_t else_idx;
		volatile size_t idx;

		// Get the index of the "then" var and "else" var.
		then_idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
		else_idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);

		// Figure out if we should execute.
		exec = (r->d.n.len != 0);

		idx = exec ? then_idx : else_idx;

		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		BC_SETJMP_LOCKED(vm, exit);

		// If we are supposed to execute, execute. If else_idx == SIZE_MAX, that
		// means there was no else clause, so if execute is false and else does
		// not exist, we don't execute. The goto skips all of the setup for the
		// execution.
		if (exec || (else_idx != SIZE_MAX))
		{
			n = bc_vec_top(bc_program_vec(p, idx, BC_TYPE_VAR));
		}
		else goto exit;

		if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STR(n))) bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_TYPE);

		BC_UNSETJMP(vm);
		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}
	else
	{
		// In non-conditional situations, only the top of stack can be executed,
		// and in those cases, variables are not allowed to be "on the stack";
		// they are only put on the stack to be assigned to.
		assert(r->t != BC_RESULT_VAR);

		if (r->t != BC_RESULT_STR) return;
	}

	assert(BC_PROG_STR(n));

	// Get the string.
	str = bc_program_string(p, n);

	// Get the function index and function.
	BC_SIG_LOCK;
	fidx = bc_program_insertFunc(p, str);
	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, fidx);

	// If the function has not been parsed yet...
	if (!f->code.len)
	{
		BC_SIG_LOCK;

		if (!BC_PARSE_IS_INITED(&vm->read_prs, p))
		{
			bc_parse_init(&vm->read_prs, p, fidx);

			// Initialize this too because bc_vm_shutdown() expects them to be
			// initialized togther.
			bc_vec_init(&vm->read_buf, sizeof(char), BC_DTOR_NONE);
		}
		// This needs to be updated because the parser could have been used
		// somewhere else
		else bc_parse_updateFunc(&vm->read_prs, fidx);

		bc_lex_file(&vm->read_prs.l, vm->file);

		BC_SETJMP_LOCKED(vm, err);

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

		// Parse. Only one expression is needed, so stdin isn't used.
		bc_parse_text(&vm->read_prs, str, BC_MODE_FILE);

		BC_SIG_LOCK;
		vm->expr(&vm->read_prs, BC_PARSE_NOCALL);

		BC_UNSETJMP(vm);

		// We can just assert this here because
		// dc should parse everything until EOF.
		assert(vm->read_prs.l.t == BC_LEX_EOF);

		BC_SIG_UNLOCK;
	}

	// Set the instruction pointer.
	ip.idx = 0;
	ip.len = p->results.len;
	ip.func = fidx;

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// Pop the operand.
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);

	// Tail call processing. This condition means that there is more on the
	// execution stack, and we are at the end of the bytecode vector, and the
	// last instruction is just a BC_INST_POP_EXEC, which would return.
	if (p->stack.len > 1 && *bgn == len - 1 && code[*bgn] == BC_INST_POP_EXEC)
	{
		size_t* call_ptr = bc_vec_top(&p->tail_calls);

		// Add one to the tail call.
		*call_ptr += 1;

		// Pop the execution stack before pushing the new instruction pointer
		// on.
		bc_vec_pop(&p->stack);
	}
	// If not a tail call, just push a new one.
	else bc_vec_push(&p->tail_calls, &ip.idx);

	// Push the new function onto the execution stack and return.
	bc_vec_push(&p->stack, &ip);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	return;

err:
	BC_SIG_MAYLOCK;

	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, fidx);

	// Make sure to erase the bytecode vector so dc knows it is not parsed.
	bc_vec_popAll(&f->code);

exit:
	bc_vec_pop(&p->results);
	BC_LONGJMP_CONT(vm);
}

/**
 * Prints every item on the results stack, one per line.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_printStack(BcProgram* p)
{
	size_t idx;

	for (idx = 0; idx < p->results.len; ++idx)
	{
		bc_program_print(p, BC_INST_PRINT, idx);
	}
}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

/**
 * Pushes the value of a global onto the results stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  Which global to push, as an instruction.
 */
static void
bc_program_pushGlobal(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcResultType t;

	// Make sure the instruction is valid.
	assert(inst >= BC_INST_IBASE && inst <= BC_INST_SCALE);

	// Push the global.
	t = inst - BC_INST_IBASE + BC_RESULT_IBASE;
	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, p->globals[inst - BC_INST_IBASE], t);
}

/**
 * Pushes the value of a global setting onto the stack.
 * @param p     The program.
 * @param inst  Which global setting to push, as an instruction.
 */
static void
bc_program_globalSetting(BcProgram* p, uchar inst)
{
	BcBigDig val;

	// Make sure the instruction is valid.
#if DC_ENABLED
	assert((inst >= BC_INST_LINE_LENGTH && inst <= BC_INST_LEADING_ZERO) ||
	       (BC_IS_DC && inst == BC_INST_EXTENDED_REGISTERS));
#else // DC_ENABLED
	assert(inst >= BC_INST_LINE_LENGTH && inst <= BC_INST_LEADING_ZERO);
#endif // DC_ENABLED

	if (inst == BC_INST_LINE_LENGTH)
	{
		val = (BcBigDig) vm->line_len;
	}
#if BC_ENABLED
	else if (inst == BC_INST_GLOBAL_STACKS)
	{
		val = (BC_G != 0);
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED
#if DC_ENABLED
	else if (inst == BC_INST_EXTENDED_REGISTERS)
	{
		val = (DC_X != 0);
	}
#endif // DC_ENABLED
	else val = (BC_Z != 0);

	// Push the global.
	bc_program_pushBigdig(p, val, BC_RESULT_TEMP);
}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Pushes the value of seed on the stack.
 * @param p  The program.
 */
static void
bc_program_pushSeed(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcResult* res;

	res = bc_program_prepResult(p);

	assert(p->nresults == 1);

	res->t = BC_RESULT_SEED;

	BC_SIG_LOCK;

	// We need 2*BC_RAND_NUM_SIZE because of the size of the state.
	bc_num_init(&res->d.n, 2 * BC_RAND_NUM_SIZE);

	BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

	bc_num_createFromRNG(&res->d.n, &p->rng);

	// XXX: Clear the number of results.
	p->nresults = 0;
}

#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

/**
 * Adds a function to the fns array. The function's ID must have already been
 * inserted into the map.
 * @param p       The program.
 * @param id_ptr  The ID of the function as inserted into the map.
 */
static void
bc_program_addFunc(BcProgram* p, BcId* id_ptr)
{
	BcFunc* f;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	// Push and init.
	f = bc_vec_pushEmpty(&p->fns);
	bc_func_init(f, id_ptr->name);
}

size_t
bc_program_insertFunc(BcProgram* p, const char* name)
{
	BcId* id_ptr;
	bool new;
	size_t idx;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	assert(p != NULL && name != NULL);

	// Insert into the map and get the resulting ID.
	new = bc_map_insert(&p->fn_map, name, p->fns.len, &idx);
	id_ptr = (BcId*) bc_vec_item(&p->fn_map, idx);
	idx = id_ptr->idx;

	// If the function is new...
	if (new)
	{
		// Add the function to the fns array.
		bc_program_addFunc(p, id_ptr);
	}
#if BC_ENABLED
	// bc has to reset the function because it's about to be redefined.
	else if (BC_IS_BC)
	{
		BcFunc* func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, idx);
		bc_func_reset(func);
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	return idx;
}

#if BC_DEBUG || BC_ENABLE_MEMCHECK
void
bc_program_free(BcProgram* p)
{
#if BC_ENABLED
	size_t i;
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	assert(p != NULL);

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Free the globals stacks.
	for (i = 0; i < BC_PROG_GLOBALS_LEN; ++i)
	{
		bc_vec_free(p->globals_v + i);
	}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	bc_vec_free(&p->fns);
	bc_vec_free(&p->fn_map);
	bc_vec_free(&p->vars);
	bc_vec_free(&p->var_map);
	bc_vec_free(&p->arrs);
	bc_vec_free(&p->arr_map);
	bc_vec_free(&p->results);
	bc_vec_free(&p->stack);
	bc_vec_free(&p->consts);
	bc_vec_free(&p->const_map);
	bc_vec_free(&p->strs);
	bc_vec_free(&p->str_map);

	bc_num_free(&p->asciify);

#if BC_ENABLED
	if (BC_IS_BC) bc_num_free(&p->last);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	bc_rand_free(&p->rng);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

#if DC_ENABLED
	if (BC_IS_DC) bc_vec_free(&p->tail_calls);
#endif // DC_ENABLED
}
#endif // BC_DEBUG || BC_ENABLE_MEMCHECK

void
bc_program_init(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcInstPtr ip;
	size_t i;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	assert(p != NULL);

	// We want this clear.
	// NOLINTNEXTLINE
	memset(&ip, 0, sizeof(BcInstPtr));

	// Setup the globals stacks and the current values.
	for (i = 0; i < BC_PROG_GLOBALS_LEN; ++i)
	{
		BcBigDig val = i == BC_PROG_GLOBALS_SCALE ? 0 : BC_BASE;

#if BC_ENABLED
		bc_vec_init(p->globals_v + i, sizeof(BcBigDig), BC_DTOR_NONE);
		bc_vec_push(p->globals_v + i, &val);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		p->globals[i] = val;
	}

#if DC_ENABLED
	// dc-only setup.
	if (BC_IS_DC)
	{
		bc_vec_init(&p->tail_calls, sizeof(size_t), BC_DTOR_NONE);

		// We want an item for the main function on the tail call stack.
		i = 0;
		bc_vec_push(&p->tail_calls, &i);
	}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

	bc_num_setup(&p->strmb, p->strmb_num, BC_NUM_BIGDIG_LOG10);
	bc_num_bigdig2num(&p->strmb, BC_NUM_STREAM_BASE);

	bc_num_init(&p->asciify, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
	// We need to initialize srand() just in case /dev/urandom and /dev/random
	// are not available.
	srand((unsigned int) time(NULL));
	bc_rand_init(&p->rng);
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

#if BC_ENABLED
	if (BC_IS_BC) bc_num_init(&p->last, BC_NUM_DEF_SIZE);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

#if BC_DEBUG
	bc_vec_init(&p->fns, sizeof(BcFunc), BC_DTOR_FUNC);
#else // BC_DEBUG
	bc_vec_init(&p->fns, sizeof(BcFunc), BC_DTOR_NONE);
#endif // BC_DEBUG
	bc_map_init(&p->fn_map);
	bc_program_insertFunc(p, bc_func_main);
	bc_program_insertFunc(p, bc_func_read);

	bc_vec_init(&p->vars, sizeof(BcVec), BC_DTOR_VEC);
	bc_map_init(&p->var_map);

	bc_vec_init(&p->arrs, sizeof(BcVec), BC_DTOR_VEC);
	bc_map_init(&p->arr_map);

	bc_vec_init(&p->results, sizeof(BcResult), BC_DTOR_RESULT);

	// Push the first instruction pointer onto the execution stack.
	bc_vec_init(&p->stack, sizeof(BcInstPtr), BC_DTOR_NONE);
	bc_vec_push(&p->stack, &ip);

	bc_vec_init(&p->consts, sizeof(BcConst), BC_DTOR_CONST);
	bc_map_init(&p->const_map);
	bc_vec_init(&p->strs, sizeof(char*), BC_DTOR_NONE);
	bc_map_init(&p->str_map);

	// XXX: Clear the number of results.
	p->nresults = 0;
}

void
bc_program_printStackTrace(BcProgram* p)
{
	size_t i, max_digits;

	max_digits = bc_vm_numDigits(p->stack.len - 1);

	for (i = 0; i < p->stack.len; ++i)
	{
		BcInstPtr* ip = bc_vec_item_rev(&p->stack, i);
		BcFunc* f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
		size_t j, digits;

		digits = bc_vm_numDigits(i);

		bc_file_puts(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none, "    ");

		for (j = 0; j < max_digits - digits; ++j)
		{
			bc_file_putchar(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none, ' ');
		}

		bc_file_printf(&vm->ferr, "%zu: %s", i, f->name);

#if BC_ENABLED
		if (BC_IS_BC && ip->func != BC_PROG_MAIN && ip->func != BC_PROG_READ)
		{
			bc_file_puts(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none, "()");
		}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

		bc_file_putchar(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none, '\n');
	}
}

void
bc_program_reset(BcProgram* p)
{
	BcFunc* f;
	BcInstPtr* ip;

	BC_SIG_ASSERT_LOCKED;

	// Pop all but the last execution.
	bc_vec_npop(&p->stack, p->stack.len - 1);

#if DC_ENABLED
	// We need to pop tail calls too.
	if (BC_IS_DC) bc_vec_npop(&p->tail_calls, p->tail_calls.len - 1);
#endif // DC_ENABLED

	// Clear the stack if we are in bc. We have to do this in bc because bc's
	// stack is implicit.
	//
	// XXX: We don't do this in dc because other dc implementations don't.
	// However, we *MUST* pop the items for results that are not retired yet.
	if (BC_IS_DC && BC_I) bc_vec_npop(&p->results, p->nresults);
	else bc_vec_popAll(&p->results);

	// Now clear how many results there are.
	p->nresults = 0;

#if BC_ENABLED
	// Clear the globals' stacks.
	if (BC_G) bc_program_popGlobals(p, true);
#endif // BC_ENABLED

	// Clear the bytecode vector of the main function.
	f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, BC_PROG_MAIN);
	bc_vec_npop(&f->code, f->code.len);

	// Reset the instruction pointer.
	ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
	// NOLINTNEXTLINE
	memset(ip, 0, sizeof(BcInstPtr));

	if (BC_SIG_INTERRUPT(vm))
	{
		// Write the ready message for a signal.
		bc_file_printf(&vm->fout, "%s", bc_program_ready_msg);
		bc_file_flush(&vm->fout, bc_flush_err);
	}

	// Clear the signal.
	vm->sig = 0;
}

void
bc_program_exec(BcProgram* p)
{
	size_t idx;
	BcResult r;
	BcResult* ptr;
	BcInstPtr* ip;
	BcFunc* func;
	char* code;
	bool cond = false;
	uchar inst;
#if BC_ENABLED
	BcNum* num;
#endif // BC_ENABLED
#if !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
#if BC_DEBUG
	size_t jmp_bufs_len;
#endif // BC_DEBUG
#endif // !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_GCC
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic"
#endif // BC_GCC

#if BC_CLANG
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-label-as-value"
#endif // BC_CLANG

	BC_PROG_LBLS;
	BC_PROG_LBLS_ASSERT;

#if BC_CLANG
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif // BC_CLANG

#if BC_GCC
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif // BC_GCC

	// BC_INST_INVALID is a marker for the end so that we don't have to have an
	// execution loop.
	func = (BcFunc*) bc_vec_item(&p->fns, BC_PROG_MAIN);
	bc_vec_pushByte(&func->code, BC_INST_INVALID);
#endif // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

	BC_SETJMP(vm, end);

	ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
	func = (BcFunc*) bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
	code = func->code.v;

#if !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_DEBUG
	jmp_bufs_len = vm->jmp_bufs.len;
#endif // BC_DEBUG

	// This loop is the heart of the execution engine. It *is* the engine. For
	// computed goto, it is ignored.
	while (ip->idx < func->code.len)
#endif // !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
	{
		BC_SIG_ASSERT_NOT_LOCKED;

#if BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_GCC
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic"
#endif // BC_GCC

#if BC_CLANG
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-label-as-value"
#endif // BC_CLANG

		BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);

#else // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

		// Get the next instruction and increment the index.
		inst = (uchar) code[(ip->idx)++];

#endif // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_DEBUG_CODE
		bc_file_printf(&vm->ferr, "inst: %s\n", bc_inst_names[inst]);
		bc_file_flush(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none);
#endif // BC_DEBUG_CODE

#if !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
		switch (inst)
#endif // !BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
		{
#if BC_ENABLED
			// This just sets up the condition for the unconditional jump below,
			// which checks the condition, if necessary.
			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_JUMP_ZERO):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_prep(p, &ptr, &num, 0);

				cond = !bc_num_cmpZero(num);
				bc_vec_pop(&p->results);

				BC_PROG_DIRECT_JUMP(BC_INST_JUMP)
			}
			// Fallthrough.
			BC_PROG_FALLTHROUGH

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_JUMP):
			// clang-format on
			{
				idx = bc_program_index(code, &ip->idx);

				// If a jump is required...
				if (inst == BC_INST_JUMP || cond)
				{
					// Get the address to jump to.
					size_t* addr = bc_vec_item(&func->labels, idx);

					// If this fails, then the parser failed to set up the
					// labels correctly.
					assert(*addr != SIZE_MAX);

					// Set the new address.
					ip->idx = *addr;
				}

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_CALL):
			// clang-format on
			{
				assert(BC_IS_BC);

				bc_program_call(p, code, &ip->idx);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_INC):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_DEC):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_incdec(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_HALT):
			// clang-format on
			{
				vm->status = BC_STATUS_QUIT;

				// Just jump out. The jump series will take care of everything.
				BC_JMP;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_RET):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_RET0):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_RET_VOID):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_return(p, inst);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}
#endif // BC_ENABLED

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_BOOL_OR):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_BOOL_AND):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_EQ):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_LE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_GE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_NE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_LT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REL_GT):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_logical(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_READ):
			// clang-format on
			{
				// We want to flush output before
				// this in case there is a prompt.
				bc_file_flush(&vm->fout, bc_flush_save);

				bc_program_read(p);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_RAND):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_rand(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MAXIBASE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MAXOBASE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MAXSCALE):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MAXRAND):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format on
			{
				BcBigDig dig = vm->maxes[inst - BC_INST_MAXIBASE];
				bc_program_pushBigdig(p, dig, BC_RESULT_TEMP);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LINE_LENGTH):
#if BC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_GLOBAL_STACKS):
#endif // BC_ENABLED
#if DC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_EXTENDED_REGISTERS):
#endif // DC_ENABLE
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LEADING_ZERO):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_globalSetting(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_VAR):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_pushVar(p, code, &ip->idx, false, false);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ARRAY_ELEM):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ARRAY):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_pushArray(p, code, &ip->idx, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_IBASE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_SCALE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_OBASE):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_pushGlobal(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_SEED):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_pushSeed(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LENGTH):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_SCALE_FUNC):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_SQRT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ABS):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_IS_NUMBER):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_IS_STRING):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_IRAND):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_builtin(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASCIIFY):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_asciify(p);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_NUM):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_const(p, code, &ip->idx);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ZERO):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ONE):
#if BC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LAST):
#endif // BC_ENABLED
			// clang-format on
			{
				r.t = BC_RESULT_ZERO + (inst - BC_INST_ZERO);
				bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PRINT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PRINT_POP):
#if BC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PRINT_STR):
#endif // BC_ENABLED
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_print(p, inst, 0);

				// We want to flush right away to save the output for history,
				// if history must preserve it when taking input.
				bc_file_flush(&vm->fout, bc_flush_save);

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_STR):
			// clang-format on
			{
				// Set up the result and push.
				r.t = BC_RESULT_STR;
				bc_num_clear(&r.d.n);
				r.d.n.scale = bc_program_index(code, &ip->idx);
				bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_POWER):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MULTIPLY):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_DIVIDE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MODULUS):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PLUS):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MINUS):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PLACES):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LSHIFT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_RSHIFT):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_op(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_NEG):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_BOOL_NOT):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_TRUNC):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_unary(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
#if BC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_POWER):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MULTIPLY):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_DIVIDE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MODULUS):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_PLUS):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MINUS):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_PLACES):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_LSHIFT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_RSHIFT):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_POWER_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MULTIPLY_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_DIVIDE_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MODULUS_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_PLUS_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_MINUS_NO_VAL):
#if BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_PLACES_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_LSHIFT_NO_VAL):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_RSHIFT_NO_VAL):
#endif // BC_ENABLE_EXTRA_MATH
#endif // BC_ENABLED
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_ASSIGN_NO_VAL):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_assign(p, inst);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_POP):
			// clang-format on
			{
#ifndef BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK
				// dc must do a stack check, but bc does not.
				if (BC_IS_DC)
				{
					if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1)))
					{
						bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
					}
				}
#endif // BC_PROG_NO_STACK_CHECK

				assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

				bc_vec_pop(&p->results);

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_SWAP):
			// clang-format on
			{
				BcResult* ptr2;

				// Check the stack.
				if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 2)))
				{
					bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
				}

				assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 2));

				// Get the two items.
				ptr = bc_vec_item_rev(&p->results, 0);
				ptr2 = bc_vec_item_rev(&p->results, 1);

				// Swap. It's just easiest to do it this way.
				// NOLINTNEXTLINE
				memcpy(&r, ptr, sizeof(BcResult));
				// NOLINTNEXTLINE
				memcpy(ptr, ptr2, sizeof(BcResult));
				// NOLINTNEXTLINE
				memcpy(ptr2, &r, sizeof(BcResult));

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_MODEXP):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_modexp(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_DIVMOD):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_divmod(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PRINT_STREAM):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_printStream(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

#if DC_ENABLED
			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_POP_EXEC):
			// clang-format on
			{
				// If this fails, the dc parser got something wrong.
				assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->stack, 2));

				// Pop the execution stack and tail call stack.
				bc_vec_pop(&p->stack);
				bc_vec_pop(&p->tail_calls);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_EXECUTE):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_EXEC_COND):
			// clang-format on
			{
				cond = (inst == BC_INST_EXEC_COND);

				bc_program_execStr(p, code, &ip->idx, cond, func->code.len);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PRINT_STACK):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_printStack(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_CLEAR_STACK):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_vec_popAll(&p->results);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_REG_STACK_LEN):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_regStackLen(p, code, &ip->idx);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_STACK_LEN):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_stackLen(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_DUPLICATE):
			// clang-format on
			{
				// Check the stack.
				if (BC_ERR(!BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1)))
				{
					bc_err(BC_ERR_EXEC_STACK);
				}

				assert(BC_PROG_STACK(&p->results, 1));

				// Get the top of the stack.
				ptr = bc_vec_top(&p->results);

				BC_SIG_LOCK;

				// Copy and push.
				bc_result_copy(&r, ptr);
				bc_vec_push(&p->results, &r);

				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_LOAD):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PUSH_VAR):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bool copy = (inst == BC_INST_LOAD);
				bc_program_pushVar(p, code, &ip->idx, true, copy);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_PUSH_TO_VAR):
			// clang-format on
			{
				idx = bc_program_index(code, &ip->idx);
				bc_program_copyToVar(p, idx, BC_TYPE_VAR);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_QUIT):
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_NQUIT):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_nquit(p, inst);

				// Because we changed the execution stack and where we are
				// executing, we have to update all of this.
				BC_SIG_LOCK;
				ip = bc_vec_top(&p->stack);
				func = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip->func);
				code = func->code.v;
				BC_SIG_UNLOCK;

				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}

			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_EXEC_STACK_LEN):
			// clang-format on
			{
				bc_program_execStackLen(p);
				BC_PROG_JUMP(inst, code, ip);
			}
#endif // DC_ENABLED

#if BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
			// clang-format off
			BC_PROG_LBL(BC_INST_INVALID):
			// clang-format on
			{
				goto end;
			}
#else // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
			default:
			{
				BC_UNREACHABLE
#if BC_DEBUG && !BC_CLANG
				abort();
#endif // BC_DEBUG && !BC_CLANG
			}
#endif // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
		}

#if BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_CLANG
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif // BC_CLANG

#if BC_GCC
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif // BC_GCC

#else // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO

#if BC_DEBUG
		// This is to allow me to use a debugger to see the last instruction,
		// which will point to which function was the problem. But it's also a
		// good smoke test for error handling changes.
		assert(jmp_bufs_len == vm->jmp_bufs.len);
#endif // BC_DEBUG

#endif // BC_HAS_COMPUTED_GOTO
	}

end:
	BC_SIG_MAYLOCK;

	// This is here just to print a stack trace on interrupts. This is for
	// finding infinite loops.
	if (BC_SIG_INTERRUPT(vm))
	{
		BcStatus s;

		bc_file_putchar(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_none, '\n');

		bc_program_printStackTrace(p);

		s = bc_file_flushErr(&vm->ferr, bc_flush_err);
		if (BC_ERR(s != BC_STATUS_SUCCESS && vm->status == BC_STATUS_SUCCESS))
		{
			vm->status = (sig_atomic_t) s;
		}
	}

	BC_LONGJMP_CONT(vm);
}

#if BC_DEBUG_CODE
#if BC_ENABLED && DC_ENABLED
void
bc_program_printStackDebug(BcProgram* p)
{
	bc_file_puts(&vm->fout, bc_flush_err, "-------------- Stack ----------\n");
	bc_program_printStack(p);
	bc_file_puts(&vm->fout, bc_flush_err, "-------------- Stack End ------\n");
}

static void
bc_program_printIndex(const char* restrict code, size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	uchar byte, i, bytes = (uchar) code[(*bgn)++];
	ulong val = 0;

	for (byte = 1, i = 0; byte && i < bytes; ++i)
	{
		byte = (uchar) code[(*bgn)++];
		if (byte) val |= ((ulong) byte) << (CHAR_BIT * i);
	}

	bc_vm_printf(" (%lu) ", val);
}

static void
bc_program_printStr(const BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                    size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	size_t idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
	char* s;

	s = *((char**) bc_vec_item(&p->strs, idx));

	bc_vm_printf(" (\"%s\") ", s);
}

void
bc_program_printInst(const BcProgram* p, const char* restrict code,
                     size_t* restrict bgn)
{
	uchar inst = (uchar) code[(*bgn)++];

	bc_vm_printf("Inst[%zu]: %s [%lu]; ", *bgn - 1, bc_inst_names[inst],
	             (unsigned long) inst);

	if (inst == BC_INST_VAR || inst == BC_INST_ARRAY_ELEM ||
	    inst == BC_INST_ARRAY)
	{
		bc_program_printIndex(code, bgn);
	}
	else if (inst == BC_INST_STR) bc_program_printStr(p, code, bgn);
	else if (inst == BC_INST_NUM)
	{
		size_t idx = bc_program_index(code, bgn);
		BcConst* c = bc_vec_item(&p->consts, idx);
		bc_vm_printf("(%s)", c->val);
	}
	else if (inst == BC_INST_CALL ||
	         (inst > BC_INST_STR && inst <= BC_INST_JUMP_ZERO))
	{
		bc_program_printIndex(code, bgn);
		if (inst == BC_INST_CALL) bc_program_printIndex(code, bgn);
	}

	bc_vm_putchar('\n', bc_flush_err);
}

void
bc_program_code(const BcProgram* p)
{
	BcFunc* f;
	char* code;
	BcInstPtr ip;
	size_t i;

	for (i = 0; i < p->fns.len; ++i)
	{
		ip.idx = ip.len = 0;
		ip.func = i;

		f = bc_vec_item(&p->fns, ip.func);
		code = f->code.v;

		bc_vm_printf("func[%zu]:\n", ip.func);
		while (ip.idx < f->code.len)
		{
			bc_program_printInst(p, code, &ip.idx);
		}
		bc_file_puts(&vm->fout, bc_flush_err, "\n\n");
	}
}
#endif // BC_ENABLED && DC_ENABLED
#endif // BC_DEBUG_CODE