#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # $File: linux,v 1.91 2024/11/09 21:15:48 christos Exp $ # linux: file(1) magic for Linux files # # Values for Linux/i386 binaries, from Daniel Quinlan <[email protected]> # The following basic Linux magic is useful for reference, but using # "long" magic is a better practice in order to avoid collisions. # # 2 leshort 100 Linux/i386 # >0 leshort 0407 impure executable (OMAGIC) # >0 leshort 0410 pure executable (NMAGIC) # >0 leshort 0413 demand-paged executable (ZMAGIC) # >0 leshort 0314 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC) # 0 lelong 0x00640107 Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) >16 lelong 0 \b, stripped 0 lelong 0x00640108 Linux/i386 pure executable (NMAGIC) >16 lelong 0 \b, stripped 0 lelong 0x0064010b Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (ZMAGIC) >16 lelong 0 \b, stripped 0 lelong 0x006400cc Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC) >16 lelong 0 \b, stripped # 0 string \007\001\000 Linux/i386 object file >20 lelong >0x1020 \b, DLL library # Linux-8086 stuff: 0 string \01\03\020\04 Linux-8086 impure executable >28 long !0 not stripped 0 string \01\03\040\04 Linux-8086 executable >28 long !0 not stripped # 0 string \243\206\001\0 Linux-8086 object file # 0 string \01\03\020\20 Minix-386 impure executable >28 long !0 not stripped 0 string \01\03\040\20 Minix-386 executable >28 long !0 not stripped 0 string \01\03\04\20 Minix-386 NSYM/GNU executable >28 long !0 not stripped # core dump file, from Bill Reynolds <[email protected]> 216 lelong 0421 Linux/i386 core file !:strength / 2 >220 string >\0 of '%s' >200 lelong >0 (signal %d) # # LILO boot/chain loaders, from Daniel Quinlan <[email protected]> # this can be overridden by the DOS executable (COM) entry 2 string LILO Linux/i386 LILO boot/chain loader # # Linux make config build file, from Ole Aamot <[email protected]> # Updated by Ken Sharp 28 string make\ config Linux make config build file (old) 49 search/70 Kernel\ Configuration Linux make config build file # # PSF fonts, from H. Peter Anvin <[email protected]> # Updated by Adam Buchbinder <[email protected]> # See: https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/font-formats-1.html 0 leshort 0x0436 Linux/i386 PC Screen Font v1 data, >2 byte&0x01 0 256 characters, >2 byte&0x01 !0 512 characters, >2 byte&0x02 0 no directory, >2 byte&0x02 !0 Unicode directory, >3 byte >0 8x%d 0 string \x72\xb5\x4a\x86\x00\x00 Linux/i386 PC Screen Font v2 data, >16 lelong x %d characters, >12 lelong&0x01 0 no directory, >12 lelong&0x01 !0 Unicode directory, >28 lelong x %d >24 lelong x \bx%d # Linux swap and hibernate files # Linux kernel: include/linux/swap.h # util-linux: libblkid/src/superblocks/swap.c # format v0, unsupported since 2002 0xff6 string SWAP-SPACE Linux old swap file, 4k page size 0x1ff6 string SWAP-SPACE Linux old swap file, 8k page size 0x3ff6 string SWAP-SPACE Linux old swap file, 16k page size 0x7ff6 string SWAP-SPACE Linux old swap file, 32k page size 0xfff6 string SWAP-SPACE Linux old swap file, 64k page size # format v1, supported since 1998 0 name linux-swap >0x400 lelong 1 little endian, version %u, >>0x404 lelong x size %u pages, >>0x408 lelong x %u bad pages, >0x400 belong 1 big endian, version %u, >>0x404 belong x size %u pages, >>0x408 belong x %u bad pages, >0x41c string \0 no label, >0x41c string >\0 LABEL=%s, >0x40c ubelong x UUID=%08x >0x410 ubeshort x \b-%04x >0x412 ubeshort x \b-%04x >0x414 ubeshort x \b-%04x >0x416 ubelong x \b-%08x >0x41a ubeshort x \b%04x 0xff6 string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 4k page size, >0 use linux-swap 0x1ff6 string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 8k page size, >0 use linux-swap 0x3ff6 string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 16k page size, >0 use linux-swap 0x7ff6 string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 32k page size, >0 use linux-swap 0xfff6 string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 64k page size, >0 use linux-swap 0 name linux-hibernate >0 string S1SUSPEND \b, with SWSUSP1 image >0 string S2SUSPEND \b, with SWSUSP2 image >0 string ULSUSPEND \b, with uswsusp image >0 string LINHIB0001 \b, with compressed hibernate image >0 string \xed\xc3\x02\xe9\x98\x56\xe5\x0c \b, with tuxonice image >0 default x \b, with unknown hibernate image 0xfec string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 4k page size, >0 use linux-swap >0xff6 use linux-hibernate 0x1fec string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 8k page size, >0 use linux-swap >0x1ff6 use linux-hibernate 0x3fec string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 16k page size, >0 use linux-swap >0x3ff6 use linux-hibernate 0x7fec string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 32k page size, >0 use linux-swap >0x7ff6 use linux-hibernate 0xffec string SWAPSPACE2 Linux swap file, 64k page size, >0 use linux-swap >0xfff6 use linux-hibernate # # Linux kernel boot images, from Albert Cahalan <[email protected]> # and others such as Axel Kohlmeyer <[email protected]> # and Nicolas Lichtmaier <[email protected]> # and Joerg Jenderek [unifying + more kernel info] # many start with: b8 c0 07 8e d8 b8 00 90 8e c0 b9 00 01 29 f6 29 # by assembler instructions like: movw $0x07c0,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw $0x9000,%ax; movw %ax,%es; movw $0x0001,%cx; subw %si,%si; subw # Linux kernel boot images (i386 arch) (Wolfram Kleff) # URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/boot.txt 514 string HdrS Linux kernel # to display Linux kernel (strength=125=70+55) after VBR boot sector (130=70+60) but before DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65), MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem # before MZ PE32 executable (EFI application) (strength=50) and before DOS executable (COM) (strength=40) with start instruction 0xe9 via ./msdos !:strength + 55 # often no extension like in linux, vmlinuz, bzimage or memdisk but sometimes # Acronis Recovery kernel64.dat and Plop Boot Manager plpbtrom.bin # DamnSmallLinux 1.5 damnsmll.lnx #!:mime application/octet-stream !:mime application/x-linux-kernel !:ext /dat/bin/lnx # GRR: does there exist here samples without 55AA boot signature? I believe NO (Joerg Jenderek) >510 leshort 0xAA55 x86 boot executable >>0 use kernel-info # show information about Linux kernel (root, swap device, vga modus, boot protocol, setup size, init_size, EFI entry point) 0 name kernel-info # like: plpbtrom.bin # After 16 bit jump instruction Hi, are you searching something? This is the Plop Boot Manager written by Elmar Hanlhofer http?://www.plop.at >48 string Plop\040Boot\040Manager from PLOP Boot Manager # dummy test below 512 limit (for LILO 24.2 bootsect.b) to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 # and display comma before zImage/bzImage or version >498 leshort x \b, # boot protocol option flags valid since boot protocol >= 2.00 >>518 leshort >0x1ff # loadflags bit 0 (read); LOADED_HIGH; if 0, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x10000 >>>529 ubyte&0x01 0 zImage, # loadflags bit 0 (read); LOADED_HIGH; if 1, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x100000; that implies is_bzImage >>>529 ubyte&0x01 1 bzImage, # kernel_version; since protocol 2.00 if not zero 2 byte pointer to kernel version string -200h; should be < 200h*setup_sects # 0h (ldntldr.bin plpbtrom.bin) 260h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 3b0h (memdisk16.bin) 890h (damnsmll.lnx) 3400h (linux64) 3640h (linux) #>>>526 uleshort x kernel_version=%#4.4x >>>526 uleshort >0 # GRR: \353fHdrS\003\002 wrong shown if kernel_version=0 like in ldntldr.bin (GRUB for DOS) >>>>(526.s+0x200) string >\0 version %s, # 498 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry partition type (0~empty 1~FAT12) done by ./filesystems # 499 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end heads done by ./filesystems # root_flags; if set (=1), the root is mounted readonly; deprecated, use the "ro" or "rw" option on the command line instead #>>498 uleshort >1 root_flags=%u >>498 leshort 1 RO-rootFS, >>498 leshort 0 RW-rootFS, # root_dev; default root device number like 0 301h (/dev/hda1 damnsmll.lnx) 380h (/dev/hd?? linux-elks); deprecated and replaced by command line option root= >>508 leshort >0 root_dev %#X, # since protocol 2.04 the 2 upper bytes of long syssize and not swap_dev any more >>518 uleshort <0x204 # 502-505 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry 1st LBA sector done by ./filesystems >>>502 leshort >0 swap_dev %#X, >>504 leshort >0 RAMdisksize %u KB, # 506-509 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry sectors in partition done by ./filesystems >>506 leshort 0xFFFF Normal VGA >>506 leshort 0xFFFE Extended VGA >>506 leshort 0xFFFD Prompt for Videomode >>506 leshort >0 Video mode %d # more kernel information added by Joerg Jenderek 2023 # if needed display comma after video mode and before setup_sects >>506 leshort >-4 >>>506 leshort !0 \b, # setup_sects; if field contains 0, the real value is 4; size of the setup in sectors like: # 0 (memdisk16.bin) 1 (ldntldr.bin) 2 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 4 (plpbtrom.bin linux-elks) 8 (bootsect.b) 10 (damnsmll.lnx) 25 27 (linux64) 29 30 31 33 (linux) # MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry start cylinder bits 0-7 done by ./filesystems >>497 ubyte !0 setup size 512*%u >>497 ubyte =0 setup size 512*4 (not 0) # 500 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end sectors+cylinder bits 8-9 done by ./filesystems # 501 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end cylinder bits 0-7 done by ./filesystems # syssize; 32-bit code size in 16-byte paragraphs; since protocol 2.04 long before unreliable short >>518 uleshort <0x204 \b, # 0 (ldntldr.bin) 0 (memdisk16.bin) f180h (damnsmll.lnx) >>>500 uleshort x syssize %#x >>518 uleshort >0x203 \b, # 0 (plpbtrom.bin) 1270h (linux-elks) 217eh (memtest32.bin) 22deh (memtest64.bin) 2c01h (memtest86+.bin) 459c6h (linux misinterpreted as swap_dev 0X4) 70c32h (linux64 misinterpreted as swap_dev 0X7) >>>500 ulelong x syssize %#x # jump; jump instruction relative to byte 0x202 >>512 ubyte =0xEB \b, jump # jump adress like: 0x230 (damnsmll.lnx) 0x240 (memdisk16.bin) 0x268 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin ldntldr.bin linux AFTER handover offset) 0x26c (linux64) >>>513 byte+2 x 0x2%2.2x # next instruction like: # b800088ec00fb60e mov ax,0x0800; mov es,ax; movzx cx,byte [] memdisk16.bin # 8cc88ed88ec0e88b00 movw %cs,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw %ax,%es; call get_mem_info memtest32.bin # 8cc88ed88ec0e88b00 movw %cs,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw %ax,%es; call get_mem_info memtest64.bin >>>(513.b+514) ubequad x %#16.16llx instruction # without jump instruction like: 0 (bootsect-lilo-24.2.b EOF!) 0xb8 (mov linux-elks) 0xfa (cli memtest86+.bin) >>512 ubyte !0xEB \b, at 0x200 %#x instruction # boot protocol version field valid since version >= 2.00 which is indicated by HdrS magic # so skip memtest86+.bin with misinterpreted protocol 144.0 (0x9000) >>514 string HdrS \b, # Boot protocol version; 2.3 (ldntldr.bin damnsmll.lnx) 2.6 (plpbtrom.bin) 2.10 2.11 (linux) 2.12 (memtest32.bin) 2.13 2.15 (linux64) >>>519 ubyte x protocol %u >>>518 ubyte x \b.%u # boot protocol in hexadecimal needed for addtional tests #>>>518 uleshort x (%#4.4x) # type_of_loader; Boot loader identifier; filled out by the bootloader >>>528 ubyte >0 \b, loader %#x # loadflags; boot protocol option flags #>>>529 ubyte x loadflags=%#x # loadflags bit 1 (kernel internal); KASLR_FLAG KASLR status to kernel >>>529 ubyte&0x02 !0 \b, KASLR enabled # loadflags bit 5 (write); QUIET_FLAG >>>529 ubyte&0x20 !0 \b, quiet # loadflags bit 6 (write) since boot protocal version >= 2.07; KEEP_SEGMENTS >>>518 uleshort >0x206 >>>>529 ubyte&0x40 !0 \b, keep segments # loadflags bit 7 (write); CAN_USE_HEAP >>>529 ubyte&0x80 !0 \b, can use heap # payload_offset; since boot protocol 2.08 if non-zero contains offset of the protected-mode code to the payload like: cdh (linux) 40dh (linux64) >>>518 uleshort >0x207 >>>>584 ulelong >0 \b, from protected-mode code at offset %#x # payload_length; since boot protocol 2.08 the length of the payload like: 452c41h (linux) 6fb644h (linux64) >>>>>588 ulelong x %#x bytes # jump setup size sectors a 512 bytes from kernel beginning >>>>>(497.b*512) ubequad x #>>>>>(497.b*512) ubequad x 512BYTES_BEFORE_PROTECTED-MODE_CODE=%#16.16llx # jump payload_offset bytes + 512 bytes (for boot sector) - 8 (ubequad length) to payload start #>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort x PAYLOAD=%#4.4x # supported compression formats are gzip (magic numbers 1F8B or 1F9E linux) bzip2 (425A), LZMA (5D00 linux64), XZ (FD37) LZ4 (0221) ZST v0.8+ (28B5) >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x1F8B gzip compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x1F9E gzip compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x425A bzip2 compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x5D00 LZMA compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0xFD37 XZ compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x0221 LZ4 compressed >>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort =0x28B5 ZST compressed # TODO: handle compressed data by ./compress; difficulties with leading space and duplicate gzip compressed #>>>>>>&(584.l+504) indirect x COMPRESS_NOT_WORKING # setup_move_size; for protocol 2.00-2.01; bytes starting with the beginning of the boot sector # like: 0 (ldntldr.bin memdisk16.bin memtest32.bin memtest64.bin plpbtrom.bin) 8000h (damnsmll.lnx linux linux64) >>>518 uleshort <0x202 >>>>518 uleshort >0x1FF >>>>530 uleshort x \b, setup_move_size %#4.4x # code32_start; address to jump to in protected mode like: 100000h (linux linux64 memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) #>>>>532 ulelong >0 \b, code32_start %#x # kernel_alignment; since boot protocol 2.05 alignment unit required by the kernel (if relocatable_kernel is true) like: 0 (plptrom.bin) 1000h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 200000h (linux) 1000000h (linux64) #>>>518 uleshort >0x204 #>>>>560 ulelong x \b, kernel_alignment %#x # relocatable_kernel; since boot protocol 2.05 the protected-mode part of the kernel can be loaded at any address if this field is nonzero >>>518 uleshort >0x204 >>>>564 ubyte =1 \b, relocatable #>>>>564 ubyte x \b, relocatable_kernel=%u # min_alignment; since boot protocol 2.10 if nonzero, indicates as a power of two the minimum alignment required like: 12 (4 KB memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 13 (8 KB linux) 21 (2 MB linux64) #>>>518 uleshort >0x209 #>>>>565 ubyte >0 \b, min_alignment %u # xloadflags; since boot protocol 2.12 like: 3fh (linux64 unexpected value) 4h(memtest32.bin) 9h(memtest64.bin) >>>518 uleshort >0x20B #>>>>566 uleshort x \b, xloadflags=%#4.4x # handover_offset; offset from beginning of kernel image to EFI handover protocol entry point like: # 0 (damnsmll.lnx ldntldr.bin) 10h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 30h (linux) 190h (linux64) 8e9000b8h (plpbtrom.bin INVALID!) # this value makes only sense when 32 or 64-bit EFI handoff entry point >>>>566 uleshort&0x000C !0 \b, handover offset >>>>>612 ulelong x %#x # Bit 0 XLF_KERNEL_64; if 1, this kernel has the legacy 64-bit entry point at 0x200 >>>>566 uleshort&0x0001 !0 \b, legacy 64-bit entry point # Bit 1 XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G; if 1, kernel/boot_params/cmdline/ramdisk can be above 4G >>>>566 uleshort&0x0002 !0 \b, can be above 4G # Bit 2 XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_32; if 1, the kernel supports the 32-bit EFI handoff entry point >>>>566 uleshort&0x0004 !0 \b, 32-bit EFI handoff entry point # Bit 3 XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_64; if 1, the kernel supports the 64-bit EFI handoff entry point >>>>566 uleshort&0x0008 !0 \b, 64-bit EFI handoff entry point # Bit 4 EFI_KEXEC; if 1, the kernel supports kexec EFI boot with EFI runtime support >>>>566 uleshort&0x0010 !0 \b, EFI kexec boot support # GRR: What does bit 5 mean? >>>>566 uleshort&0x0020 !0 \b, xloadflags bit 5 # cmdline_size; since boot protocol 2.06 maximum size of the kernel command line like: 255 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 2047 (linux linux64 plpbtrom); version <= 2.06 maximum was 255 >>>518 uleshort >0x205 >>>>568 ulelong x \b, max cmdline size %u # hardware_subarch; since boot protocol 2.07 hardware subarchtecture like: 0~default x86 1~lguest 2~Xen 3~Moorestown 4~CE4100 TV >>>518 uleshort >0x206 >>>>572 ulelong >0 \b, hardware_subarch %u # hardware_subarch_data; since boot protocol 2.07 pointer to data specific for hardware subarch; unused for default x86 >>>>>576 ulequad >0 \b, hardware_subarch_data %#llx # setup_data; since boot protocol 2.09 64-bit physical pointer to NULL terminated single linked list of struct setup_data >>>518 uleshort >0x208 >>>>592 ulequad >0 \b, setup_data %16.16llx # pref_address; since boot protocol 2.10 if nonzero preferred load address for kernel like: 100000h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 200000h (linux) 1000000h (linux64) #>>>518 uleshort >0x209 #>>>>600 ulequad >0 \b, pref_address %#llx # init_size; since boot protocol 2.10 indicates amount of contiguous memory kernel needs before it is capable of examining its memory map # like: 0h (damnsmll.lnx) 687f8h (memtest32.bin) 6acf8h (memtest64.bin) aa3000h (linux) 2514000h (linux64) 67ea0000h (memdisk16.bin INVALID) a4f3f2ffh (plpbtrom.bin INVALID) ffffff80h (ldntldr.bin INVALID) >>>518 uleshort >0x209 >>>>608 ulelong x \b, init_size %#x # This also matches new kernels, which were caught above by "HdrS". # but also few samples without "HdrS" magic like: bootsect-lilo-24.2.b linux-elks memtest86+.bin # URL: https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO/bootsect.html #0 belong 0xb8c0078e Linux kernel 0 belong 0xb8c0078e # to display Linux x86 kernel or Linux ELKS Kernel (strength=70=70+0) after VBR boot sector (130=70+60) DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65), MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem #!:strength +0 # "newer" kernel (with HdrS magic) already done before >514 string HdrS # so handle "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) >514 default x Linux #!:mime application/octet-stream !:mime application/x-linux-kernel # GRR: in file 5.45 remaining default clause not working for samples with size = 512 like LILO 24.2 bootsect.b >>0 belong x # ELKS kernel variant is now unified with other "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) >>0x1e6 belong =0x454c4b53 ELKS Kernel !:ext / # "old" kernel variant and not ELKS >>0x1e6 belong !0x454c4b53 x86 kernel !:ext /b/bin # show kernel version information based on "Loading" message offset >>0 use kernel-version-old1 # unified "old" variant with start instruction \xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90 >>4 string \xd8\xb8\x00\x90 # show kernel version information part 2 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field >>>0 use kernel-version-old2 # show kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field >>>0 use kernel-version-old3 # show common kernel information >>0 use kernel-info # show kernel version information part 1 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on "Loading" message offset 0 name kernel-version-old1 >0x1e3 string Loading version 1.3.79 or older >0x1e9 string Loading from prehistoric times # LILO 24.2-5.1 bootsect.b >0x1c5 string Loading from LILO 24.2 # Memtest86 5.31b memtest86+.bin >0x1d2 string Loading from Memtest86 5.31b # DamnSmallLinux kernel version 2.4.26 damnsmll.lnx not needed because done by kernel_version pointer #>0x1cb string Loading damnsmll.lnx 2.4.26~ # Memtest86+ v6.20 memtest32.bin not needed because done by kernel_version pointer #>0x1c6 string Loading\040Memtest86+ from Memtest86+ v6.20 # System.map files - Nicolas Lichtmaier <[email protected]> 8 search/1 \ A\ _text Linux kernel symbol map text # LSM entries - Nicolas Lichtmaier <[email protected]> 0 search/1 Begin3 Linux Software Map entry text 0 search/1 Begin4 Linux Software Map entry text (new format) # From Matt Zimmerman, enhanced for v3 by Matthew Palmer 0 belong 0x4f4f4f4d User-mode Linux COW file >4 belong <3 \b, version %d >>8 string >\0 \b, backing file %s >4 belong >2 \b, version %d >>32 string >\0 \b, backing file %s ############################################################################ # Linux kernel versions # apply only to "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) like damnsmll.lnx memtest86+.bin # wrong (497 setup_sects 498 root_flags) and now already done by 1st unified "old" kernel variant #0 string \xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90 Linux 0 string \xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90foo OLD_VARIANT Linux >497 leshort 0 x86 boot sector >>0 use kernel-version-old2 >497 leshort !0 x86 kernel # not needed any more because information is now shown by common kernel-info with other phrases >>0 use kernel-info-old # kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field >>0 use kernel-version-old3 >>0 use kernel-version-4 # version information part 2 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field 0 name kernel-version-old2 # dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 >518 leshort x >>514 belong 0x8e of a kernel from the dawn of time! >>514 belong 0x908ed8b4 version 0.99-1.1.42 >>514 belong 0x908ed8b8 for memtest86 # dummy test function to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 0 name kernel-version-dummy >497 leshort !0 x86 kernel # not needed any more because information is now shown by kernel-info #>0 use kernel-info-old >>0 use kernel-info # kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field >0 use kernel-version-old3 # deprecated because same information is shown by kernel-info with other phrases 0 name kernel-info-old # dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 >504 leshort x >>504 leshort >0 RAMdisksize=%u KB >>502 leshort >0 swap=%#X >>508 leshort >0 root=%#X >>>498 leshort 1 \b-ro >>>498 leshort 0 \b-rw >>506 leshort 0xFFFF vga=normal >>506 leshort 0xFFFE vga=extended >>506 leshort 0xFFFD vga=ask >>506 leshort >0 vga=%d # kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field 0 name kernel-version-old3 # dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 >514 belong x >>514 belong 0x908ed881 version 1.1.43-1.1.45 >>514 belong 0x15b281cd >>>0xa8e belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.1.46-1.2.13,1.3.0 >>>0xa99 belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.3.1,2 >>>0xaa3 belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.3.3-1.3.30 >>>0xaa6 belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.3.31-1.3.41 >>>0xb2b belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.3.42-1.3.45 >>>0xaf7 belong 0x55AA5a5a version 1.3.46-1.3.72 # show kernel version information part 4 for kernel variant (with HdrS magic) based on "HdrS" field # not needed any more because information is now shown by common kernel-info 0 name kernel-version-4 # dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85 >518 leshort x >>514 string HdrS >>>518 leshort >0x1FF >>>>529 byte 0 \b, zImage >>>>529 byte 1 \b, bzImage # GRR: Not valid if kernel_version=0 >>>>(526.s+0x200) string >\0 \b, version %s # Linux boot sector thefts. # ELKS kernel variant is now unified with above "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) #0 belong 0xb8c0078e Linux # display "Linux ELKS Kernel" or "Linux style boot sector" (strength=70) after DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65) and MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem #!:strength +0 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset # https://github.com/jbruchon/elks/releases/download/v0.6.0/fd2880-fat.img/linux #>0x1e6 belong 0x454c4b53 ELKS Kernel #>0x1e6 belong !0x454c4b53 style boot sector ############################################################################ # Linux S390 kernel image # Created by: Jan Kaluza <[email protected]> 8 string \x02\x00\x00\x18\x60\x00\x00\x50\x02\x00\x00\x68\x60\x00\x00\x50\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40 Linux S390 >0x00010000 search/b/4096 \x00\x0a\x00\x00\x8b\xad\xcc\xcc # 64bit >>&0 string \xc1\x00\xef\xe3\xf0\x68\x00\x00 Z10 64bit kernel >>&0 string \xc1\x00\xef\xc3\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z9-109 64bit kernel >>&0 string \xc0\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z990 64bit kernel >>&0 string \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z900 64bit kernel # 32bit >>&0 string \x81\x00\xc8\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z10 32bit kernel >>&0 string \x81\x00\xc8\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z9-109 32bit kernel >>&0 string \x80\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z990 32bit kernel >>&0 string \x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z900 32bit kernel ############################################################################ # Linux ARM compressed kernel image # From: Kevin Cernekee <[email protected]> # Update: Joerg Jenderek # Update: Luke T. Shumaker 0 name arm-zimage # Version indicators >0x34 lelong 0x45454545 (kernel >=v4.15) >0x34 lelong !0x45454545 >>0x30 clear x >>0x30 belong 0x04030201 (kernel >=v3.17, <v4.15) >>0x30 lelong 0x04030201 (kernel >=v3.17, <v4.15) >>0x30 default x (kernel <v3.17) # Endianness indicators # # The kernel has 3 endianness modes: little-endian, and 2 variants of # big-endian: BE-32 (ARMv5) and BE-8 (ARMv6+). # # In kernels <v3.17: # - the 0x016f2818 @ 0x24 magic number indicates big-endian or # little-endian (can't distinguish between BE-8 and BE-32) # In kernels >=v3.17: # - a new 0x04030201 @ 0x30 magic number indicates big-endian or # little-endian, but doesn't distinguish between BE-8 and BE-32 # - the old 0x016f2818 @ 0x24 magic number is little-endian for # LE *and* BE-8, or big-endian for BE-32 # # >=v3.17 >0x30 clear x >0x30 belong 0x04030201 (big-endian, >>0x24 belong 0x016f2818 BE-32, ARMv5) >>0x24 lelong 0x016f2818 BE-8, ARMv6+) >0x30 lelong 0x04030201 (little-endian) # <v3.17 >0x30 default x >>0x24 lelong 0x016f2818 (little-endian) >>0x24 belong 0x016f2818 (big-endian) 0x24 lelong 0x016f2818 Linux kernel ARM boot executable zImage >0 use arm-zimage 0x24 belong 0x016f2818 Linux kernel ARM boot executable zImage >0 use arm-zimage ############################################################################ # Linux AARCH64 kernel image 0x38 lelong 0x644d5241 Linux kernel ARM64 boot executable Image >0x18 lelong ^1 \b, little-endian >0x18 lelong &1 \b, big-endian >0x18 lelong &2 \b, 4K pages >0x18 lelong &4 \b, 16K pages >0x18 lelong &6 \b, 32K pages ############################################################################ # Linux RISC-V kernel image 0x38 string RSC\05 Linux kernel RISC-V boot executable Image >0x18 lelong ^1 \b, little-endian >0x18 lelong &1 \b, big-endian ############################################################################ # Linux 8086 executable 0 lelong&0xFF0000FF 0xC30000E9 Linux-Dev86 executable, headerless >5 string . >>4 string >\0 \b, libc version %s 0 lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x4000301 Linux-8086 executable >2 byte&0x01 !0 \b, unmapped zero page >2 byte&0x20 0 \b, impure >2 byte&0x20 !0 >>2 byte&0x10 !0 \b, A_EXEC >2 byte&0x02 !0 \b, A_PAL >2 byte&0x04 !0 \b, A_NSYM >2 byte&0x08 !0 \b, A_STAND >2 byte&0x40 !0 \b, A_PURE >2 byte&0x80 !0 \b, A_TOVLY >28 long !0 \b, not stripped >37 string . >>36 string >\0 \b, libc version %s # 0 lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x10000301 ld86 I80386 executable # 0 lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0xB000301 ld86 M68K executable # 0 lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0xC000301 ld86 NS16K executable # 0 lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x17000301 ld86 SPARC executable # SYSLINUX boot logo files (from 'ppmtolss16' sources) # https://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/SYSLINUX#Display_graphic_from_filename: # file extension .lss .16 0 lelong =0x1413f33d SYSLINUX' LSS16 image data # syslinux-4.05/mime/image/x-lss16.xml !:mime image/x-lss16 >4 leshort x \b, width %d >6 leshort x \b, height %d 0 string OOOM User-Mode-Linux's Copy-On-Write disk image >4 belong x version %d # SE Linux policy database # From: Mike Frysinger <[email protected]> 0 lelong 0xf97cff8c SE Linux policy >16 lelong x v%d >20 lelong 1 MLS >24 lelong x %d symbols >28 lelong x %d ocons # Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM) # Emmanuel VARAGNAT <[email protected]> # # System ID, UUID and volume group name are 128 bytes long # but they should never be full and initialized with zeros... # # LVM1 # 0x0 string/b HM\001 LVM1 (Linux Logical Volume Manager), version 1 >0x12c string/b >\0 , System ID: %s 0x0 string/b HM\002 LVM1 (Linux Logical Volume Manager), version 2 >0x12c string/b >\0 , System ID: %s # LVM2 # # It seems that the label header can be in one the four first sector # of the disk... (from _find_labeller in lib/label/label.c of LVM2) # # 0x200 seems to be the common case 0 name lvm2 # display UUID in LVM format + display all 32 bytes (instead of max string length: 31) >0x0 string >\x2f \b, UUID: %.6s >0x6 string >\x2f \b-%.4s >0xa string >\x2f \b-%.4s >0xe string >\x2f \b-%.4s >0x12 string >\x2f \b-%.4s >0x16 string >\x2f \b-%.4s >0x1a string >\x2f \b-%.6s >0x20 lequad x \b, size: %lld # read the offset to add to the start of the header, and the header # start in 0x200 0x218 string/b LVM2\ 001 LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager) >&(&-12.l-0x20) use lvm2 0x018 string/b LVM2\ 001 LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager) >&(&-12.l-0x20) use lvm2 0x418 string/b LVM2\ 001 LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager) >&(&-12.l-0x20) use lvm2 0x618 string/b LVM2\ 001 LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager) >&(&-12.l-0x20) use lvm2 # LVM snapshot # from Jason Farrel 0 string SnAp LVM Snapshot (CopyOnWrite store) >4 lelong !0 - valid, >4 lelong 0 - invalid, >8 lelong x version %d, >12 lelong x chunk_size %d # Summary: Xen saved domain file # Created by: Radek Vokal <[email protected]> 0 string LinuxGuestRecord Xen saved domain >20 search/256 (name >>&1 string x (name %s) # Systemd journald files # See https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/journal-files/. # From: Zbigniew Jedrzejewski-Szmek <[email protected]> # Update: Joerg Jenderek # URL: https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT/ # Reference: http://mark0.net/download/triddefs_xml.7z/defs/j/journal-sysd.trid.xml # Note: called "systemd journal" by TrID # verified by `journalctl --file=user-1000.journal` # check magic signature[8] 0 string LPKSHHRH # check that state is one of known values # STATE_OFFLINE~0 STATE_ONLINE~1 STATE_ARCHIVED~2 >16 ubyte&252 0 # check that each half of three unique id128s is non-zero # file_id >>24 ubequad >0 >>>32 ubequad >0 # machine_id >>>>40 ubequad >0 >>>>>48 ubequad >0 # boot_id; last writer >>>>>>56 ubequad >0 >>>>>>>64 ubequad >0 Journal file #!:mime application/octet-stream !:mime application/x-linux-journal # provide more info # head_entry_realtime; contains a POSIX timestamp stored in microseconds >>>>>>>>184 leqdate/1000000 !0 \b, %s >>>>>>>>184 leqdate 0 empty # If a file is closed after writing the state field should be set to STATE_OFFLINE >>>>>>>>16 ubyte 0 \b, # for offline and empty only journal~ extension found >>>>>>>>>184 leqdate 0 offline # https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/systemd-journald.service.8.html # GRR: add char ~ inside parse_ext in ../../src/apprentice.c to avoid in file version 5.44 error like: # Magdir/linux, 463: Warning: EXTENSION type ` journal~' has bad char '~' !:ext journal~ # for offline and non empty often *.journal~ but also user-1001.journal >>>>>>>>>184 leqdate !0 offline !:ext journal/journal~ # if a file is opened for writing the state field should be set to STATE_ONLINE >>>>>>>>16 ubyte 1 \b, # for online and empty only journal~ extension found >>>>>>>>>184 leqdate 0 online # [email protected]~ !:ext journal~ # for online and non empty only journal extension found >>>>>>>>>184 leqdate !0 online # system.journal user-1000.journal !:ext journal # after a file has been rotated it should be set to STATE_ARCHIVED >>>>>>>>16 ubyte 2 \b, archived !:ext journal # no *.journal~ found #!:ext journal/journal~ # compatible_flags >>>>>>>>8 ulelong&1 1 \b, sealed # incompatible_flags; COMPRESSED_XZ~1 COMPRESSED_LZ4~2 KEYED_HASH~4 COMPRESSED_ZSTD~8 COMPACT~16 #>>>>>>>>12 ulelong x FLAGS=%#x >>>>>>>>12 ulelong&1 1 \b, compressed >>>>>>>>12 ulelong&2 !0 \b, compressed lz4 >>>>>>>>12 ulelong&4 !0 \b, keyed hash siphash24 >>>>>>>>12 ulelong&8 !0 \b, compressed zstd >>>>>>>>12 ulelong&16 !0 \b, compact # uint8_t reserved[7]; apparently nil #>>17 long !0 \b, reserved %#8.8x # seqnum_id; like: 0 e623691afec94b5aa968ae2d726c49cc f98b2af481924b29 8d6816ca3639edc6 #>>>>>>>>72 ubequad x \b, seqnum_id %#16.16llx #>>>>>>>>80 ubequad x b%16.16llx # header_size like: 100h >>>>>>>>88 ulequad !0x100h \b, header size %#llx # arena_size like: 0 7fff00h ffff00h 17fff00h #>>>>>>>>96 ulequad >0 \b, arena size %#llx # data_hash_table_offset like: 0 15f0h 15f0h #>>>>>>>>104 ulequad >0 \b, hash table offset %#llx # data_hash_table_size like: 0 38e380h #>>>>>>>>112 ulequad >0 \b, hash table size %#llx # field_hash_table_offset like: 0 110h #>>>>>>>>120 ulequad >0 \b, field hash table offset %#llx # field_hash_table_size like: 0 14d0h #>>>>>>>>128 ulequad >0 \b, field hash table size %#llx # tail_object_offset like: 0 43edd8h 511278h c68968h d487d0h efaa98h #>>>>>>>>136 ulequad >0 \b, tail object offset %#llx # n_objects like: 0 1032h 5a2eh 92bdh a8b5h aa75h 112adh 40c23h 4714eh #>>>>>>>>144 ulequad >0 \b, objects %#llx # n_entries like: 0 3aeh 235ah 2dc4h 3125h 16129h 187a1h >>>>>>>>152 ulequad >0 \b, entries %#llx # tail_entry_seqnum like: 0 1988h 16249h 24c12h 24c12h 41e64h 9fefdh #>>>>>>>>160 ulequad >0 \b, tail entry seqnum %#llx # head_entry_seqnum like: 0 1h 15dbh 6552h 213bfh 213bfh 3e672h 9a28ah #>>>>>>>>168 ulequad >0 \b, head entry seqnum %#llx # entry_array_offset like: 0 390058h 3909d8h 3909e0h #>>>>>>>>176 ulequad >0 \b, entry array offset %#llx # BCache backing and cache devices # From: Gabriel de Perthuis <[email protected]> 0x1008 lequad 8 >0x1018 string \xc6\x85\x73\xf6\x4e\x1a\x45\xca\x82\x65\xf5\x7f\x48\xba\x6d\x81 BCache >>0x1010 ulequad 0 cache device >>0x1010 ulequad 1 backing device >>0x1010 ulequad 3 cache device >>0x1010 ulequad 4 backing device >>0x1048 string >0 \b, label "%.32s" >>0x1028 ubelong x \b, uuid %08x >>0x102c ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x102e ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x1030 ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x1032 ubelong x \b-%08x >>0x1036 ubeshort x \b%04x >>0x1038 ubelong x \b, set uuid %08x >>0x103c ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x103e ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x1040 ubeshort x \b-%04x >>0x1042 ubelong x \b-%08x >>0x1046 ubeshort x \b%04x # Linux device tree: # File format description can be found in the Linux kernel sources at # Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt # From Christoph Biedl 0 belong 0xd00dfeed # structure must be within blob, strings are omitted to handle devicetrees > 1M >&(8.L) byte x >>20 belong >1 Device Tree Blob version %d >>>4 belong x \b, size=%d >>>20 belong >1 >>>>28 belong x \b, boot CPU=%d >>>20 belong >2 >>>>32 belong x \b, string block size=%d >>>20 belong >16 >>>>36 belong x \b, DT structure block size=%d # glibc locale archive as defined in glibc locale/locarchive.h 0 lelong 0xde020109 locale archive >24 lelong x %d strings # Linux Software RAID (mdadm) # Russell Coker <[email protected]> 0 name linuxraid >16 belong x UUID=%8x: >20 belong x \b%8x: >24 belong x \b%8x: >28 belong x \b%8x >32 string x name=%s >72 lelong x level=%d >92 lelong x disks=%d 4096 lelong 0xa92b4efc Linux Software RAID >4100 lelong x version 1.2 (%d) >4096 use linuxraid 0 lelong 0xa92b4efc Linux Software RAID >4 lelong x version 1.1 (%d) >0 use linuxraid # Summary: Database file for mlocate # Description: A database file as used by mlocate, a fast implementation # of locate/updatedb. It uses merging to reuse the existing # database and avoid rereading most of the filesystem. It's # the default version of locate on Arch Linux (and others). # File path: /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db by default (but configurable) # Site: https://fedorahosted.org/mlocate/ # Format docs: https://linux.die.net/man/5/mlocate.db # Type: mlocate database file # URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locate_(Unix) # URL: https://fedorahosted.org/mlocate/ # From: Wander Nauta <[email protected]> # Update: Joerg Jenderek 0 string \0mlocate mlocate database #!:mime application/octet-stream !:mime application/x-mlocate # default mlocate.db if not overriden with --output option of updatedb !:ext db # at the moment value is 0; a higher version will probably not occur, because mlocate is now often replaced by plocate >12 byte !0 \b, version %d # configured with -l option of updatedb >13 byte 1 \b, require visibility # 2 byte pad for 32-bit total alignment #>14 short !0 \b, padding %#x # standard is 1 byte / if not overriden with --database-root option of updatedb >16 string x \b, root %s # 1st variable name nil terminated like: prune_bind_mounts >>&1 string x \b, 1st variable %s # 1st variable value like: 0 1 >>>&1 string x \b=%s # configuration block size in big endian like: 82 85 174 181 185 483 491 496 497 556 600 >8 ubelong x \b, configuration size %u # URL: https://plocate.sesse.net/ # Reference: https://plocate.sesse.net/download/plocate-1.1.19.tar.gz # plocate-1.1.19/db.h # Reference: http://mark0.net/download/triddefs_xml.7z/defs/d/db-plocate.trid.xml # Note: called "plocate database" by TrID # magic[8] 0 string \0plocate plocate database #!:mime application/octet-stream !:mime application/x-plocate # default /var/lib/plocate/plocate.db if not overriden with --output option of updatedb.plocate !:ext db # version; 2 is the current version >8 ulelong !1 \b, version %u # hashtable_size; like 1 (for "empty" samples) 1b5c3h #>12 ulelong >1 \b, hash table size %#x # extra_ht_slots; like: 10h >16 ulelong !0x10 \b, extra_ht_slots %#x # num_docids; like 0 (for "empty" samples) a132h >20 ulelong >0 \b, num_docids %u # hash_table_offset_bytes; 78h (for "empty" samples) afdf99h #>24 ulequad !0x78 \b, hash table offset %#llx # filename_index_offset_bytes; 70h (for "empty" samples) aad571h #>32 ulequad !0x70 \b, filename index offset %#llx # version 1 and up only >8 ulelong >0 # max_version; nominally 1 or 2 but can be increased if more features are added in a backward-compatible way >>40 ulelong !2 \b, max version %u # zstd_dictionary_length_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 400h >>44 ulelong !0 \b, at %#x # zstd_dictionary_offset_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 70h >>48 ulequad >0 \b+%#llx # jump to beginning of zstd dictionary >>>(48.q) ubequad x # jump realative zstd dictionary length bytes - 8 (quad length) forward to ZST data beginning #>>>>&(44.l-8) ubelong x ZST=%8.8x >>>>&(44.l-8) ubelong x # print 1 space char after zstd_dictionary_offset and then handles Zstandard compressed data by ./compress # to get phrase like "at 0x400+0x70 Zstandard compressed data (v0.8+)" >>>>>&-4 indirect x \b # only if max_version >= 2 and only relevant for updatedb >40 ulelong >1 # directory_data_length_byte #>>56 ulequad x \b, directory data length %#llx # directory_data_offset_bytes; #>>64 ulequad x offset %#llx # next_zstd_dictionary_length_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 400h >>72 ulequad >0 \b, next zstd dictionary length %#llx # next_zstd_dictionary_offset_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 14b9cb8h >>>80 ulequad >0 offset %#llx # conf_block_length_bytes like; 65 147 148 151 152 452 537 540 543 >>88 ulequad x \b, configuration size %llu # conf_block_offset_bytes; 1a1h (for "empty" samples) 14ba0b8h >>96 ulequad >0 \b, at %#llx 1st variable # 1st variable name nil terminated like: prune_bind_mounts >>>(96.q) string x %s # 1st variable value nil terminated like: 0 1 >>>>&1 string x \b=%s # bool check_visibility; 0 or 1 configured with -l option of updatedb.plocate >>104 ubyte 1 \b, require visibility #>>104 ubyte x \b, check_visibility %#x # Dump files for iproute2 tool. Generated by the "ip r|a save" command. URL: # https://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 # From: Pavel Emelyanov <[email protected]> 0 lelong 0x45311224 iproute2 routes dump 0 lelong 0x47361222 iproute2 addresses dump # Image and service files for CRIU tool. # URL: https://criu.org # From: Pavel Emelyanov <[email protected]> 0 lelong 0x54564319 CRIU image file v1.1 0 lelong 0x55105940 CRIU service file 0 lelong 0x58313116 CRIU inventory # Kdump compressed dump files # https://github.com/makedumpfile/makedumpfile/blob/master/IMPLEMENTATION 0 string KDUMP\x20\x20\x20 Kdump compressed dump >0 use kdump-compressed-dump 0 name kdump-compressed-dump >8 long x v%d >12 string >\0 \b, system %s >77 string >\0 \b, node %s >142 string >\0 \b, release %s >207 string >\0 \b, version %s >272 string >\0 \b, machine %s >337 string >\0 \b, domain %s # Flattened format 0 string makedumpfile >16 bequad 1 >>0x1010 string KDUMP\x20\x20\x20 Flattened kdump compressed dump >>>0x1010 use kdump-compressed-dump # Device Tree files 0 search/1024 /dts-v1/ Device Tree File (v1) # beat c code !:strength +14 # e2fsck undo file # David Gilman <[email protected]> 0 string E2UNDO02 e2fsck undo file, version 2 >44 lelong x \b, undo file is >>44 lelong&1 0 not finished >>44 lelong&1 1 finished >48 lelong x \b, undo file features: >>48 lelong&1 0 lacks filesystem offset >>48 lelong&1 1 has filesystem offset >>>64 lequad x at %#llx # ansible vault (does not really belong here) 0 string $ANSIBLE_VAULT; Ansible Vault >&0 regex [0-9]+\\.[0-9]+ \b, version %s >>&0 string ; >>>&0 regex [A-Z0-9]+ \b, encryption %s # From: Joerg Jenderek # URL: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub # Reference: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.06.tar.gz # grub-2.06/include/grub/keyboard_layouts.h # grub-2.06/grub-core/commands/keylayouts.c # GRUB_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS_FILEMAGIC 0 string GRUBLAYO GRUB Keyboard !:mime application/x-grub-keyboard !:ext gkb # GRUB_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS_VERSION like: 10 >8 ulelong !10 \b, version %u # 4 grub_uint32_t grub_keyboard_layout[160] # for normal french keyboard this is letter a >92 ubyte !0x71 >>92 ubyte >0x40 \b, english q is %c #>732 ubyte x \b, english Q is %c # for normal german keyboard this is letter z >124 ubyte !0x79 >>124 ubyte >0x40 \b, english y is %c #>764 ubyte x \b, english Y is %c # From: Ben Dooks <[email protected]> # URL: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/perf/util/header.c # perf files for v1 and v2 0 string PERFFILE Linux perf recording, version 1 0 lequad 0x32454c4946524550 Linux perf recording, version 2. little endian 0 bequad 0x32454c4946524550 Linux perf recording, version 2. big endian
