r"""
2D Plotting
Sage provides extensive 2D plotting functionality. The underlying
rendering is done using the matplotlib Python library.
The following graphics primitives are supported:
- :func:`~sage.plot.arrow.arrow` - an arrow from a min point to a max point.
- :func:`~sage.plot.circle.circle` - a circle with given radius
- :func:`~sage.plot.ellipse.ellipse` - an ellipse with given radii
and angle
- :func:`~sage.plot.arc.arc` - an arc of a circle or an ellipse
- :func:`~sage.plot.disk.disk` - a filled disk (i.e. a sector or wedge of a circle)
- :func:`~sage.plot.line.line` - a line determined by a sequence of points (this need not
be straight!)
- :func:`~sage.plot.point.point` - a point
- :func:`~sage.plot.text.text` - some text
- :func:`~sage.plot.polygon.polygon` - a filled polygon
The following plotting functions are supported:
- :func:`plot` - plot of a function or other Sage object (e.g., elliptic
curve).
- :func:`parametric_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.contour_plot.implicit_plot`
- :func:`polar_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.contour_plot.region_plot`
- :func:`list_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.scatter_plot.scatter_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.bar_chart.bar_chart`
- :func:`~sage.plot.contour_plot.contour_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.density_plot.density_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.plot_field.plot_vector_field`
- :func:`~sage.plot.plot_field.plot_slope_field`
- :func:`~sage.plot.matrix_plot.matrix_plot`
- :func:`~sage.plot.complex_plot.complex_plot`
- :func:`graphics_array`
The following miscellaneous Graphics functions are included:
- :func:`Graphics`
- :func:`is_Graphics`
- :func:`~sage.plot.colors.hue`
Type ``?`` after each primitive in Sage for help and examples.
EXAMPLES:
We draw a curve::
sage: plot(x^2, (x,0,5))
We draw a circle and a curve::
sage: circle((1,1), 1) + plot(x^2, (x,0,5))
Notice that the aspect ratio of the above plot makes the plot very tall because
the plot adopts the default aspect ratio of the circle (to make the circle appear
like a circle). We can change the aspect ratio to be what we normally expect for a plot
by explicitly asking for an 'automatic' aspect ratio::
sage: show(circle((1,1), 1) + plot(x^2, (x,0,5)), aspect_ratio='automatic')
The aspect ratio describes the apparently height/width ratio of a unit square. If you want the vertical units to be twice as big as the horizontal units, specify an aspect ratio of 2::
sage: show(circle((1,1), 1) + plot(x^2, (x,0,5)), aspect_ratio=2)
The ``figsize`` option adjusts the figure size. The default figsize is 4. To make a figure that is roughly twice as big, use ``figsize=8``::
sage: show(circle((1,1), 1) + plot(x^2, (x,0,5)), figsize=8)
You can also give separate horizontal and vertical dimensions::
sage: show(circle((1,1), 1) + plot(x^2, (x,0,5)), figsize=[4,8])
Note that the axes will not cross if the data is not on both sides of
both axes, even if it is quite close::
sage: plot(x^3,(x,1,10))
When the labels have quite different orders of magnitude or are very
large, scientific notation (the `e` notation for powers of ten) is used::
sage: plot(x^2,(x,480,500)) # no scientific notation
::
sage: plot(x^2,(x,300,500)) # scientific notation on y-axis
But you can fix your own tick labels, if you know what to expect and
have a preference::
sage: plot(x^2,(x,300,500),ticks=[None,50000])
We construct a plot involving several graphics objects::
sage: G = plot(cos(x), (x, -5, 5), thickness=5, color='green')
sage: P = polygon([[1,2], [5,6], [5,0]], color='red')
sage: G + P
Next we construct the reflection of the above polygon about the
`y`-axis by iterating over the list of first-coordinates of
the first graphic element of `P` (which is the actual
Polygon; note that `P` is a Graphics object, which consists
of a single polygon)::
sage: Q = polygon([(-x,y) for x,y in P[0]], color='blue')
sage: Q # show it
We combine together different graphics objects using "+"::
sage: H = G + P + Q
sage: print H
Graphics object consisting of 3 graphics primitives
sage: type(H)
<class 'sage.plot.graphics.Graphics'>
sage: H[1]
Polygon defined by 3 points
sage: list(H[1])
[(1.0, 2.0), (5.0, 6.0), (5.0, 0.0)]
sage: H # show it
We can put text in a graph::
sage: L = [[cos(pi*i/100)^3,sin(pi*i/100)] for i in range(200)]
sage: p = line(L, rgbcolor=(1/4,1/8,3/4))
sage: t = text('A Bulb', (1.5, 0.25))
sage: x = text('x axis', (1.5,-0.2))
sage: y = text('y axis', (0.4,0.9))
sage: g = p+t+x+y
sage: g.show(xmin=-1.5, xmax=2, ymin=-1, ymax=1)
We plot the Riemann zeta function along the critical line and see
the first few zeros::
sage: i = CDF.0 # define i this way for maximum speed.
sage: p1 = plot(lambda t: arg(zeta(0.5+t*i)), 1,27,rgbcolor=(0.8,0,0))
sage: p2 = plot(lambda t: abs(zeta(0.5+t*i)), 1,27,color=hue(0.7))
sage: print p1 + p2
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: p1 + p2 # display it
Many concentric circles shrinking toward the origin::
sage: show(sum(circle((i,0), i, hue=sin(i/10)) for i in [10,9.9,..,0]))
Here is a pretty graph::
sage: g = Graphics()
sage: for i in range(60):
... p = polygon([(i*cos(i),i*sin(i)), (0,i), (i,0)],\
... color=hue(i/40+0.4), alpha=0.2)
... g = g + p
...
sage: g.show(dpi=200, axes=False)
Another graph::
sage: x = var('x')
sage: P = plot(sin(x)/x, -4,4, color='blue') + \
... plot(x*cos(x), -4,4, color='red') + \
... plot(tan(x),-4,4, color='green')
...
sage: P.show(ymin=-pi,ymax=pi)
PYX EXAMPLES: These are some examples of plots similar to some of
the plots in the PyX (http://pyx.sourceforge.net) documentation:
Symbolline::
sage: y(x) = x*sin(x^2)
sage: v = [(x, y(x)) for x in [-3,-2.95,..,3]]
sage: show(points(v, rgbcolor=(0.2,0.6, 0.1), pointsize=30) + plot(spline(v), -3.1, 3))
Cycliclink::
sage: x = var('x')
sage: g1 = plot(cos(20*x)*exp(-2*x), 0, 1)
sage: g2 = plot(2*exp(-30*x) - exp(-3*x), 0, 1)
sage: show(graphics_array([g1, g2], 2, 1), xmin=0)
Pi Axis::
sage: g1 = plot(sin(x), 0, 2*pi)
sage: g2 = plot(cos(x), 0, 2*pi, linestyle = "--")
sage: (g1+g2).show(ticks=pi/6, tick_formatter=pi) # show their sum, nicely formatted
An illustration of integration::
sage: f(x) = (x-3)*(x-5)*(x-7)+40
sage: P = line([(2,0),(2,f(2))], color='black')
sage: P += line([(8,0),(8,f(8))], color='black')
sage: P += polygon([(2,0),(2,f(2))] + [(x, f(x)) for x in [2,2.1,..,8]] + [(8,0),(2,0)], rgbcolor=(0.8,0.8,0.8),aspect_ratio='automatic')
sage: P += text("$\\int_{a}^b f(x) dx$", (5, 20), fontsize=16, color='black')
sage: P += plot(f, (1, 8.5), thickness=3)
sage: P # show the result
NUMERICAL PLOTTING:
Sage includes Matplotlib, which provides 2D plotting with an interface
that is a likely very familiar to people doing numerical
computation. For example,
::
sage: from pylab import *
sage: t = arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)
sage: s = sin(2*pi*t)
sage: P = plot(t, s, linewidth=1.0)
sage: xl = xlabel('time (s)')
sage: yl = ylabel('voltage (mV)')
sage: t = title('About as simple as it gets, folks')
sage: grid(True)
sage: savefig(os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'sage.png'))
We test that ``imshow`` works as well, verifying that
Trac ticket 2900 is fixed in Matplotlib.
::
sage: imshow([[(0,0,0)]])
<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at ...>
sage: savefig(os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'foo.png'))
Since the above overwrites many Sage plotting functions, we reset
the state of Sage, so that the examples below work!
::
sage: reset()
See http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net for complete documentation
about how to use Matplotlib.
TESTS: We test dumping and loading a plot.
::
sage: p = plot(sin(x), (x, 0,2*pi))
sage: Q = loads(dumps(p))
Verify that a clean sage startup does *not* import matplotlib::
sage: os.system("sage -c \"if 'matplotlib' in sys.modules: sys.exit(1)\"")
0
AUTHORS:
- Alex Clemesha and William Stein (2006-04-10): initial version
- David Joyner: examples
- Alex Clemesha (2006-05-04) major update
- William Stein (2006-05-29): fine tuning, bug fixes, better server
integration
- William Stein (2006-07-01): misc polish
- Alex Clemesha (2006-09-29): added contour_plot, frame axes, misc
polishing
- Robert Miller (2006-10-30): tuning, NetworkX primitive
- Alex Clemesha (2006-11-25): added plot_vector_field, matrix_plot,
arrow, bar_chart, Axes class usage (see axes.py)
- Bobby Moretti and William Stein (2008-01): Change plot to specify
ranges using the (varname, min, max) notation.
- William Stein (2008-01-19): raised the documentation coverage from a
miserable 12 percent to a 'wopping' 35 percent, and fixed and
clarified numerous small issues.
- Jason Grout (2009-09-05): shifted axes and grid functionality over
to matplotlib; fixed a number of smaller issues.
- Jason Grout (2010-10): rewrote aspect ratio portions of the code
- Jeroen Demeyer (2012-04-19): move parts of this file to graphics.py (:trac:`12857`)
"""
import os
EMBEDDED_MODE = False
DOCTEST_MODE = False
import sage.misc.misc
from sage.misc.misc import srange
from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
from math import sin, cos, pi
from sage.ext.fast_eval import fast_float, fast_float_constant, is_fast_float
from sage.misc.decorators import options, rename_keyword
from graphics import Graphics, GraphicsArray
_SelectiveFormatterClass = None
def SelectiveFormatter(formatter, skip_values):
"""
This matplotlib formatter selectively omits some tick values and
passes the rest on to a specified formatter.
EXAMPLES:
This example is almost straight from a matplotlib example.
::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import SelectiveFormatter
sage: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sage: import numpy
sage: fig=plt.figure()
sage: ax=fig.add_subplot(111)
sage: t = numpy.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)
sage: s = numpy.sin(2*numpy.pi*t)
sage: p = ax.plot(t, s)
sage: formatter=SelectiveFormatter(ax.xaxis.get_major_formatter(),skip_values=[0,1])
sage: ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
sage: fig.savefig(os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test.png'))
"""
global _SelectiveFormatterClass
if _SelectiveFormatterClass is None:
from matplotlib.ticker import Formatter
class _SelectiveFormatterClass(Formatter):
def __init__(self, formatter,skip_values):
"""
Initialize a SelectiveFormatter object.
INPUT:
- formatter -- the formatter object to which we should pass labels
- skip_values -- a list of values that we should skip when
formatting the tick labels
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import SelectiveFormatter
sage: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sage: import numpy
sage: fig=plt.figure()
sage: ax=fig.add_subplot(111)
sage: t = numpy.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)
sage: s = numpy.sin(2*numpy.pi*t)
sage: line=ax.plot(t, s)
sage: formatter=SelectiveFormatter(ax.xaxis.get_major_formatter(),skip_values=[0,1])
sage: ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
sage: fig.savefig(os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test.png'))
"""
self.formatter=formatter
self.skip_values=skip_values
def set_locs(self, locs):
"""
Set the locations for the ticks that are not skipped.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import SelectiveFormatter
sage: import matplotlib.ticker
sage: formatter=SelectiveFormatter(matplotlib.ticker.Formatter(),skip_values=[0,200])
sage: formatter.set_locs([i*100 for i in range(10)])
"""
self.formatter.set_locs([l for l in locs if l not in self.skip_values])
def __call__(self, x, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return the format for tick val *x* at position *pos*
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import SelectiveFormatter
sage: import matplotlib.ticker
sage: formatter=SelectiveFormatter(matplotlib.ticker.FixedFormatter(['a','b']),skip_values=[0,2])
sage: [formatter(i,1) for i in range(10)]
['', 'b', '', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b']
"""
if x in self.skip_values:
return ''
else:
return self.formatter(x, *args, **kwds)
return _SelectiveFormatterClass(formatter, skip_values)
def xydata_from_point_list(points):
r"""
Returns two lists (xdata, ydata), each coerced to a list of floats,
which correspond to the x-coordinates and the y-coordinates of the
points.
The points parameter can be a list of 2-tuples or some object that
yields a list of one or two numbers.
This function can potentially be very slow for large point sets.
TESTS::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import xydata_from_point_list
sage: xydata_from_point_list([CC(0), CC(1)]) # ticket 8082
([0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0])
This function should work for anything than can be turned into a
list, such as iterators and such (see ticket #10478)::
sage: xydata_from_point_list(iter([(0,0), (sqrt(3), 2)]))
([0.0, 1.7320508075688772], [0.0, 2.0])
sage: xydata_from_point_list((x, x^2) for x in range(5))
([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], [0.0, 1.0, 4.0, 9.0, 16.0])
sage: xydata_from_point_list(enumerate(prime_range(1, 15)))
([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0], [2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 11.0, 13.0])
sage: from itertools import izip; xydata_from_point_list(izip([2,3,5,7], [11, 13, 17, 19]))
([2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0], [11.0, 13.0, 17.0, 19.0])
"""
from sage.rings.complex_number import ComplexNumber
if not isinstance(points, (list,tuple)):
points = list(points)
try:
points = [[float(z) for z in points]]
except TypeError:
pass
elif len(points)==2 and not isinstance(points[0],(list,tuple,ComplexNumber)):
try:
points = [[float(z) for z in points]]
except TypeError:
pass
if len(points)>0 and len(list(points[0]))!=2:
raise ValueError, "points must have 2 coordinates in a 2d line"
xdata = [float(z[0]) for z in points]
ydata = [float(z[1]) for z in points]
return xdata, ydata
@rename_keyword(color='rgbcolor')
@options(alpha=1, thickness=1, fill=False, fillcolor='automatic', fillalpha=0.5, rgbcolor=(0,0,1), plot_points=200,
adaptive_tolerance=0.01, adaptive_recursion=5, detect_poles = False, exclude = None, legend_label=None,
__original_opts=True, aspect_ratio='automatic')
def plot(funcs, *args, **kwds):
r"""
Use plot by writing
``plot(X, ...)``
where `X` is a Sage object (or list of Sage objects) that
either is callable and returns numbers that can be coerced to
floats, or has a plot method that returns a
``GraphicPrimitive`` object.
There are many other specialized 2D plot commands available
in Sage, such as ``plot_slope_field``, as well as various
graphics primitives like Arrow; type ``sage.plot.plot?`` for
a current list.
Type ``plot.options`` for a dictionary of the default
options for plots. You can change this to change the defaults for
all future plots. Use ``plot.reset()`` to reset to the
default options.
PLOT OPTIONS:
- ``plot_points`` - (default: 200) the minimal number of plot points.
- ``adaptive_recursion`` - (default: 5) how many levels of recursion to go
before giving up when doing adaptive refinement. Setting this to 0
disables adaptive refinement.
- ``adaptive_tolerance`` - (default: 0.01) how large a difference should be
before the adaptive refinement code considers it significant. See the
documentation further below for more information, starting at "the
algorithm used to insert".
- ``xmin`` - starting x value
- ``xmax`` - ending x value
- ``color`` - an RGB tuple (r,g,b) with each of r,g,b between 0 and 1,
or a color name as a string (e.g., 'purple'), or an HTML color
such as '#aaff0b'.
- ``detect_poles`` - (Default: False) If set to True poles are detected.
If set to "show" vertical asymptotes are drawn.
- ``legend_label`` - the label for this item in the legend
APPEARANCE OPTIONS:
The following options affect the appearance of
the line through the points on the graph of `X` (these are
the same as for the line function):
INPUT:
- ``alpha`` - How transparent the line is
- ``thickness`` - How thick the line is
- ``rgbcolor`` - The color as an RGB tuple
- ``hue`` - The color given as a hue
Any MATPLOTLIB line option may also be passed in. E.g.,
- ``linestyle`` - The style of the line, which is one of
- ``"-"`` (solid) -- default
- ``"--"`` (dashed)
- ``"-."`` (dash dot)
- ``":"`` (dotted)
- ``"None"`` or ``" "`` or ``""`` (nothing)
The linestyle can also be prefixed with a drawing style (e.g., ``"steps--"``)
- ``"default"`` (connect the points with straight lines)
- ``"steps"`` or ``"steps-pre"`` (step function; horizontal
line is to the left of point)
- ``"steps-mid"`` (step function; points are in the middle of
horizontal lines)
- ``"steps-post"`` (step function; horizontal line is to the
right of point)
- ``marker`` - The style of the markers, which is one of
- ``"None"`` or ``" "`` or ``""`` (nothing) -- default
- ``","`` (pixel), ``"."`` (point)
- ``"_"`` (horizontal line), ``"|"`` (vertical line)
- ``"o"`` (circle), ``"p"`` (pentagon), ``"s"`` (square), ``"x"`` (x), ``"+"`` (plus), ``"*"`` (star)
- ``"D"`` (diamond), ``"d"`` (thin diamond)
- ``"H"`` (hexagon), ``"h"`` (alternative hexagon)
- ``"<"`` (triangle left), ``">"`` (triangle right), ``"^"`` (triangle up), ``"v"`` (triangle down)
- ``"1"`` (tri down), ``"2"`` (tri up), ``"3"`` (tri left), ``"4"`` (tri right)
- ``0`` (tick left), ``1`` (tick right), ``2`` (tick up), ``3`` (tick down)
- ``4`` (caret left), ``5`` (caret right), ``6`` (caret up), ``7`` (caret down)
- ``"$...$"`` (math TeX string)
- ``markersize`` - the size of the marker in points
- ``markeredgecolor`` -- the color of the marker edge
- ``markerfacecolor`` -- the color of the marker face
- ``markeredgewidth`` - the size of the marker edge in points
- ``exclude`` - (Default: None) values which are excluded from the plot range.
Either a list of real numbers, or an equation in one variable.
FILLING OPTIONS:
- ``fill`` - (Default: False) One of:
- "axis" or True: Fill the area between the function and the x-axis.
- "min": Fill the area between the function and its minimal value.
- "max": Fill the area between the function and its maximal value.
- a number c: Fill the area between the function and the horizontal line y = c.
- a function g: Fill the area between the function that is plotted and g.
- a dictionary d (only if a list of functions are plotted):
The keys of the dictionary should be integers.
The value of d[i] specifies the fill options for the i-th function in the list.
If d[i] == [j]: Fill the area between the i-th and the j-th function in the list.
(But if d[i] == j: Fill the area between the i-th function in the list and the
horizontal line y = j.)
- ``fillcolor`` - (default: 'automatic') The color of the fill.
Either 'automatic' or a color.
- ``fillalpha`` - (default: 0.5) How transparent the fill is.
A number between 0 and 1.
Note that this function does NOT simply sample equally spaced
points between xmin and xmax. Instead it computes equally spaced
points and add small perturbations to them. This reduces the
possibility of, e.g., sampling sin only at multiples of
`2\pi`, which would yield a very misleading graph.
EXAMPLES: We plot the sin function::
sage: P = plot(sin, (0,10)); print P
Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
sage: len(P) # number of graphics primitives
1
sage: len(P[0]) # how many points were computed (random)
225
sage: P # render
::
sage: P = plot(sin, (0,10), plot_points=10); print P
Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
sage: len(P[0]) # random output
32
sage: P # render
We plot with ``randomize=False``, which makes the initial sample points
evenly spaced (hence always the same). Adaptive plotting might
insert other points, however, unless ``adaptive_recursion=0``.
::
sage: p=plot(1, (x,0,3), plot_points=4, randomize=False, adaptive_recursion=0)
sage: list(p[0])
[(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 1.0), (3.0, 1.0)]
Some colored functions::
sage: plot(sin, 0, 10, color='purple')
sage: plot(sin, 0, 10, color='#ff00ff')
We plot several functions together by passing a list of functions
as input::
sage: plot([sin(n*x) for n in [1..4]], (0, pi))
We can also build a plot step by step from an empty plot::
sage: a = plot([]); a # passing an empty list returns an empty plot (Graphics() object)
sage: a += plot(x**2); a # append another plot
sage: a += plot(x**3); a # append yet another plot
The function `\sin(1/x)` wiggles wildly near `0`.
Sage adapts to this and plots extra points near the origin.
::
sage: plot(sin(1/x), (x, -1, 1))
Via the matplotlib library, Sage makes it easy to tell whether
a graph is on both sides of both axes, as the axes only cross
if the origin is actually part of the viewing area::
sage: plot(x^3,(x,0,2)) # this one has the origin
sage: plot(x^3,(x,1,2)) # this one does not
Another thing to be aware of with axis labeling is that when
the labels have quite different orders of magnitude or are very
large, scientific notation (the `e` notation for powers of ten) is used::
sage: plot(x^2,(x,480,500)) # this one has no scientific notation
sage: plot(x^2,(x,300,500)) # this one has scientific notation on y-axis
You can put a legend with ``legend_label`` (the legend is only put
once in the case of multiple functions)::
sage: plot(exp(x), 0, 2, legend_label='$e^x$')
Sage understands TeX, so these all are slightly different, and you can choose
one based on your needs::
sage: plot(sin, legend_label='sin')
sage: plot(sin, legend_label='$sin$')
sage: plot(sin, legend_label='$\sin$')
Note that the independent variable may be omitted if there is no
ambiguity::
sage: plot(sin(1/x), (-1, 1))
The algorithm used to insert extra points is actually pretty
simple. On the picture drawn by the lines below::
sage: p = plot(x^2, (-0.5, 1.4)) + line([(0,0), (1,1)], color='green')
sage: p += line([(0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5^2)], color='purple')
sage: p += point(((0, 0), (0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5^2), (1, 1)), color='red', pointsize=20)
sage: p += text('A', (-0.05, 0.1), color='red')
sage: p += text('B', (1.01, 1.1), color='red')
sage: p += text('C', (0.48, 0.57), color='red')
sage: p += text('D', (0.53, 0.18), color='red')
sage: p.show(axes=False, xmin=-0.5, xmax=1.4, ymin=0, ymax=2)
You have the function (in blue) and its approximation (in green)
passing through the points A and B. The algorithm finds the
midpoint C of AB and computes the distance between C and D. If that
distance exceeds the ``adaptive_tolerance`` threshold (*relative* to
the size of the initial plot subintervals), the point D is
added to the curve. If D is added to the curve, then the
algorithm is applied recursively to the points A and D, and D and
B. It is repeated ``adaptive_recursion`` times (5, by default).
The actual sample points are slightly randomized, so the above
plots may look slightly different each time you draw them.
We draw the graph of an elliptic curve as the union of graphs of 2
functions.
::
sage: def h1(x): return abs(sqrt(x^3 - 1))
sage: def h2(x): return -abs(sqrt(x^3 - 1))
sage: P = plot([h1, h2], 1,4)
sage: P # show the result
We can also directly plot the elliptic curve::
sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,-1])
sage: plot(E, (1, 4), color=hue(0.6))
We can change the line style as well::
sage: plot(sin(x), (x, 0, 10), linestyle='-.')
If we have an empty linestyle and specify a marker, we can see the
points that are actually being plotted::
sage: plot(sin(x), (x,0,10), plot_points=20, linestyle='', marker='.')
The marker can be a TeX symbol as well::
sage: plot(sin(x), (x,0,10), plot_points=20, linestyle='', marker=r'$\checkmark$')
Sage currently ignores points that cannot be evaluated
::
sage: set_verbose(-1)
sage: plot(-x*log(x), (x,0,1)) # this works fine since the failed endpoint is just skipped.
sage: set_verbose(0)
This prints out a warning and plots where it can (we turn off the
warning by setting the verbose mode temporarily to -1.)
::
sage: set_verbose(-1)
sage: plot(x^(1/3), (x,-1,1))
sage: set_verbose(0)
To plot the negative real cube root, use something like the following::
sage: plot(lambda x : RR(x).nth_root(3), (x,-1, 1))
We can detect the poles of a function::
sage: plot(gamma, (-3, 4), detect_poles = True).show(ymin = -5, ymax = 5)
We draw the Gamma-Function with its poles highlighted::
sage: plot(gamma, (-3, 4), detect_poles = 'show').show(ymin = -5, ymax = 5)
The basic options for filling a plot::
sage: p1 = plot(sin(x), -pi, pi, fill = 'axis')
sage: p2 = plot(sin(x), -pi, pi, fill = 'min')
sage: p3 = plot(sin(x), -pi, pi, fill = 'max')
sage: p4 = plot(sin(x), -pi, pi, fill = 0.5)
sage: graphics_array([[p1, p2], [p3, p4]]).show(frame=True, axes=False)
sage: plot([sin(x), cos(2*x)*sin(4*x)], -pi, pi, fill = {0: 1}, fillcolor = 'red', fillalpha = 1)
A example about the growth of prime numbers::
sage: plot(1.13*log(x), 1, 100, fill = lambda x: nth_prime(x)/floor(x), fillcolor = 'red')
Fill the area between a function and its asymptote::
sage: f = (2*x^3+2*x-1)/((x-2)*(x+1))
sage: plot([f, 2*x+2], -7,7, fill = {0: [1]}, fillcolor='#ccc').show(ymin=-20, ymax=20)
Fill the area between a list of functions and the x-axis::
sage: def b(n): return lambda x: bessel_J(n, x)
sage: plot([b(n) for n in [1..5]], 0, 20, fill = 'axis')
Note that to fill between the ith and jth functions, you
must use dictionary key-value pairs i:[j]; key-value pairs
like i:j will fill between the ith function and the line y=j::
sage: def b(n): return lambda x: bessel_J(n, x) + 0.5*(n-1)
sage: plot([b(c) for c in [1..5]], 0, 40, fill = dict([(i, [i+1]) for i in [0..3]]))
sage: plot([b(c) for c in [1..5]], 0, 40, fill = dict([(i, i+1) for i in [0..3]]))
Extra options will get passed on to show(), as long as they are valid::
sage: plot(sin(x^2), (x, -3, 3), axes_labels=['$x$','$y$']) # These labels will be nicely typeset
sage: plot(sin(x^2), (x, -3, 3), axes_labels=['x','y']) # These will not
::
sage: plot(sin(x^2), (x, -3, 3), figsize=[8,2])
sage: plot(sin(x^2), (x, -3, 3)).show(figsize=[8,2]) # These are equivalent
This includes options for custom ticks and formatting. See documentation
for :meth:`show` for more details.
::
sage: plot(sin(pi*x), (x, -8, 8), ticks=[[-7,-3,0,3,7],[-1/2,0,1/2]])
sage: plot(2*x+1,(x,0,5),ticks=[[0,1,e,pi,sqrt(20)],2],tick_formatter="latex")
This is particularly useful when setting custom ticks in multiples of `pi`.
::
sage: plot(sin(x),(x,0,2*pi),ticks=pi/3,tick_formatter=pi)
A example with excluded values::
sage: plot(floor(x), (x, 1, 10), exclude = [1..10])
We exclude all points where prime_pi makes a jump::
sage: jumps = [n for n in [1..100] if prime_pi(n) != prime_pi(n-1)]
sage: plot(lambda x: prime_pi(x), (x, 1, 100), exclude = jumps)
Excluded points can also be given by an equation::
sage: g(x) = x^2-2*x-2
sage: plot(1/g(x), (x, -3, 4), exclude = g(x) == 0, ymin = -5, ymax = 5)
``exclude`` and ``detect_poles`` can be used together::
sage: f(x) = (floor(x)+0.5) / (1-(x-0.5)^2)
sage: plot(f, (x, -3.5, 3.5), detect_poles = 'show', exclude = [-3..3], ymin = -5, ymax = 5)
TESTS:
We do not randomize the endpoints::
sage: p = plot(x, (x,-1,1))
sage: p[0].xdata[0] == -1
True
sage: p[0].xdata[-1] == 1
True
We check to make sure that the x/y min/max data get set correctly
when there are multiple functions.
::
sage: d = plot([sin(x), cos(x)], 100, 120).get_minmax_data()
sage: d['xmin']
100.0
sage: d['xmax']
120.0
We check various combinations of tuples and functions, ending with
tests that lambda functions work properly with explicit variable
declaration, without a tuple.
::
sage: p = plot(lambda x: x,(x,-1,1))
sage: p = plot(lambda x: x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(x,x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(x^2,x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(x^2,xmin=-1,xmax=2)
sage: p = plot(lambda x: x,x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(lambda x: x^2,x,-1,1)
sage: p = plot(lambda x: 1/x,x,-1,1)
sage: f(x) = sin(x+3)-.1*x^3
sage: p = plot(lambda x: f(x),x,-1,1)
We check to handle cases where the function gets evaluated at a
point which causes an 'inf' or '-inf' result to be produced.
::
sage: p = plot(1/x, 0, 1)
sage: p = plot(-1/x, 0, 1)
Bad options now give better errors::
sage: P = plot(sin(1/x), (x,-1,3), foo=10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
RuntimeError: Error in line(): option 'foo' not valid.
sage: P = plot(x, (x,1,1)) # trac ticket #11753
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: plot start point and end point must be different
We test that we can plot `f(x)=x` (see Trac 10246)::
sage: f(x)=x; f
x |--> x
sage: plot(f,(x,-1,1))
"""
G_kwds = Graphics._extract_kwds_for_show(kwds, ignore=['xmin', 'xmax'])
original_opts = kwds.pop('__original_opts', {})
do_show = kwds.pop('show',False)
from sage.structure.element import is_Vector
if kwds.get('parametric',False) and is_Vector(funcs):
funcs = tuple(funcs)
if hasattr(funcs, 'plot'):
G = funcs.plot(*args, **original_opts)
else:
n = len(args)
if n == 0:
xmin = kwds.pop('xmin', -1)
xmax = kwds.pop('xmax', 1)
G = _plot(funcs, (xmin, xmax), **kwds)
elif n == 1:
G = _plot(funcs, *args, **kwds)
elif n == 2:
xmin = args[0]
xmax = args[1]
args = args[2:]
G = _plot(funcs, (xmin, xmax), *args, **kwds)
elif n == 3:
var = args[0]
xmin = args[1]
xmax = args[2]
args = args[3:]
G = _plot(funcs, (var, xmin, xmax), *args, **kwds)
elif ('xmin' in kwds) or ('xmax' in kwds):
xmin = kwds.pop('xmin', -1)
xmax = kwds.pop('xmax', 1)
G = _plot(funcs, (xmin, xmax), *args, **kwds)
pass
else:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("there were %s extra arguments (besides %s)" % (n, funcs), level=0)
G._set_extra_kwds(G_kwds)
if do_show:
G.show()
return G
def _plot(funcs, xrange, parametric=False,
polar=False, fill=False, label='', randomize=True, **options):
"""
Internal function which does the actual plotting.
INPUT:
- ``funcs`` - function or list of functions to be plotted
- ``xrange`` - two or three tuple of [input variable], min and max
- ``parametric`` - (default: False) a boolean for whether
this is a parametric plot
- ``polar`` - (default: False) a boolean for whether
this is a polar plot
- ``fill`` - (default: False) an input for whether
this plot is filled
- ``randomize`` - (default: True) a boolean for whether
to use random plot points
The following option is deprecated in favor of ``legend_label``:
- ``label`` - (default: '') a string for the label
All other usual plot options are also accepted, and a number
are required (see the example below) which are normally passed
through the options decorator to :func:`plot`.
OUTPUT:
- A ``Graphics`` object
EXAMPLES::
See :func:`plot` for many, many implicit examples.
Here is an explicit one::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import _plot
sage: P = _plot(e^(-x^2),(-3,3),fill=True,color='red',plot_points=50,adaptive_tolerance=2,adaptive_recursion=True,exclude=None)
sage: P.show(aspect_ratio='automatic')
TESTS:
Make sure that we get the right number of legend entries as the number of
functions varies (:trac:`10514`)::
sage: p1 = plot(1*x, legend_label='1x')
sage: p2 = plot(2*x, legend_label='2x', color='green')
sage: p1+p2
::
sage: len(p1.matplotlib().axes[0].legend().texts)
1
sage: len((p1+p2).matplotlib().axes[0].legend().texts)
2
sage: q1 = plot([sin(x), tan(x)], legend_label='trig')
sage: len((q1).matplotlib().axes[0].legend().texts) # used to raise AttributeError
1
sage: q1
::
Make sure that we don't get multiple legend labels for plot segments
(:trac:`11998`)::
sage: p1 = plot(1/(x^2-1),(x,-2,2),legend_label="foo",detect_poles=True)
sage: len(p1.matplotlib().axes[0].legend().texts)
1
sage: p1.show(ymin=-10,ymax=10) # should be one legend
"""
from sage.plot.misc import setup_for_eval_on_grid
if funcs == []:
return Graphics()
funcs, ranges = setup_for_eval_on_grid(funcs, [xrange], options['plot_points'])
xmin, xmax, delta = ranges[0]
xrange=ranges[0][:2]
if parametric:
f, g = funcs
else:
f = funcs
if isinstance(funcs, (list, tuple)) and not parametric:
from sage.plot.colors import rainbow
rainbow_colors = rainbow(len(funcs))
G = Graphics()
for i, h in enumerate(funcs):
if isinstance(fill, dict):
if i in fill:
fill_entry = fill[i]
if isinstance(fill_entry, list):
if fill_entry[0] < len(funcs):
fill_temp = funcs[fill_entry[0]]
else:
fill_temp = None
else:
fill_temp = fill_entry
else:
fill_temp = None
else:
fill_temp = fill
options_temp = options.copy()
fillcolor_temp = options_temp.pop('fillcolor', 'automatic')
if i >= 1:
legend_label=options_temp.pop('legend_label', None)
if fillcolor_temp == 'automatic':
fillcolor_temp = rainbow_colors[i]
G += plot(h, xrange, polar = polar, fill = fill_temp, \
fillcolor = fillcolor_temp, **options_temp)
return G
adaptive_tolerance = options.pop('adaptive_tolerance')
adaptive_recursion = options.pop('adaptive_recursion')
plot_points = int(options.pop('plot_points'))
exclude = options.pop('exclude')
if exclude is not None:
from sage.symbolic.expression import Expression
if isinstance(exclude, Expression) and exclude.is_relational() == True:
if len(exclude.variables()) > 1:
raise ValueError('exclude has to be an equation of only one variable')
v = exclude.variables()[0]
points = [e.right() for e in exclude.solve(v) if e.left() == v and (v not in e.right().variables())]
exclude = []
for x in points:
try:
exclude.append(float(x))
except TypeError:
pass
if isinstance(exclude, (list, tuple)):
exclude = sorted(exclude)
epsilon = 0.001*(xmax - xmin)
initial_points = reduce(lambda a,b: a+b, [[x - epsilon, x + epsilon] for x in exclude], [])
data = generate_plot_points(f, xrange, plot_points, adaptive_tolerance, adaptive_recursion, randomize, initial_points)
else:
raise ValueError('exclude needs to be a list of numbers or an equation')
if exclude == []:
exclude = None
else:
data = generate_plot_points(f, xrange, plot_points, adaptive_tolerance, adaptive_recursion, randomize)
if parametric:
exclude_data = data
data = [(fdata, g(x)) for x, fdata in data]
G = Graphics()
fillcolor = options.pop('fillcolor', 'automatic')
fillalpha = options.pop('fillalpha', 0.5)
if fill is not False and fill is not None:
if parametric:
filldata = data
else:
if fill == 'axis' or fill is True:
base_level = 0
elif fill == 'min':
base_level = min(t[1] for t in data)
elif fill == 'max':
base_level = max(t[1] for t in data)
elif hasattr(fill, '__call__'):
if fill == max or fill == min:
if fill == max:
fstr = 'max'
else:
fstr = 'min'
msg = "WARNING: You use the built-in function %s for filling. You probably wanted the string '%s'." % (fstr, fstr)
sage.misc.misc.verbose(msg, level=0)
if not is_fast_float(fill):
fill_f = fast_float(fill, expect_one_var=True)
else:
fill_f = fill
filldata = generate_plot_points(fill_f, xrange, plot_points, adaptive_tolerance, \
adaptive_recursion, randomize)
filldata.reverse()
filldata += data
else:
try:
base_level = float(fill)
except TypeError:
base_level = 0
if not hasattr(fill, '__call__') and polar:
filldata = generate_plot_points(lambda x: base_level, xrange, plot_points, adaptive_tolerance, \
adaptive_recursion, randomize)
filldata.reverse()
filldata += data
if not hasattr(fill, '__call__') and not polar:
filldata = [(data[0][0], base_level)] + data + [(data[-1][0], base_level)]
if fillcolor == 'automatic':
fillcolor = (0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
fill_options = {}
fill_options['rgbcolor'] = fillcolor
fill_options['alpha'] = fillalpha
fill_options['thickness'] = 0
if polar:
filldata = [(y*cos(x), y*sin(x)) for x, y in filldata]
G += polygon(filldata, **fill_options)
if not parametric:
exclude_data = data
if polar:
data = [(y*cos(x), y*sin(x)) for x, y in data]
from sage.plot.all import line, text
detect_poles = options.pop('detect_poles', False)
legend_label = options.pop('legend_label', None)
if exclude is not None or detect_poles != False:
start_index = 0
from sage.rings.all import RDF
epsilon = 0.0001
pole_options = {}
pole_options['linestyle'] = '--'
pole_options['thickness'] = 1
pole_options['rgbcolor'] = '#ccc'
exclusion_point = 0
if exclude is not None:
exclude.reverse()
exclusion_point = exclude.pop()
for i in range(len(data)-1):
x0, y0 = exclude_data[i]
x1, y1 = exclude_data[i+1]
if (not (polar or parametric)) and detect_poles != False \
and ((y1 > 0 and y0 < 0) or (y1 < 0 and y0 > 0)):
dy = abs(y1-y0)
dx = x1 - x0
alpha = (RDF(dy)/RDF(dx)).arctan()
if alpha >= RDF(pi/2) - epsilon:
G += line(data[start_index:i], **options)
if detect_poles == 'show':
G += line([(x0, y0), (x1, y1)], **pole_options)
start_index = i+2
if exclude is not None and (x0 <= exclusion_point <= x1):
G += line(data[start_index:i], **options)
start_index = i + 2
try:
exclusion_point = exclude.pop()
except IndexError:
exclude = None
G += line(data[start_index:], legend_label=legend_label, **options)
else:
G += line(data, legend_label=legend_label, **options)
if label:
sage.misc.misc.deprecation("Consider using legend_label instead")
label = ' '+str(label)
G += text(label, data[-1], horizontal_alignment='left',
vertical_alignment='center')
return G
@options(aspect_ratio=1.0)
def parametric_plot(funcs, *args, **kwargs):
r"""
Plot a parametric curve or surface in 2d or 3d.
:func:`parametric_plot` takes two or three functions as a
list or a tuple and makes a plot with the first function giving the
`x` coordinates, the second function giving the `y`
coordinates, and the third function (if present) giving the
`z` coordinates.
In the 2d case, :func:`parametric_plot` is equivalent to the :func:`plot` command
with the option ``parametric=True``. In the 3d case, :func:`parametric_plot`
is equivalent to :func:`~sage.plot.plot3d.parametric_plot3d.parametric_plot3d`.
See each of these functions for more help and examples.
INPUT:
- ``funcs`` - 2 or 3-tuple of functions, or a vector of dimension 2 or 3.
- ``other options`` - passed to :func:`plot` or :func:`~sage.plot.plot3d.parametric_plot3d.parametric_plot3d`
EXAMPLES: We draw some 2d parametric plots. Note that the default aspect ratio
is 1, so that circles look like circles. ::
sage: t = var('t')
sage: parametric_plot( (cos(t), sin(t)), (t, 0, 2*pi))
::
sage: parametric_plot( (sin(t), sin(2*t)), (t, 0, 2*pi), color=hue(0.6) )
::
sage: parametric_plot((1, t), (t, 0, 4))
Note that in parametric_plot, there is only fill or no fill.
::
sage: parametric_plot((t, t^2), (t, -4, 4), fill = True)
A filled Hypotrochoid::
sage: parametric_plot([cos(x) + 2 * cos(x/4), sin(x) - 2 * sin(x/4)], (x,0, 8*pi), fill = True)
sage: parametric_plot( (5*cos(x), 5*sin(x), x), (x,-12, 12), plot_points=150, color="red")
sage: y=var('y')
sage: parametric_plot( (5*cos(x), x*y, cos(x*y)), (x, -4,4), (y,-4,4))
sage: t=var('t')
sage: parametric_plot( vector((sin(t), sin(2*t))), (t, 0, 2*pi), color='green')
sage: parametric_plot( vector([t, t+1, t^2]), (t, 0, 1))
TESTS::
sage: parametric_plot((x, t^2), (x, -4, 4))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there are more variables than variable ranges
sage: parametric_plot((1, x+t), (x, -4, 4))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there are more variables than variable ranges
sage: parametric_plot((-t, x+t), (x, -4, 4))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there are more variables than variable ranges
sage: parametric_plot((1, x+t, y), (x, -4, 4), (t, -4, 4))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there are more variables than variable ranges
sage: parametric_plot((1, x, y), 0, 4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there are more variables than variable ranges
"""
num_ranges=0
for i in args:
if isinstance(i, (list, tuple)):
num_ranges+=1
else:
break
if num_ranges==0 and len(args)>=2:
from sage.misc.misc import deprecation
deprecation("variable ranges to parametric_plot must be given as tuples, like (2,4) or (t,2,3)")
args=tuple(args)
num_ranges=1
num_funcs = len(funcs)
num_vars=len(sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments(funcs)[0])
if num_vars>num_ranges:
raise ValueError, "there are more variables than variable ranges"
if num_funcs == 2 and num_ranges == 1:
kwargs['parametric'] = True
return plot(funcs, *args, **kwargs)
elif (num_funcs == 3 and num_ranges <= 2):
return sage.plot.plot3d.parametric_plot3d.parametric_plot3d(funcs, *args, **kwargs)
else:
raise ValueError, "the number of functions and the number of variable ranges is not a supported combination for a 2d or 3d parametric plots"
@options(aspect_ratio=1.0)
def polar_plot(funcs, *args, **kwds):
r"""
``polar_plot`` takes a single function or a list or
tuple of functions and plots them with polar coordinates in the given
domain.
This function is equivalent to the :func:`plot` command with the options
``polar=True`` and ``aspect_ratio=1``. For more help on options,
see the documentation for :func:`plot`.
INPUT:
- ``funcs`` - a function
- other options are passed to plot
EXAMPLES:
Here is a blue 8-leaved petal::
sage: polar_plot(sin(5*x)^2, (x, 0, 2*pi), color='blue')
A red figure-8::
sage: polar_plot(abs(sqrt(1 - sin(x)^2)), (x, 0, 2*pi), color='red')
A green limacon of Pascal::
sage: polar_plot(2 + 2*cos(x), (x, 0, 2*pi), color=hue(0.3))
Several polar plots::
sage: polar_plot([2*sin(x), 2*cos(x)], (x, 0, 2*pi))
A filled spiral::
sage: polar_plot(sqrt, 0, 2 * pi, fill = True)
Fill the area between two functions::
sage: polar_plot(cos(4*x) + 1.5, 0, 2*pi, fill=0.5 * cos(4*x) + 2.5, fillcolor='orange')
Fill the area between several spirals::
sage: polar_plot([(1.2+k*0.2)*log(x) for k in range(6)], 1, 3 * pi, fill = {0: [1], 2: [3], 4: [5]})
Exclude points at discontinuities::
sage: polar_plot(log(floor(x)), (x, 1, 4*pi), exclude = [1..12])
"""
kwds['polar']=True
return plot(funcs, *args, **kwds)
@options(aspect_ratio='automatic')
def list_plot(data, plotjoined=False, **kwargs):
r"""
``list_plot`` takes either a list of numbers, a list of tuples,
or a dictionary and plots the corresponding points.
If given a list of numbers (that is, not a list of tuples or lists),
``list_plot`` forms a list of tuples `(i, x_i)` where `i` goes from
0 to ``len(data)-1`` and `x_i` is the `i`-th data value, and puts
points at those tuple values.
``list_plot`` will plot a list of complex numbers in the obvious
way; any numbers for which
:func:`CC()<sage.rings.complex_field.ComplexField>` makes sense will
work.
``list_plot`` also takes a list of tuples `(x_i, y_i)` where `x_i`
and `y_i` are the `i`-th values representing the `x`- and
`y`-values, respectively.
If given a dictionary, ``list_plot`` interprets the keys as
`x`-values and the values as `y`-values.
The ``plotjoined=True`` option tells ``list_plot`` to plot a line
joining all the data.
It is possible to pass empty dictionaries, lists, or tuples to
list_plot. Doing so will plot nothing (returning an empty plot).
EXAMPLES::
sage: list_plot([i^2 for i in range(5)])
Here are a bunch of random red points::
sage: r = [(random(),random()) for _ in range(20)]
sage: list_plot(r,color='red')
This gives all the random points joined in a purple line::
sage: list_plot(r, plotjoined=True, color='purple')
Plot a list of complex numbers::
sage: list_plot([1, I, pi + I/2, CC(.25, .25)])
sage: list_plot([exp(I*theta) for theta in [0, .2..pi]])
Note that if your list of complex numbers are all actually real,
they get plotted as real values, so this
::
sage: list_plot([CDF(1), CDF(1/2), CDF(1/3)])
is the same as ``list_plot([1, 1/2, 1/3])`` -- it produces a plot of
the points `(0,1)`, `(1,1/2)`, and `(2,1/3)`.
If you have separate lists of `x` values and `y` values which you
want to plot against each other, use the ``zip`` command to make a
single list whose entries are pairs of `(x,y)` values, and feed
the result into ``list_plot``::
sage: x_coords = [cos(t)^3 for t in srange(0, 2*pi, 0.02)]
sage: y_coords = [sin(t)^3 for t in srange(0, 2*pi, 0.02)]
sage: list_plot(zip(x_coords, y_coords))
If instead you try to pass the two lists as separate arguments,
you will get an error message::
sage: list_plot(x_coords, y_coords)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The second argument 'plotjoined' should be boolean (True or False). If you meant to plot two lists 'x' and 'y' against each other, use 'list_plot(zip(x,y))'.
Dictionaries with numeric keys and values can be plotted::
sage: list_plot({22: 3365, 27: 3295, 37: 3135, 42: 3020, 47: 2880, 52: 2735, 57: 2550})
TESTS:
We check to see that the x/y min/max data are set correctly.
::
sage: d = list_plot([(100,100), (120, 120)]).get_minmax_data()
sage: d['xmin']
100.0
sage: d['ymin']
100.0
"""
from sage.plot.all import line, point
if data == {} or data == () or data == []:
return Graphics()
if isinstance(data, dict):
if plotjoined:
list_data = sorted(list(data.iteritems()))
else:
list_data = list(data.iteritems())
return list_plot(list_data, plotjoined=plotjoined, **kwargs)
if not isinstance(data[0], (list, tuple)):
data = zip(range(len(data)), data)
if isinstance(plotjoined, (list, tuple)):
raise TypeError, "The second argument 'plotjoined' should be boolean (True or False). If you meant to plot two lists 'x' and 'y' against each other, use 'list_plot(zip(x,y))'."
try:
if plotjoined:
return line(data, **kwargs)
else:
return point(data, **kwargs)
except (TypeError, IndexError):
from sage.rings.complex_field import ComplexField
CC = ComplexField()
data = [(z.real(), z.imag()) for z in [CC(z[1]) for z in data]]
if plotjoined:
return line(data, **kwargs)
else:
return point(data, **kwargs)
def to_float_list(v):
"""
Given a list or tuple or iterable v, coerce each element of v to a
float and make a list out of the result.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import to_float_list
sage: to_float_list([1,1/2,3])
[1.0, 0.5, 3.0]
"""
return [float(x) for x in v]
def reshape(v, n, m):
"""
Helper function for creating graphics arrays.
The input array is flattened and turned into an `n\times m`
array, with blank graphics object padded at the end, if
necessary.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - a list of lists or tuples
- ``n, m`` - integers
OUTPUT:
A list of lists of graphics objects
EXAMPLES::
sage: L = [plot(sin(k*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for k in range(10)]
sage: graphics_array(L,3,4) # long time (up to 4s on sage.math, 2012)
::
sage: M = [[plot(sin(k*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for k in range(3)],[plot(cos(j*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for j in [3..5]]]
sage: graphics_array(M,6,1) # long time (up to 4s on sage.math, 2012)
TESTS::
sage: L = [plot(sin(k*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for k in [1..3]]
sage: graphics_array(L,0,-1) # indirect doctest
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: array sizes must be positive
"""
assert n>0 and m>0, 'array sizes must be positive'
G = Graphics()
G.axes(False)
if len(v) == 0:
return [[G]*m]*n
if not isinstance(v[0], Graphics):
v = sum([list(x) for x in v], [])
for i in xrange(n*m - len(v)):
v.append(G)
L = []
k = 0
for i in range(n):
w = []
for j in range(m):
w.append(v[k])
k += 1
L.append(w)
return L
def graphics_array(array, n=None, m=None):
r"""
``graphics_array`` take a list of lists (or tuples) of
graphics objects and plots them all on one canvas (single plot).
INPUT:
- ``array`` - a list of lists or tuples
- ``n, m`` - (optional) integers - if n and m are
given then the input array is flattened and turned into an n x m
array, with blank graphics objects padded at the end, if
necessary.
EXAMPLE: Make some plots of `\sin` functions::
sage: f(x) = sin(x)
sage: g(x) = sin(2*x)
sage: h(x) = sin(4*x)
sage: p1 = plot(f,(-2*pi,2*pi),color=hue(0.5))
sage: p2 = plot(g,(-2*pi,2*pi),color=hue(0.9))
sage: p3 = parametric_plot((f,g),(0,2*pi),color=hue(0.6))
sage: p4 = parametric_plot((f,h),(0,2*pi),color=hue(1.0))
Now make a graphics array out of the plots::
sage: graphics_array(((p1,p2),(p3,p4)))
One can also name the array, and then use :meth:`~sage.plot.graphics.GraphicsArray.show`
or :meth:`~sage.plot.graphics.GraphicsArray.save`::
sage: ga = graphics_array(((p1,p2),(p3,p4)))
sage: ga.show()
Here we give only one row::
sage: p1 = plot(sin,(-4,4))
sage: p2 = plot(cos,(-4,4))
sage: g = graphics_array([p1, p2]); print g
Graphics Array of size 1 x 2
sage: g.show()
It is possible to use ``figsize`` to change the size of the plot
as a whole::
sage: L = [plot(sin(k*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for k in [1..3]]
sage: G = graphics_array(L)
sage: G.show(figsize=[5,3]) # smallish and compact
::
sage: G.show(figsize=[10,20]) # bigger and tall and thin; long time (2s on sage.math, 2012)
::
sage: G.show(figsize=8) # figure as a whole is a square
"""
if not n is None:
n = int(n)
m = int(m)
array = reshape(array, n, m)
return GraphicsArray(array)
def var_and_list_of_values(v, plot_points):
"""
INPUT:
- ``v`` - (v0, v1) or (var, v0, v1); if the former
return the range of values between v0 and v1 taking plot_points
steps; if var is given, also return var.
- ``plot_points`` - integer = 2 (the endpoints)
OUTPUT:
- ``var`` - a variable or None
- ``list`` - a list of floats
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import var_and_list_of_values
sage: var_and_list_of_values((var('theta'), 2, 5), 5)
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: var_and_list_of_values is deprecated. Please use sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid; note that that function has slightly different calling and return conventions which make it more generally applicable
(theta, [2.0, 2.75, 3.5, 4.25, 5.0])
sage: var_and_list_of_values((2, 5), 5)
(None, [2.0, 2.75, 3.5, 4.25, 5.0])
sage: var_and_list_of_values((var('theta'), 2, 5), 2)
(theta, [2.0, 5.0])
sage: var_and_list_of_values((2, 5), 2)
(None, [2.0, 5.0])
"""
from sage.misc.misc import deprecation
deprecation("var_and_list_of_values is deprecated. Please use sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid; note that that function has slightly different calling and return conventions which make it more generally applicable")
plot_points = int(plot_points)
if plot_points < 2:
raise ValueError, "plot_points must be greater than 1"
if not isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
raise TypeError, "v must be a tuple or list"
if len(v) == 3:
var = v[0]
a, b = v[1], v[2]
elif len(v) == 2:
var = None
a, b = v
else:
raise ValueError, "parametric value range must be a list or tuple of length 2 or 3."
a = float(a)
b = float(b)
if plot_points == 2:
return var, [a, b]
else:
step = (b-a)/float(plot_points-1)
values = [a + step*i for i in xrange(plot_points)]
return var, values
def setup_for_eval_on_grid(v, xrange, yrange, plot_points):
"""
This function is deprecated. Please use
sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid instead. Please note that
that function has slightly different calling and return
conventions which make it more generally applicable.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - a list of functions
- ``xrange`` - 2 or 3 tuple (if 3, first is a
variable)
- ``yrange`` - 2 or 3 tuple
- ``plot_points`` - a positive integer
OUTPUT:
- ``g`` - tuple of fast callable functions
- ``xstep`` - step size in xdirection
- ``ystep`` - step size in ydirection
- ``xrange`` - tuple of 2 floats
- ``yrange`` - tuple of 2 floats
EXAMPLES::
sage: x,y = var('x,y')
sage: sage.plot.plot.setup_for_eval_on_grid([x^2 + y^2], (x,0,5), (y,0,pi), 11)
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: sage.plot.plot.setup_for_eval_on_grid is deprecated. Please use sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid; note that that function has slightly different calling and return conventions which make it more generally applicable
([<sage.ext... object at ...>],
0.5,
0.3141592653589793,
(0.0, 5.0),
(0.0, 3.141592653589793))
We always plot at least two points; one at the beginning and one at the end of the ranges.
::
sage: sage.plot.plot.setup_for_eval_on_grid([x^2+y^2], (x,0,1), (y,-1,1), 1)
([<sage.ext... object at ...>],
1.0,
2.0,
(0.0, 1.0),
(-1.0, 1.0))
"""
from sage.misc.misc import deprecation
deprecation("sage.plot.plot.setup_for_eval_on_grid is deprecated. Please use sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid; note that that function has slightly different calling and return conventions which make it more generally applicable")
from sage.plot.misc import setup_for_eval_on_grid as setup
g, ranges=setup(v, [xrange, yrange], plot_points)
return list(g), ranges[0][2], ranges[1][2], ranges[0][:2], ranges[1][:2]
def minmax_data(xdata, ydata, dict=False):
"""
Returns the minimums and maximums of xdata and ydata.
If dict is False, then minmax_data returns the tuple (xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax); otherwise, it returns a dictionary whose keys are
'xmin', 'xmax', 'ymin', and 'ymax' and whose values are the
corresponding values.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import minmax_data
sage: minmax_data([], [])
(-1, 1, -1, 1)
sage: minmax_data([-1, 2], [4, -3])
(-1, 2, -3, 4)
sage: d = minmax_data([-1, 2], [4, -3], dict=True)
sage: list(sorted(d.items()))
[('xmax', 2), ('xmin', -1), ('ymax', 4), ('ymin', -3)]
"""
xmin = min(xdata) if len(xdata) > 0 else -1
xmax = max(xdata) if len(xdata) > 0 else 1
ymin = min(ydata) if len(ydata) > 0 else -1
ymax = max(ydata) if len(ydata) > 0 else 1
if dict:
return {'xmin':xmin, 'xmax':xmax,
'ymin':ymin, 'ymax':ymax}
else:
return xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax
def adaptive_refinement(f, p1, p2, adaptive_tolerance=0.01, adaptive_recursion=5, level=0):
r"""
The adaptive refinement algorithm for plotting a function f. See
the docstring for plot for a description of the algorithm.
INPUT:
- ``f`` - a function of one variable
- ``p1, p2`` - two points to refine between
- ``adaptive_recursion`` - (default: 5) how many
levels of recursion to go before giving up when doing adaptive
refinement. Setting this to 0 disables adaptive refinement.
- ``adaptive_tolerance`` - (default: 0.01) how large
a relative difference should be before the adaptive refinement
code considers it significant; see documentation for generate_plot_points
for more information. See the documentation for plot() for more
information on how the adaptive refinement algorithm works.
OUTPUT:
- ``list`` - a list of points to insert between p1 and
p2 to get a better linear approximation between them
TESTS::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import adaptive_refinement
sage: adaptive_refinement(sin, (0,0), (pi,0), adaptive_tolerance=0.01, adaptive_recursion=0)
[]
sage: adaptive_refinement(sin, (0,0), (pi,0), adaptive_tolerance=0.01)
[(0.125*pi, 0.3826834323650898), (0.1875*pi, 0.5555702330196022), (0.25*pi, 0.7071067811865475), (0.3125*pi, 0.8314696123025452), (0.375*pi, 0.9238795325112867), (0.4375*pi, 0.9807852804032304), (0.5*pi, 1.0), (0.5625*pi, 0.9807852804032304), (0.625*pi, 0.9238795325112867), (0.6875*pi, 0.8314696123025455), (0.75*pi, 0.7071067811865476), (0.8125*pi, 0.5555702330196022), (0.875*pi, 0.3826834323650899)]
This shows that lowering adaptive_tolerance and raising
adaptive_recursion both increase the number of subdivision
points, though which one creates more points is heavily
dependent upon the function being plotted.
::
sage: x = var('x')
sage: f(x) = sin(1/x)
sage: n1 = len(adaptive_refinement(f, (0,0), (pi,0), adaptive_tolerance=0.01)); n1
15
sage: n2 = len(adaptive_refinement(f, (0,0), (pi,0), adaptive_recursion=10, adaptive_tolerance=0.01)); n2
79
sage: n3 = len(adaptive_refinement(f, (0,0), (pi,0), adaptive_tolerance=0.001)); n3
26
"""
if level >= adaptive_recursion:
return []
x = (p1[0] + p2[0])/2.0
msg = ''
try:
y = float(f(x))
if str(y) in ['nan', 'NaN', 'inf', '-inf']:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("%s\nUnable to compute f(%s)"%(msg, x),1)
return []
except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError), msg:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("%s\nUnable to compute f(%s)"%(msg, x), 1)
return []
if abs((p1[1] + p2[1])/2.0 - y) > adaptive_tolerance:
return adaptive_refinement(f, p1, (x, y),
adaptive_tolerance=adaptive_tolerance,
adaptive_recursion=adaptive_recursion,
level=level+1) \
+ [(x, y)] + \
adaptive_refinement(f, (x, y), p2,
adaptive_tolerance=adaptive_tolerance,
adaptive_recursion=adaptive_recursion,
level=level+1)
else:
return []
def generate_plot_points(f, xrange, plot_points=5, adaptive_tolerance=0.01, adaptive_recursion=5, randomize = True, initial_points = None):
r"""
Calculate plot points for a function f in the interval xrange. The
adaptive refinement algorithm is also automatically invoked with a
*relative* adaptive tolerance of adaptive_tolerance; see below.
INPUT:
- ``f`` - a function of one variable
- ``p1, p2`` - two points to refine between
- ``plot_points`` - (default: 5) the minimal number of plot points. (Note
however that in any actual plot a number is passed to this, with default
value 200.)
- ``adaptive_recursion`` - (default: 5) how many levels of recursion to go
before giving up when doing adaptive refinement. Setting this to 0
disables adaptive refinement.
- ``adaptive_tolerance`` - (default: 0.01) how large the relative difference
should be before the adaptive refinement code considers it significant. If
the actual difference is greater than adaptive_tolerance*delta, where delta
is the initial subinterval size for the given xrange and plot_points, then
the algorithm will consider it significant.
- ``initial_points`` - (default: None) a list of points that should be evaluated.
OUTPUT:
- a list of points (x, f(x)) in the interval xrange, which approximate
the function f.
TESTS::
sage: from sage.plot.plot import generate_plot_points
sage: generate_plot_points(sin, (0, pi), plot_points=2, adaptive_recursion=0)
[(0.0, 0.0), (3.141592653589793, 1.2246...e-16)]
sage: from sage.plot.plot import generate_plot_points
sage: generate_plot_points(lambda x: x^2, (0, 6), plot_points=2, adaptive_recursion=0, initial_points = [1,2,3])
[(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 4.0), (3.0, 9.0), (6.0, 36.0)]
sage: generate_plot_points(sin(x).function(x), (-pi, pi), randomize=False)
[(-3.141592653589793, -1.2246...e-16), (-2.748893571891069,
-0.3826834323650899), (-2.356194490192345, -0.707106781186547...),
(-2.1598449493429825, -0.831469612302545...), (-1.9634954084936207,
-0.9238795325112867), (-1.7671458676442586, -0.9807852804032304),
(-1.5707963267948966, -1.0), (-1.3744467859455345,
-0.9807852804032304), (-1.1780972450961724, -0.9238795325112867),
(-0.9817477042468103, -0.831469612302545...), (-0.7853981633974483,
-0.707106781186547...), (-0.39269908169872414, -0.3826834323650898),
(0.0, 0.0), (0.39269908169872414, 0.3826834323650898),
(0.7853981633974483, 0.707106781186547...), (0.9817477042468103,
0.831469612302545...), (1.1780972450961724, 0.9238795325112867),
(1.3744467859455345, 0.9807852804032304), (1.5707963267948966, 1.0),
(1.7671458676442586, 0.9807852804032304), (1.9634954084936207,
0.9238795325112867), (2.1598449493429825, 0.831469612302545...),
(2.356194490192345, 0.707106781186547...), (2.748893571891069,
0.3826834323650899), (3.141592653589793, 1.2246...e-16)]
This shows that lowering adaptive_tolerance and raising
adaptive_recursion both increase the number of subdivision points.
(Note that which creates more points is heavily dependent on the
particular function plotted.)
::
sage: x = var('x')
sage: f(x) = sin(1/x)
sage: [len(generate_plot_points(f, (-pi, pi), plot_points=16, adaptive_tolerance=i, randomize=False)) for i in [0.01, 0.001, 0.0001]]
[97, 161, 275]
sage: [len(generate_plot_points(f, (-pi, pi), plot_points=16, adaptive_recursion=i, randomize=False)) for i in [5, 10, 15]]
[97, 499, 2681]
"""
from sage.plot.misc import setup_for_eval_on_grid
ignore, ranges = setup_for_eval_on_grid([], [xrange], plot_points)
xmin, xmax, delta = ranges[0]
data = srange(*ranges[0], include_endpoint=True)
random = current_randstate().python_random().random
for i in range(len(data)):
xi = data[i]
if randomize and i > 0 and i < plot_points-1:
xi += delta*(random() - 0.5)
data[i] = xi
if isinstance(initial_points, list):
data = sorted(data + initial_points)
exceptions = 0; msg=''
exception_indices = []
for i in range(len(data)):
xi = data[i]
try:
data[i] = (float(xi), float(f(xi)))
if str(data[i][1]) in ['nan', 'NaN', 'inf', '-inf']:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("%s\nUnable to compute f(%s)"%(msg, xi),1)
exceptions += 1
exception_indices.append(i)
except (ArithmeticError, TypeError, ValueError), msg:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("%s\nUnable to compute f(%s)"%(msg, xi),1)
if i == 0:
for j in range(1, 99):
xj = xi + delta*j/100.0
try:
data[i] = (float(xj), float(f(xj)))
if data[i][1] != data[i][1]:
continue
break
except (ArithmeticError, TypeError, ValueError), msg:
pass
else:
exceptions += 1
exception_indices.append(i)
elif i == plot_points-1:
for j in range(1, 99):
xj = xi - delta*j/100.0
try:
data[i] = (float(xj), float(f(xj)))
if data[i][1] != data[i][1]:
continue
break
except (ArithmeticError, TypeError, ValueError), msg:
pass
else:
exceptions += 1
exception_indices.append(i)
else:
exceptions += 1
exception_indices.append(i)
data = [data[i] for i in range(len(data)) if i not in exception_indices]
i, j = 0, 0
adaptive_tolerance = delta * float(adaptive_tolerance)
adaptive_recursion = int(adaptive_recursion)
while i < len(data) - 1:
for p in adaptive_refinement(f, data[i], data[i+1],
adaptive_tolerance=adaptive_tolerance,
adaptive_recursion=adaptive_recursion):
data.insert(i+1, p)
i += 1
i += 1
if (len(data) == 0 and exceptions > 0) or exceptions > 10:
sage.misc.misc.verbose("WARNING: When plotting, failed to evaluate function at %s points."%exceptions, level=0)
sage.misc.misc.verbose("Last error message: '%s'"%msg, level=0)
return data
from line import line, line2d, Line as GraphicPrimitive_Line
from arrow import arrow, Arrow as GraphicPrimitive_Arrow
from bar_chart import bar_chart, BarChart as GraphicPrimitive_BarChart
from disk import disk, Disk as GraphicPrimitive_Disk
from point import point, points, point2d, Point as GraphicPrimitive_Point
from matrix_plot import matrix_plot, MatrixPlot as GraphicPrimitive_MatrixPlot
from plot_field import plot_vector_field, plot_slope_field, PlotField as GraphicPrimitive_PlotField
from text import text, Text as GraphicPrimitive_Text
from polygon import polygon, Polygon as GraphicPrimitive_Polygon
from circle import circle, Circle as GraphicPrimtive_Circle
from contour_plot import contour_plot, implicit_plot, ContourPlot as GraphicPrimitive_ContourPlot
