period_lattice.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
Period lattices of elliptic curves and related functions

Let `E` be an elliptic curve defined over a number field `K`
(including `\QQ`).  We attach a period lattice (a discrete rank 2
subgroup of `\CC`) to each embedding of `K` into `\CC`.

In the case of real embeddings, the lattice is stable under complex
conjugation and is called a real lattice.  These have two types:
rectangular, (the real curve has two connected components and positive
discriminant) or non-rectangular (one connected component, negative
discriminant).

The periods are computed to arbitrary precision using the AGM (Gauss's
Arithmetic-Geometric Mean).

EXAMPLES::

    sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
    sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])

First we try a real embedding::

    sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
    sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb); L
    Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + a*x + a over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
    From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
    To:   Algebraic Real Field
    Defn: a |--> 1.259921049894873?

The first basis period is real::

    sage: L.basis()
    (3.81452977217855, 1.90726488608927 + 1.34047785962440*I)
    sage: L.is_real()
    True

For a basis `\omega_1,\omega_2` normalised so that `\omega_1/\omega_2`
is in the fundamental region of the upper half-plane, use the function
``normalised_basis()`` instead::

    sage: L.normalised_basis()
    (1.90726488608927 - 1.34047785962440*I, -1.90726488608927 - 1.34047785962440*I)
    
Next a complex embedding::

    sage: emb = K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0]
    sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb); L
    Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + a*x + a over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
    From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
    To:   Algebraic Field
    Defn: a |--> -0.6299605249474365? - 1.091123635971722?*I

In this case, the basis `\omega_1`, `\omega_2` is always normalised so
that `\tau = \omega_1/\omega_2` is in the fundamental region in the
upper half plane::

    sage: w1,w2 = L.basis(); w1,w2
    (-1.37588604166076 - 2.58560946624443*I, -2.10339907847356 + 0.428378776460622*I)
    sage: L.is_real()
    False
    sage: tau = w1/w2; tau
    0.387694505032876 + 1.30821088214407*I
    sage: L.normalised_basis()
    (-1.37588604166076 - 2.58560946624443*I, -2.10339907847356 + 0.428378776460622*I)

We test that bug #8415 (caused by a PARI bug fixed in v2.3.5) is OK::

    sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
    sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-7)
    sage: EK = E.change_ring(K)
    sage: EK.period_lattice(K.complex_embeddings()[0])
    Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + (-1)*x over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 7 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
      From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 7
      To:   Algebraic Field
      Defn: a |--> -2.645751311064591?*I



AUTHORS:

- ?: initial version.

- John Cremona:

  - Adapted to handle real embeddings of number fields, September 2008.

  - Added basis_matrix function, November 2008

  - Added support for complex embeddings, May 2009.

  - Added complex elliptic logs, March 2010; enhanced, October 2010.

"""

from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule_generic_pid
from sage.rings.all import ZZ, QQ, RealField, ComplexField, is_RealField, is_ComplexField, QQbar, AA
from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealNumber as RealNumber
from sage.rings.complex_number import ComplexNumber as ComplexNumber
from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import refine_embedding
from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.constructor import EllipticCurve
from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method

class PeriodLattice(FreeModule_generic_pid):
    """
    The class for the period lattice of an algebraic variety.
    """
    pass

class PeriodLattice_ell(PeriodLattice):
    r"""
    The class for the period lattice of an elliptic curve.

    Currently supported are elliptic curves defined over `\QQ`, and
    elliptic curves defined over a number field with a real or complex
    embedding, where the lattice constructed depends on that
    embedding.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, E, embedding=None):
        r"""
        Initialises the period lattice by storing the elliptic curve and the embedding.

        INPUT:

        - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve

        - ``embedding`` (defult: ``None``) -- an embedding of the base
          field `K` of ``E`` into a real or complex field.  If
          ``None``:

          - use the built-in coercion to `\RR` for `K=\QQ`;

          - use the first embedding into `\RR` given by
          ``K.embeddings(RealField())``, if there are any;

          - use the first embedding into `\CC` given by
          ``K.embeddings(ComplexField())``, if `K` is totally complex.

        .. note:: 

           No periods are computed on creation of the lattice; see the
           functions ``basis()``, ``normalised_basis()`` and
           ``real_period()`` for precision setting.

        EXAMPLES:

        This function is not normally called directly, but will be
        called by the period_lattice() function of classes
        ell_number_field and ell_rational_field::
        
            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import PeriodLattice_ell
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: PeriodLattice_ell(E)
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = PeriodLattice_ell(E,emb); L
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + a*x + a over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
            From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
            To:   Algebraic Real Field
            Defn: a |--> 1.259921049894873?

            sage: emb = K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0]
            sage: L = PeriodLattice_ell(E,emb); L
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + a*x + a over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
            From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
            To:   Algebraic Field
            Defn: a |--> -0.6299605249474365? - 1.091123635971722?*I

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import PeriodLattice_ell
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = PeriodLattice_ell(E,emb)
            sage: L == loads(dumps(L))
            True
        """
        # First we cache the elliptic curve with this period lattice:

        self.E = E

        # Next we cache the embedding into QQbar or AA which extends
        # the given embedding:
        
        K = E.base_field()
        if embedding is None:
            embs = K.embeddings(AA)
            real = len(embs)>0
            if not real:
                embs = K.embeddings(QQbar)
            embedding = embs[0]
        else:
            embedding = refine_embedding(embedding,Infinity)
            real = embedding(K.gen()).imag().is_zero()

        self.embedding = embedding

        # Next we compute and cache (in self.real_flag) the type of
        # the lattice: +1 for real rectangular, -1 for real
        # non-rectangular, 0 for non-real:

        self.real_flag = 0
        if real:
            self.real_flag = +1
            if embedding(E.discriminant())<0:
                self.real_flag = -1

        # The following algebraic data associated to E and the
        # embedding is cached:
        #
        # Ebar: the curve E base-changed to QQbar (or AA)
        # f2: the 2-division polynomial of Ebar
        # ei: the roots e1, e2, e3 of f2, as elements of QQbar (or AA)
        #
        # The ei are used both for period computation and elliptic
        # logarithms.

        self.Ebar = self.E.change_ring(self.embedding)
        self.f2 = self.Ebar.two_division_polynomial()
        if self.real_flag == 1: # positive discriminant
            self._ei = self.f2.roots(AA,multiplicities=False)
            self._ei.sort()  # e1 < e2 < e3
            e1, e2, e3 = self._ei
        elif self.real_flag == -1: # negative discriminant
            self._ei = self.f2.roots(QQbar,multiplicities=False)
            self._ei = list(sorted(self._ei,key=lambda z: z.imag()))
            e1, e3, e2 = self._ei # so e3 is real            
            e3 = AA(e3)
            self._ei = [e1, e2, e3]
        else:
            self._ei = self.f2.roots(QQbar,multiplicities=False)
            e1, e2, e3 = self._ei

        # The quantities sqrt(e_i-e_j) are cached (as elements of
        # QQbar) to be used in period computations:

        self._abc = (e3-e1).sqrt(), (e3-e2).sqrt(), (e2-e1).sqrt()

        PeriodLattice.__init__(self, base_ring=ZZ, rank=2, degree=1, sparse=False)
            
    def __cmp__(self, other):
        r"""
        Comparison function for period lattices

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import PeriodLattice_ell
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(ComplexField())
            sage: L1,L2,L3 = [PeriodLattice_ell(E,e) for e in embs]
            sage: L1 < L2 < L3
            True

        """
        if not isinstance(other, PeriodLattice_ell): return -1
        t = cmp(self.E, other.E)
        if t: return t
        a = self.E.base_field().gen()
        return cmp(self.embedding(a), other.embedding(a))
        
    def __repr__(self):
        """
        Returns the string representation of this period lattice.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice()
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb); L
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + a*x + a over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 with respect to the embedding Ring morphism:
            From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
            To:   Algebraic Real Field
            Defn: a |--> 1.259921049894873?
        """
        if self.E.base_field() is QQ:            
            return "Period lattice associated to %s"%(self.E)
        else:
            return "Period lattice associated to %s with respect to the embedding %s"%(self.E, self.embedding)

    def __call__(self, P, prec=None):
        r"""
        Return the elliptic logarithm of a point `P`.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``P`` (point) -- a point on the elliptic curve associated
          with this period lattice.

        - ``prec`` (default: ``None``) -- precision in bits (default
          precision if ``None``).

        OUTPUT:

        (complex number) The elliptic logarithm of the point `P` with
        respect to this period lattice.  If `E` is the elliptic curve
        and `\sigma:K\to\CC` the embedding, then the returned value `z`
        is such that `z\pmod{L}` maps to `\sigma(P)` under the
        standard Weierstrass isomorphism from `\CC/L` to `\sigma(E)`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: E.discriminant() > 0
            True
            sage: L.real_flag
            1
            sage: P = E([-1,1])
            sage: P.is_on_identity_component ()
            False
            sage: L(P, prec=96) 
            0.4793482501902193161295330101 + 0.985868850775824102211203849...*I
            sage: Q=E([3,5])
            sage: Q.is_on_identity_component()     
            True
            sage: L(Q, prec=96)                  
            1.931128271542559442488585220

        Note that this is actually the inverse of the Weierstrass isomorphism::
        
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(L(Q))
            (3.00000000000000 : 5.00000000000000 : 1.00000000000000)

        An example with negative discriminant, and a torsion point::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: E.discriminant() < 0
            True
            sage: L.real_flag
            -1
            sage: P = E([16,-61])
            sage: L(P)
            0.253841860855911
            sage: L.real_period() / L(P)
            5.00000000000000
        """
        return self.elliptic_logarithm(P,prec)
    
    @cached_method
    def basis(self, prec=None, algorithm='sage'):
        r"""
        Return a basis for this period lattice as a 2-tuple.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (default: ``None``) -- precision in bits (default
          precision if ``None``).

        - ``algorithm`` (string, default 'sage') -- choice of
          implementation (for real embeddings only) between 'sage'
          (native Sage implementation) or 'pari' (use the PARI
          library: only available for real embeddings).
        
        OUTPUT:

        (tuple of Complex) `(\omega_1,\omega_2)` where the lattice is
        `\ZZ\omega_1 + \ZZ\omega_2`.  If the lattice is real then
        `\omega_1` is real and positive, `\Im(\omega_2)>0` and
        `\Re(\omega_1/\omega_2)` is either `0` (for rectangular
        lattices) or `\frac{1}{2}` (for non-rectangular lattices).
        Otherwise, `\omega_1/\omega_2` is in the fundamental region of
        the upper half-plane.  If the latter normalisation is required
        for real lattices, use the function ``normalised_basis()``
        instead.
        
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().basis()
            (2.99345864623196, 2.45138938198679*I)

        This shows that the issue reported at trac \#3954 is fixed::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: b1 = E.period_lattice().basis(prec=30)
            sage: b2 = E.period_lattice().basis(prec=30)
            sage: b1 == b2
            True

        This shows that the issue reported at trac \#4064 is fixed::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().basis(prec=30)[0].parent()
            Real Field with 30 bits of precision
            sage: E.period_lattice().basis(prec=100)[0].parent()
            Real Field with 100 bits of precision

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.basis(64)
            (3.81452977217854509, 1.90726488608927255 + 1.34047785962440202*I)

            sage: emb = K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0]
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: w1,w2 = L.basis(); w1,w2
            (-1.37588604166076 - 2.58560946624443*I, -2.10339907847356 + 0.428378776460622*I)
            sage: L.is_real()
            False
            sage: tau = w1/w2; tau
            0.387694505032876 + 1.30821088214407*I
        """
        # We divide into two cases: (1) Q, or a number field with a
        # real embedding; (2) a number field with a complex embedding.
        # In each case the periods are computed by a different
        # internal function.

        if self.is_real():
            return self._compute_periods_real(prec=prec, algorithm=algorithm)
        else:
            return self._compute_periods_complex(prec=prec)
    
    @cached_method
    def normalised_basis(self, prec=None, algorithm='sage'):
        r"""
        Return a normalised basis for this period lattice as a 2-tuple.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (default: ``None``) -- precision in bits (default
          precision if ``None``).

        - ``algorithm`` (string, default 'sage') -- choice of
          implementation (for real embeddings only) between 'sage'
          (native Sage implementation) or 'pari' (use the PARI
          library: only available for real embeddings).
        
        OUTPUT:

        (tuple of Complex) `(\omega_1,\omega_2)` where the lattice has
        the form `\ZZ\omega_1 + \ZZ\omega_2`.  The basis is normalised
        so that `\omega_1/\omega_2` is in the fundamental region of
        the upper half-plane.  For an alternative normalisation for
        real lattices (with the first period real), use the function
        basis() instead.
        
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().normalised_basis()
            (2.99345864623196, -2.45138938198679*I)

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.normalised_basis(64)
            (1.90726488608927255 - 1.34047785962440202*I, -1.90726488608927255 - 1.34047785962440202*I)

            sage: emb = K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0]
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: w1,w2 = L.normalised_basis(); w1,w2
            (-1.37588604166076 - 2.58560946624443*I, -2.10339907847356 + 0.428378776460622*I)
            sage: L.is_real()
            False
            sage: tau = w1/w2; tau
            0.387694505032876 + 1.30821088214407*I
        """
        w1, w2 = periods = self.basis(prec=prec, algorithm=algorithm)
        periods, mat = normalise_periods(w1,w2)
        return periods
        
    @cached_method
    def _compute_periods_real(self, prec=None, algorithm='sage'):
        r"""
        Internal function to compute the periods (real embedding case).

        INPUT:


        - `prec` (int or ``None`` (default)) -- floating point
          precision (in bits); if None, use the default precision.

        - `algorithm` (string, default 'sage') -- choice of implementation between
          - `pari`: use the PARI library

          - `sage`: use a native Sage implementation (with the same underlying algorithm).

          
        OUTPUT:

        (tuple of Complex) `(\omega_1,\omega_2)` where the lattice has
        the form `\ZZ\omega_1 + \ZZ\omega_2`, `\omega_1` is real and
        `\omega_1/\omega_2` has real part either `0` or `frac{1}{2}`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(CC)
            sage: Ls = [E.period_lattice(e) for e in embs]
            sage: [L.is_real() for L in Ls]
            [False, False, True]
            sage: Ls[2]._compute_periods_real(100)
            (3.8145297721785450936365098936,
            1.9072648860892725468182549468 + 1.3404778596244020196600112394*I)
            sage: Ls[2]._compute_periods_real(100, algorithm='pari')
            (3.8145297721785450936365098936,
            1.9072648860892725468182549468 - 1.3404778596244020196600112394*I)
        """
        if prec is None:
            prec = RealField().precision()
        R = RealField(prec)
        C = ComplexField(prec)

        if algorithm=='pari':
            if self.E.base_field() is QQ:
                periods = self.E.pari_curve(prec).omega().python()
                return (R(periods[0]), C(periods[1]))

            from sage.libs.pari.all import pari
            E_pari = pari([R(self.embedding(ai).real()) for ai in self.E.a_invariants()]).ellinit(precision=prec)
            periods = E_pari.omega().python()
            return (R(periods[0]), C(periods[1]))   

        if algorithm!='sage':
            raise ValueError, "invalid value of 'algorithm' parameter"
        
        pi = R.pi()
        # Up to now everything has been exact in AA or QQbar, but now
        # we must go transcendental.  Only now is the desired
        # precision used!
        if self.real_flag == 1: # positive discriminant
            a, b, c = (R(x) for x in self._abc)
            w1 = R(pi/a.agm(b))   # least real period
            w2 = C(0,pi/a.agm(c)) # least pure imaginary period
        else:
            a = C(self._abc[0])
            x, y, r = a.real().abs(), a.imag().abs(), a.abs()
            w1 = R(pi/r.agm(x)) # least real period
            w2 = R(pi/r.agm(y)) # least pure imaginary period /i
            w2 = C(w1,w2)/2
            
        return (w1,w2)

    @cached_method
    def _compute_periods_complex(self, prec=None, normalise=True):
        r"""
        Internal function to compute the periods (complex embedding case).

        INPUT:

        - `prec` (int or ``None`` (default)) -- floating point precision (in bits); if None,
          use the default precision.

        - `normalise` (bool, default True) -- whether to normalise the
          basis after computation.

        OUTPUT:

        (tuple of Complex) `(\omega_1,\omega_2)` where the lattice has
        the form `\ZZ\omega_1 + \ZZ\omega_2`.  If `normalise` is
        `True`, the basis is normalised so that `(\omega_1/\omega_2)`
        is in the fundamental region of the upper half plane.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(CC)
            sage: Ls = [E.period_lattice(e) for e in embs]
            sage: [L.is_real() for L in Ls]
            [False, False, True]
            sage: L = Ls[0]
            sage: w1,w2 = L._compute_periods_complex(100); w1,w2
            (-1.3758860416607626645495991458 - 2.5856094662444337042877901304*I, -2.1033990784735587243397865076 + 0.42837877646062187766760569686*I)
            sage: tau = w1/w2; tau
            0.38769450503287609349437509561 + 1.3082108821440725664008561928*I
            sage: tau.real()
            0.38769450503287609349437509561
            sage: tau.abs()
            1.3644496111593345713923386773

        Without normalisation::

            sage: w1,w2 = L._compute_periods_complex(normalise=False); w1,w2     
            (2.10339907847356 - 0.428378776460622*I, 0.727513036812796 - 3.01398824270506*I)
            sage: tau = w1/w2; tau                                              
            0.293483964608883 + 0.627038168678760*I
            sage: tau.real()                                                    
            0.293483964608883
            sage: tau.abs()          # > 1
            0.692321964451917
        """
        if prec is None:
            prec = RealField().precision()
        C = ComplexField(prec)

        # Up to now everything has been exact in AA, but now we
        # must go transcendental.  Only now is the desired
        # precision used!
        pi = C.pi()
        a, b, c = (C(x) for x in self._abc)
        if (a+b).abs() < (a-b).abs(): b=-b
        if (a+c).abs() < (a-c).abs(): c=-c
        w1 = pi/a.agm(b)
        w2 = pi*C.gen()/a.agm(c)
        if (w1/w2).imag()<0: w2=-w2
        if normalise:
            w1w2, mat = normalise_periods(w1,w2)
            return w1w2
        return (w1,w2)
    
    def is_real(self):
        r""" 
        Return True if this period lattice is real.
        
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: f.period_lattice().is_real()
            True

        ::    

            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K,[0,0,0,i,2*i])
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0]
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.is_real()
            False

        ::

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: [E.period_lattice(emb).is_real() for emb in K.embeddings(CC)]
            [False, False, True]

        
        ALGORITHM:

        The lattice is real if it is associated to a real embedding;
        such lattices are stable under conjugation.
        """
        return self.real_flag!=0
    
    def is_rectangular(self):
        r""" 
        Return True if this period lattice is rectangular.

        .. note::

           Only defined for real lattices; a RuntimeError is raised for
           non-real lattices.
        
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: f.period_lattice().basis()
            (1.26920930427955, 0.634604652139777 + 1.45881661693850*I)
            sage: f.period_lattice().is_rectangular()
            False

        ::    

            sage: f = EllipticCurve('37b')
            sage: f.period_lattice().basis()
            (1.08852159290423, 1.76761067023379*I)
            sage: f.period_lattice().is_rectangular()
            True
        
        ALGORITHM:

        The period lattice is rectangular precisely if the
        discriminant of the Weierstrass equation is positive, or
        equivalently if the number of real components is 2.
        """
        if self.is_real():
            return self.real_flag == +1
        raise RuntimeError, "Not defined for non-real lattices."
    
    def real_period(self, prec = None, algorithm='sage'):
        """
        Returns the real period of this period lattice.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (int or ``None`` (default)) -- real precision in
          bits (default real precision if ``None``)
        
        - ``algorithm`` (string, default 'sage') -- choice of
          implementation (for real embeddings only) between 'sage'
          (native Sage implementation) or 'pari' (use the PARI
          library: only available for real embeddings).
        
        .. note::

           Only defined for real lattices; a RuntimeError is raised for
           non-real lattices.
        
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().real_period()
            2.99345864623196

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.real_period(64)         
            3.81452977217854509        
        """
        if self.is_real():
            return self.basis(prec,algorithm)[0]
        raise RuntimeError, "Not defined for non-real lattices."
    
    def omega(self, prec = None):
        r"""
        Returns the real or complex volume of this period lattice.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (int or ``None``(default)) -- real precision in
          bits (default real precision if ``None``)

        OUTPUT:

        (real) For real lattices, this is the real period times the
        number of connected components.  For non-real lattices it is
        the complex area.
        
        .. note::

           If the curve is defined over `\QQ` and is given by a
           *minimal* Weierstrass equation, then this is the correct
           period in the BSD conjecture, i.e., it is the least real
           period * 2 when the period lattice is rectangular.  More
           generally the product of this quantity over all embeddings
           appears in the generalised BSD formula.


        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().omega()
            5.98691729246392
        
        This is not a minimal model::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,-432*6^2])
            sage: E.period_lattice().omega()
            0.486109385710056
        
        If you were to plug the above omega into the BSD conjecture, you
        would get nonsense.   The following works though::

            sage: F = E.minimal_model()
            sage: F.period_lattice().omega()
            0.972218771420113

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.omega(64)
            3.81452977217854509

        A complex example (taken from J.E.Cremona and E.Whitley,
        *Periods of cusp forms and elliptic curves over imaginary
        quadratic fields*, Mathematics of Computation 62 No. 205
        (1994), 407-429)::

            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1-i,i,-i,0])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.embeddings(CC)[0])
            sage: L.omega()
            8.80694160502647
        """
        if self.is_real():
            n_components = (self.real_flag+3)//2
            return self.real_period(prec) * n_components
        else:
            return self.complex_area()
    
    @cached_method
    def basis_matrix(self, prec=None, normalised=False):
        r"""
        Return the basis matrix of this period lattice.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (int or ``None``(default)) -- real precision in
          bits (default real precision if ``None``).

        - ``normalised`` (bool, default None) -- if True and the
          embedding is real, use the normalised basis (see
          ``normalised_basis()``) instead of the default.

        OUTPUT:        

        A 2x2 real matrix whose rows are the lattice basis vectors, 
        after identifying `\CC` with `\RR^2`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().basis_matrix()
            [ 2.99345864623196 0.000000000000000]
            [0.000000000000000  2.45138938198679]

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(RealField())[0]
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: L.basis_matrix(64)
            [ 3.81452977217854509 0.000000000000000000]
            [ 1.90726488608927255  1.34047785962440202]

        See \#4388::

            sage: L = EllipticCurve('11a1').period_lattice()
            sage: L.basis_matrix()
            [ 1.26920930427955 0.000000000000000]
            [0.634604652139777  1.45881661693850]
            sage: L.basis_matrix(normalised=True)
            [0.634604652139777 -1.45881661693850]
            [-1.26920930427955 0.000000000000000]

        ::
        
            sage: L = EllipticCurve('389a1').period_lattice()
            sage: L.basis_matrix()
            [ 2.49021256085505 0.000000000000000]
            [0.000000000000000  1.97173770155165]
            sage: L.basis_matrix(normalised=True)
            [ 2.49021256085505 0.000000000000000]
            [0.000000000000000 -1.97173770155165]
        """
        from sage.matrix.all import Matrix

        if normalised:
            return Matrix([list(w) for w in self.normalised_basis(prec)])

        w1,w2 = self.basis(prec)
        if self.is_real():
            return Matrix([[w1,0],list(w2)])
        else:
            return Matrix([list(w) for w in w1,w2])
        
    def complex_area(self, prec=None):
        """
        Return the area of a fundamental domain for the period lattice
        of the elliptic curve.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``prec`` (int or ``None``(default)) -- real precision in
          bits (default real precision if ``None``).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice().complex_area()
            7.33813274078958

        ::    

            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(ComplexField())
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: [E.period_lattice(emb).is_real() for emb in K.embeddings(CC)]
            [False, False, True]
            sage: [E.period_lattice(emb).complex_area() for emb in embs]
            [6.02796894766694, 6.02796894766694, 5.11329270448345]
        """
        w1,w2 = self.basis(prec)
        return (w1*w2.conjugate()).imag().abs()
            
    def sigma(self, z, prec = None, flag=0):
        r"""
        Returns the value of the Weierstrass sigma function for this elliptic curve  period lattice.
        
        INPUT:

        - ``z`` -- a complex number

        - ``prec`` (default: ``None``) -- real precision in bits
            (default real precision if None).

        - ``flag`` -- 

            0: (default) ???; 

            1: computes an arbitrary determination of log(sigma(z)) 

            2, 3: same using the product expansion instead of theta series. ???

        .. note::

           The reason for the ???'s above, is that the PARI
           documentation for ellsigma is very vague.  Also this is
           only implemented for curves defined over `\QQ`.

        TODO:
        
        This function does not use any of the PeriodLattice functions
        and so should be moved to ell_rational_field.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('389a1').period_lattice().sigma(CC(2,1))
            2.60912163570108 - 0.200865080824587*I
        """
        if prec is None:
            prec = RealField().precision()
        try:
            return self.E.pari_curve(prec).ellsigma(z, flag)
        except AttributeError:
            raise NotImplementedError, "sigma function not yet implemented for period lattices of curves not defined over Q."

    def curve(self):
        r"""
        Return the elliptic curve associated with this period lattice.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: L.curve() is E
            True

        ::
        
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.embeddings(RealField())[0])
            sage: L.curve() is E
            True

            sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0])
            sage: L.curve() is E
            True
        """
        return self.E
    
    def ei(self):
        r"""
        Return the x-coordinates of the 2-division points of the elliptic curve associated with this period lattice, as elements of QQbar.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: L.ei()
            [-1.107159871688768?, 0.2695944364054446?, 0.8375654352833230?]

        ::
        
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,0,a,a])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.embeddings(RealField())[0])
            sage: L.ei()
            [0.?e-19 - 1.122462048309373?*I, 0.?e-19 + 1.122462048309373?*I, -1]

        sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0])
        sage: L.ei()        
        [-1.000000000000000? + 0.?e-1...*I,
        -0.9720806486198328? - 0.561231024154687?*I,
        0.9720806486198328? + 0.561231024154687?*I]
        """
        return self._ei

    def coordinates(self, z, rounding=None):
        r"""
        Returns the coordinates of a complex number w.r.t. the lattice basis

        INPUT:

        - ``z`` (complex) -- A complex number.

        - ``rounding`` (default ``None``) -- whether and how to round the
            output (see below).

        OUTPUT:

        When ``rounding`` is ``None`` (the default), returns a tuple
        of reals `x`, `y` such that `z=xw_1+yw_2` where `w_1`, `w_2`
        are a basis for the lattice (normalised in the case of complex
        embeddings).

        When ``rounding`` is 'round', returns a tuple of integers `n_1`,
        `n_2` which are the closest integers to the `x`, `y` defined
        above.  If `z` is in the lattice these are the coordinates of
        `z` with respect to the lattice basis.

        When ``rounding`` is 'floor', returns a tuple of integers
        `n_1`, `n_2` which are the integer parts to the `x`, `y`
        defined above. These are used in :meth:``.reduce``

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: w1, w2 = L.basis(prec=100)
            sage: P = E([-1,1])
            sage: zP = P.elliptic_logarithm(precision=100); zP
            0.47934825019021931612953301006 + 0.98586885077582410221120384908*I
            sage: L.coordinates(zP)
            (0.19249290511394227352563996419, 0.50000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: sum([x*w for x,w in zip(L.coordinates(zP), L.basis(prec=100))])
            0.47934825019021931612953301006 + 0.98586885077582410221120384908*I

            sage: L.coordinates(12*w1+23*w2)
            (12.000000000000000000000000000, 23.000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: L.coordinates(12*w1+23*w2, rounding='floor')
            (11, 22)
            sage: L.coordinates(12*w1+23*w2, rounding='round')
            (12, 23)
        """
        C = z.parent()
        if is_RealField(C):
            C = ComplexField(C.precision())
            z = C(z)
        else:
            if is_ComplexField(C):
                pass
            else:
                try:
                    C = ComplexField()
                    z = C(z)
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError, "%s is not a complex number"%z
        prec = C.precision()
        from sage.matrix.all import Matrix
        from sage.modules.all import vector
        if self.real_flag:
            w1,w2 = self.basis(prec)
            M = Matrix([[w1,0], list(w2)])**(-1)
        else:
            w1,w2 = self.normalised_basis(prec)
            M = Matrix([list(w1), list(w2)])**(-1)
        u,v = vector(z)*M
        # Now z = u*w1+v*w2
        if rounding=='round':
            return u.round(), v.round()
        if rounding=='floor':
            return u.floor(), v.floor()
        return u,v

    def reduce(self, z):
        r"""
        Reduce a complex number modulo the lattice

        INPUT:

        - ``z`` (complex) -- A complex number.

        OUTPUT:

        (complex) the reduction of `z` modulo the lattice, lying in
        the fundamental period parallelogram with respect to the
        lattice basis.  For curves defined over the reals (i.e. real
        embeddings) the output will be real when possible.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: w1, w2 = L.basis(prec=100)
            sage: P = E([-1,1])
            sage: zP = P.elliptic_logarithm(precision=100); zP
            0.47934825019021931612953301006 + 0.98586885077582410221120384908*I
            sage: z = zP+10*w1-20*w2; z
            25.381473858740770069343110929 - 38.448885180257139986236950114*I
            sage: L.reduce(z)
            0.47934825019021931612953301006 + 0.98586885077582410221120384908*I
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(2*P)
            0.958696500380439
            sage: L.reduce(L.elliptic_logarithm(2*P))
            0.958696500380439
            sage: L.reduce(L.elliptic_logarithm(2*P)+10*w1-20*w2)
            0.958696500380444
        """
        C = z.parent()
        z_is_real = False
        if is_RealField(C):
            z_is_real = True
            C = ComplexField(C.precision())
            z = C(z)
        else:
            if is_ComplexField(C):
                z_is_real = z.is_real()
            else:
                try:
                    C = ComplexField()
                    z = C(z)
                    z_is_real = z.is_real()
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError, "%s is not a complex number"%z
        prec = C.precision()
        if self.real_flag:
            w1,w2 = self.basis(prec) # w1 real    
        else:
            w1,w2 = self.normalised_basis(prec)
    #    print "z = ",z
    #    print "w1,w2 = ",w1,w2
        u,v = self.coordinates(z, rounding='floor')
    #    print "u,v = ",u,v
        z = z-u*w1-v*w2

        # Final adjustments for the real case.

        # NB We assume here that when the embedding is real then the
        # point is also real!

        if self.real_flag ==  0: return z
        if self.real_flag == -1:
            k = (z.imag()/w2.imag()).round()
            z = z-k*w2
            return C(z.real(),0)

        if ((2*z.imag()/w2.imag()).round())%2:
            return C(z.real(),w2.imag()/2)
        else:
            return C(z.real(),0)

    def elliptic_logarithm(self, P, prec=None, reduce=True):
        r"""
        Return the elliptic logarithm of a point.

        INPUT:

        - ``P`` (point) -- A point on the elliptic curve associated
          with this period lattice.

        - ``prec`` (default: ``None``) -- real precision in bits
          (default real precision if None).

        - ``reduce`` (default: ``True``) -- if ``True``, the result
          is reduced with respect to the period lattice basis.

        OUTPUT:

        (complex number) The elliptic logarithm of the point `P` with
        respect to this period lattice.  If `E` is the elliptic curve
        and `\sigma:K\to\CC` the embedding, the the returned value `z`
        is such that `z\pmod{L}` maps to `\sigma(P)` under the
        standard Weierstrass isomorphism from `\CC/L` to `\sigma(E)`.
        If ``reduce`` is ``True``, the output is reduced so that it is
        in the fundamental period parallelogram with respect to the
        normalised lattice basis.

        ALGORITHM:   Uses the complex AGM.  See  [Cremona2010]_ for details. 

        .. [Cremona2010] J. E. Cremona and T. Thongjunthug, The
          Complex AGM, periods of elliptic curves over $\CC$ and
          complex elliptic logarithms.  Preprint 2010.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: E.discriminant() > 0
            True
            sage: L.real_flag
            1
            sage: P = E([-1,1])
            sage: P.is_on_identity_component ()
            False
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P, prec=96) 
            0.4793482501902193161295330101 + 0.9858688507758241022112038491*I
            sage: Q=E([3,5])
            sage: Q.is_on_identity_component()     
            True
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(Q, prec=96)                  
            1.931128271542559442488585220

        Note that this is actually the inverse of the Weierstrass isomorphism::
        
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(_)
            (3.00000000000000000000000000... : 5.00000000000000000000000000... : 1.000000000000000000000000000)

        An example with negative discriminant, and a torsion point::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: E.discriminant() < 0
            True
            sage: L.real_flag
            -1
            sage: P = E([16,-61])
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P)
            0.253841860855911
            sage: L.real_period() / L.elliptic_logarithm(P)
            5.00000000000000

        An example where precision is problematic::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, 1, -85357462, 303528987048]) #18074g1
            sage: P = E([4458713781401/835903744, -64466909836503771/24167649046528, 1])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: L.ei()
            [5334.003952567705? - 1.964393150436?e-6*I, 5334.003952567705? + 1.964393150436?e-6*I, -10668.25790513541?]
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P,prec=100)
            0.27656204014107061464076203097

        Some complex examples, taken from the paper by Cremona and Thongjunthug::

            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
            sage: a4 = 9*i-10                     
            sage: a6 = 21-i                       
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,a4,a6])
            sage: e1 = 3-2*i; e2 = 1+i; e3 = -4+i
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(CC)[1]
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: P = E(2-i,4+2*i)

        By default, the output is reduced with respect to the
        normalised lattice basis, so that its coordinates with respect
        to that basis lie in the interval [0,1)::

            sage: z = L.elliptic_logarithm(P,prec=100); z
            0.70448375537782208460499649302 - 0.79246725643650979858266018068*I
            sage: L.coordinates(z)
            (0.46247636364807931766105406092, 0.79497588726808704200760395829)

        Using ``reduce=False`` this step can be omitted.  In this case
        the coordinates are usually in the interval [-0.5,0.5), but
        this is not guaranteed.  This option is mainly for testing
        purposes::

            sage: z = L.elliptic_logarithm(P,prec=100, reduce=False); z
            0.57002153834710752778063503023 + 0.46476340520469798857457031393*I
            sage: L.coordinates(z)
            (0.46247636364807931766105406092, -0.20502411273191295799239604171)

        The elliptic logs of the 2-torsion points are half-periods::

            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e1,0),prec=100)
            0.64607575874356525952487867052 + 0.22379609053909448304176885364*I
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e2,0),prec=100)
            0.71330686725892253793705940192 - 0.40481924028150941053684639367*I
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e3,0),prec=100)
            0.067231108515357278412180731396 - 0.62861533082060389357861524731*I

        We check this by doubling and seeing that the resulting
        coordinates are integers::

            sage: L.coordinates(2*L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e1,0),prec=100))
            (1.0000000000000000000000000000, 0.00000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: L.coordinates(2*L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e2,0),prec=100))
            (1.0000000000000000000000000000, 1.0000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: L.coordinates(2*L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e3,0),prec=100))
            (0.00000000000000000000000000000, 1.0000000000000000000000000000)

        ::

            sage: a4 = -78*i + 104
            sage: a6 = -216*i - 312
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,a4,a6])
            sage: emb = K.embeddings(CC)[1]
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(emb)
            sage: P = E(3+2*i,14-7*i)
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P)
            0.297147783912228 - 0.546125549639461*I
            sage: L.coordinates(L.elliptic_logarithm(P))
            (0.628653378040238, 0.371417754610223)
            sage: e1 = 1+3*i; e2 = -4-12*i; e3=-e1-e2
            sage: L.coordinates(L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e1,0)))
            (0.500000000000000, 0.500000000000000)
            sage: L.coordinates(L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e2,0)))
            (1.00000000000000, 0.500000000000000)
            sage: L.coordinates(L.elliptic_logarithm(E(e3,0)))
            (0.500000000000000, 0.000000000000000)

        TESTS (see #10026 and #11767)::

            sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(2)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([ 0, -1, 1, -3*w -4, 3*w + 4 ])
            sage: T = E.simon_two_descent()
            sage: P,Q = T[2]
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(CC)
            sage: Lambda = E.period_lattice(embs[0])
            sage: Lambda.elliptic_logarithm(P,100)
            4.7100131126199672766973600998
            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + x + 5)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,1,-3,-5])
            sage: P = E([0,a])
            sage: Lambda = P.curve().period_lattice(K.embeddings(ComplexField(600))[0])
            sage: Lambda.elliptic_logarithm(P, prec=600)
            -0.842248166487739393375018008381693990800588864069506187033873183845246233548058477561706400464057832396643843146464236956684557207157300006542470428493573195030603817094900751609464 - 0.571366031453267388121279381354098224265947866751130917440598461117775339240176310729173301979590106474259885638797913383502735083088736326391919063211421189027226502851390118943491*I
            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-5)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,1,a,a,0])
            sage: P = E(0,0)
            sage: L = P.curve().period_lattice(K.embeddings(ComplexField())[0])
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P, prec=500)
            1.17058357737548897849026170185581196033579563441850967539191867385734983296504066660506637438866628981886518901958717288150400849746892393771983141354 - 1.13513899565966043682474529757126359416758251309237866586896869548539516543734207347695898664875799307727928332953834601460994992792519799260968053875*I
            sage: L.elliptic_logarithm(P, prec=1000)
            1.17058357737548897849026170185581196033579563441850967539191867385734983296504066660506637438866628981886518901958717288150400849746892393771983141354014895386251320571643977497740116710952913769943240797618468987304985625823413440999754037939123032233879499904283600304184828809773650066658885672885 - 1.13513899565966043682474529757126359416758251309237866586896869548539516543734207347695898664875799307727928332953834601460994992792519799260968053875387282656993476491590607092182964878750169490985439873220720963653658829712494879003124071110818175013453207439440032582917366703476398880865439217473*I
        """
        if not P.curve() is self.E:
            raise ValueError, "Point is on the wrong curve"
        if prec is None:
            prec = RealField().precision()
        if P.is_zero():
            return ComplexField(prec)(0)
        # Note: using log2(prec) + 3 guard bits is usually enough.
        # To avoid computing a logarithm, we use 40 guard bits which
        # should be largely enough in practice.
        prec2 = prec + 40
        R = RealField(prec2)
        C = ComplexField(prec2)
        pi = R.pi()
        e1,e2,e3 = self._ei
        a1,a2,a3 = [self.embedding(a) for a in self.E.ainvs()[:3]]
        xP, yP = [self.embedding(coord) for coord in P.xy()]
        wP = 2*yP+a1*xP+a3

        # We treat the case of 2-torsion points separately.  (Note
        # that Cohen's algorithm does not handle these properly.)

        if wP.is_zero():  # 2-torsion treated separately
            w1,w2 = self._compute_periods_complex(prec,normalise=False)
            if xP==e1:
                z = w2/2
            else:
                if xP==e3:
                    z = w1/2
                else:
                    z = (w1+w2)/2
            if reduce:
                z = self.reduce(z)
            return z

        # NB The first block of code works fine for real embeddings as
        # well as complex embeddings.  The special code for real
        # embeddings uses only real arithmetic in the iteration, and is
        # based on Cremona and Thongjunthug.

        # An older version, based on Cohen's Algorithm 7.4.8 also uses
        # only real arithmetic, and gives different normalisations,
        # but also causes problems (see #10026).  It is left in but
        # commented out below.

        if self.real_flag==0:  # complex case

            a = C((e1-e3).sqrt())
            b = C((e1-e2).sqrt())
            if (a+b).abs() < (a-b).abs():  b=-b
            r = C(((xP-e3)/(xP-e2)).sqrt())
            if r.real()<0: r=-r
            t = -C(wP)/(2*r*(xP-e2))
            # eps controls the end of the loop. Since we aim at a target
            # precision of prec bits, eps = 2^(-prec) is enough.
            eps = R(1) >> prec
            while True:        
                s = b*r+a
                a, b = (a+b)/2, (a*b).sqrt()
                if (a+b).abs() < (a-b).abs():  b=-b
                r = (a*(r+1)/s).sqrt()
                if (r.abs()-1).abs() < eps: break
                if r.real()<0: r=-r
                t *= r
            z = ((a/t).arctan())/a
            z = ComplexField(prec)(z)
            if reduce:
                z =  self.reduce(z)
            return z

        if self.real_flag==-1: # real, connected case
            z = C(self._abc[0]) # sqrt(e3-e1)
            a, y, b = z.real(), z.imag(), z.abs()
            uv = (xP-e1).sqrt()
            u, v = uv.real().abs(), uv.imag().abs()
            r = (u*a/(u*a+v*y)).sqrt()
            t = -r*R(wP)/(2*(u**2+v**2))
            on_egg = False
        else:                  # real, disconnected case
            a = R(e3-e1).sqrt()
            b = R(e3-e2).sqrt()
            if (a+b).abs() < (a-b).abs():  b=-b
            on_egg = (xP<e3)
            if on_egg:
                r = a/R(e3-xP).sqrt()
                t = r*R(wP)/(2*R(xP-e1))
            else:
                r = R((xP-e1)/(xP-e2)).sqrt()
                t = -R(wP)/(2*r*R(xP-e2))

        # eps controls the end of the loop. Since we aim at a target
        # precision of prec bits, eps = 2^(-prec) is enough.
        eps = R(1) >> prec
        while True:        
            s = b*r+a
            a, b = (a+b)/2, (a*b).sqrt()
            r = (a*(r+1)/s).sqrt()
            if (r-1).abs() < eps: break
            t *= r
        z = ((a/t).arctan())/a
        if on_egg:
            w1,w2 = self._compute_periods_real(prec)
            z += w2/2
        z = ComplexField(prec)(z)
        if reduce:
            z =  self.reduce(z)
        return z
                

#         if self.real_flag==-1:
#             z = self._abc[1] # sqrt(e3-e2)
#             beta = z.norm()
#             alpha = 2*(e3-e2).real()
#             a = beta.sqrt()*2
#             b = (alpha+2*beta).sqrt()
#             c = (xP-e3+beta)/(xP-e3).sqrt()
#         else:
#             on_egg = (xP<e3)
#             if on_egg:
#                 y3 = -(a1*e1+a3)/2
#                 lam = (yP-y3)/(xP-e1)
#                 x3 = lam*(lam+a1)-a2-xP-e1
#                 yP = lam*(xP-x3)-yP-a1*x3-a3
#                 xP = x3
#                 wP = 2*yP+a1*xP+a3
#             a = self._abc[0] # sqrt(e3-e1)
#             b = self._abc[1] # sqrt(e3-e2)
#             c = (xP-e1).sqrt()
#         # So far the values of a,b,c are algebraic (in AA)
#         a = R(a)
#         b = R(b)
#         c = R(c)
#         a,b,c = extended_agm_iteration(a,b,c)
#         if self.real_flag==-1:
#             z = (a/c).arcsin()
#             if wP*((xP-e3)*(xP-e3)-beta*beta) >= 0:
#                 z = pi - z
#             if wP > 0:
#                 z += pi
#             z /= a
#         elif self.real_flag==+1:
#             z = (a/c).arcsin()/a
#             w1 = w2 = None
#             if wP > 0:
#                 if w1 is None:
#                     w1, w2 = self.basis(prec)
#                 z = w1 - z
#             if on_egg:
#                 if w2 is None:
#                     w1, w2 = self.basis(prec)
#                 z += w2/2
#         z =  ComplexField(prec)(z)
#         if reduce:
#             z =  self.reduce(z)
#         return z

    def elliptic_exponential(self, z, to_curve=True):
        r"""
        Return the elliptic exponential of a complex number.

        INPUT:

        - ``z`` (complex) -- A complex number (viewed modulo this period lattice).

        - ``to_curve`` (bool, default True):  see below.

        OUTPUT:

        - If ``to_curve`` is False, a 2-tuple of real or complex
          numbers representing the point `(x,y) = (\wp(z),\wp'(z))`
          where `\wp` denotes the Weierstrass `\wp`-function with
          respect to this lattice.

        - If ``to_curve`` is True, the point `(X,Y) =
          (x-b_2/12,y-(a_1(x-b_2/12)-a_3)/2)` as a point in `E(\RR)`
          or `E(\CC)`, with `(x,y) = (\wp(z),\wp'(z))` as above, where
          `E` is the elliptic curve over `\RR` or `\CC` whose period
          lattice this is.

        - If the lattice is real and `z` is also real then the output
          is a pair of real numbers if ``to_curve`` is True, or a
          point in `E(\RR)` if ``to_curve`` is False.

        .. note::

           The precision is taken from that of the input ``z``.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,1,1,-8,6])
            sage: P = E(1,-2)
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: z = L(P); z
            1.17044757240090
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z)
            (0.999999999999999 : -2.00000000000000 : 1.00000000000000)
            sage: _.curve()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 1.00000000000000*x*y + 1.00000000000000*y = x^3 + 1.00000000000000*x^2 - 8.00000000000000*x + 6.00000000000000 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z,to_curve=False)
            (1.41666666666667, -1.00000000000000)
            sage: z = L(P,prec=201); z
            1.17044757240089592298992188482371493504472561677451007994189
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z)
            (1.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 : -2.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 : 1.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)

        Examples over number fields::

            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3-2)
            sage: embs = K.embeddings(CC)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: EK = E.change_ring(K)
            sage: Li = [EK.period_lattice(e) for e in embs]
            sage: P = EK(-1,-1)
            sage: Q = EK(a-1,1-a^2)
            sage: zi = [L.elliptic_logarithm(P) for L in Li]
            sage: [c.real() for c in Li[0].elliptic_exponential(zi[0])]
            [-1.00000000000000, -1.00000000000000, 1.00000000000000]
            sage: [c.real() for c in Li[0].elliptic_exponential(zi[1])]
            [-1.00000000000000, -1.00000000000000, 1.00000000000000]
            sage: [c.real() for c in Li[0].elliptic_exponential(zi[2])]
            [-1.00000000000000, -1.00000000000000, 1.00000000000000]

            sage: zi = [L.elliptic_logarithm(Q) for L in Li]
            sage: Li[0].elliptic_exponential(zi[0])
            (-1.62996052494744 - 1.09112363597172*I : 1.79370052598410 - 1.37472963699860*I : 1.00000000000000)
            sage: [embs[0](c) for c in Q]
            [-1.62996052494744 - 1.09112363597172*I, 1.79370052598410 - 1.37472963699860*I, 1.00000000000000]
            sage: Li[1].elliptic_exponential(zi[1])
            (-1.62996052494744 + 1.09112363597172*I : 1.79370052598410 + 1.37472963699860*I : 1.00000000000000)
            sage: [embs[1](c) for c in Q]
            [-1.62996052494744 + 1.09112363597172*I, 1.79370052598410 + 1.37472963699860*I, 1.00000000000000]
            sage: [c.real() for c in Li[2].elliptic_exponential(zi[2])]
            [0.259921049894873, -0.587401051968199, 1.00000000000000]
            sage: [embs[2](c) for c in Q]
            [0.259921049894873, -0.587401051968200, 1.00000000000000]

        Test to show that #8820 is fixed::
        
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-5)
            sage: L = E.change_ring(K).period_lattice(K.places()[0])
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(CDF(.1,.1))      
            (0.0000142854026029... - 49.9960001066650*I : 249.520141250950 + 250.019855549131*I : 1.00000000000000)
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(CDF(.1,.1), to_curve=False)
            (0.0000142854026029... - 49.9960001066650*I, 250.020141250950 + 250.019855549131*I)

        `z=0` is treated as a special case::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,1,1,-8,6])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(0)
            (0.000000000000000 : 1.00000000000000 : 0.000000000000000)
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(0, to_curve=False)
            (+infinity, +infinity)

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-5)
            sage: L = E.change_ring(K).period_lattice(K.places()[0])
            sage: P = L.elliptic_exponential(0); P
            (0.000000000000000 : 1.00000000000000 : 0.000000000000000)
            sage: P.parent()
            Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 1.00000000000000*y = x^3 + (-1.00000000000000)*x over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision            

        Very small `z` are handled properly (see #8820)::
        
            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-1)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,a,0])
            sage: L = E.period_lattice(K.complex_embeddings()[0])
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(1e-100)
            (0.000000000000000 : 1.00000000000000 : 0.000000000000000)

        The elliptic exponential of `z` is returned as (0 : 1 : 0) if
        the coordinates of z with respect to the period lattice are
        approximately integral::

            sage: (100/log(2.0,10))/0.8
            415.241011860920
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential((RealField(415)(1e-100))).is_zero()
            True
            sage: L.elliptic_exponential((RealField(420)(1e-100))).is_zero()
            False
        """
        C = z.parent()
        z_is_real = False
        if is_RealField(C):
            z_is_real = True
            C = ComplexField(C.precision())
            z = C(z)
        else:
            if is_ComplexField(C):
                z_is_real = z.is_real()
            else:
                try:
                    C = ComplexField()
                    z = C(z)
                    z_is_real = z.is_real()
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError, "%s is not a complex number"%z
        prec = C.precision()

        # test for the point at infinity:

        eps = (C(2)**(-0.8*prec)).real()  ## to test integrality w.r.t. lattice within 20%
        if all([(t.round()-t).abs() < eps for t in self.coordinates(z)]):
            K = z.parent()
            if to_curve:
                return self.curve().change_ring(K)(0)
            else:
                return (K('+infinity'),K('+infinity'))
            
        # general number field code (including QQ):
             
        # We do not use PARI's ellztopoint function since it is only
        # defined for curves over the reals (note that PARI only
        # computes the period lattice basis in that case).  But Sage
        # can compute the period lattice basis over CC, and then
        # PARI's ellwp function works fine.

        # NB converting the PARI values to Sage values might land up
        # in real/complex fields of spuriously higher precision than
        # the input, since PARI's precision is in word-size chunks.
        # So we force the results back into the real/complex fields of
        # the same precision as the input.

        from sage.libs.all import pari

        x,y = pari(self.basis(prec=prec)).ellwp(pari(z),flag=1)
        x,y = [C(t) for t in (x,y)]
        
        if self.real_flag and z_is_real:
            x = x.real()
            y = y.real()
        
        if to_curve:
            a1,a2,a3,a4,a6 = [self.embedding(a) for a in self.E.ainvs()]
            b2 = self.embedding(self.E.b2())
            x = x - (b2/12)
            y = y - (a1*x+a3)/2
            K = x.parent()
            EK = EllipticCurve(K,[a1,a2,a3,a4,a6])
            return EK.point((x,y,K(1)), check=False)
        else:
            return (x,y)

def reduce_tau(tau):
    r"""
    Transform a point in the upper half plane to the fundamental region.

    INPUT:

    - ``tau`` (complex) -- a complex number with positive imaginary part

    OUTPUT:

    (tuple) `(\tau',[a,b,c,d])` where `a,b,c,d` are integers such that

      - `ad-bc=1`;
      - `\tau`=(a\tau+b)/(c\tau+d)`;
      - `|\tau'|\ge1`;
      - `|\Re(\tau')|\le\frac{1}{2}`.
    
    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import reduce_tau
        sage: reduce_tau(CC(1.23,3.45))
        (0.230000000000000 + 3.45000000000000*I, [1, -1, 0, 1])
        sage: reduce_tau(CC(1.23,0.0345))
        (-0.463960069171512 + 1.35591888067914*I, [-5, 6, 4, -5])
        sage: reduce_tau(CC(1.23,0.0000345))
        (0.130000000001761 + 2.89855072463768*I, [13, -16, 100, -123])
    """
    assert tau.imag()>0
    tau_orig = tau
    a, b = ZZ(1), ZZ(0)
    c, d = b, a
    k = tau.real().round()
    tau -= k
    a -= k*c
    b -= k*d
    while tau.abs()<0.999:
        tau = -1/tau
        a, b, c, d = c, d, -a, -b
        k = tau.real().round()
        tau -= k
        a -= k*c
        b -= k*d
    assert a*d-b*c==1
    assert tau.abs()>=0.999 and tau.real().abs() <= 0.5
    return tau, [a,b,c,d]

def normalise_periods(w1,w2):
    r"""
    Normalise the period basis `(w_1,w_2)` so that `w_1/w_2` is in the fundamental region.

    INPUT:

    - ``w1,w2`` (complex) -- two complex numbers with non-real ratio

    OUTPUT:

    (tuple) `((\omega_1',\omega_2'),[a,b,c,d])` where `a,b,c,d` are
    integers such that

      - `ad-bc=\pm1`;
      - `(\omega_1',\omega_2') = (a\omega_1+b\omega_2,c\omega_1+d\omega_2)`;
      - `\tau=\omega_1'/\omega_2'` is in the upper half plane;
      - `|\tau|\ge1` and `|\Re(\tau)|\le\frac{1}{2}`.
    
    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import reduce_tau, normalise_periods
        sage: w1 = CC(1.234, 3.456)
        sage: w2 = CC(1.234, 3.456000001)
        sage: w1/w2    # in lower half plane!
        0.999999999743367 - 9.16334785827644e-11*I
        sage: w1w2, abcd = normalise_periods(w1,w2)
        sage: a,b,c,d = abcd
        sage: w1w2 == (a*w1+b*w2, c*w1+d*w2)
        True
        sage: w1w2[0]/w1w2[1]
        1.23400010389203e9*I
        sage: a*d-b*c # note change of orientation
        -1

    """
    tau = w1/w2
    s = +1
    if tau.imag()<0:
        w2 = -w2
        tau = -tau
        s = -1
    tau, abcd = reduce_tau(tau)
    a, b, c, d = abcd
    if s<0:
        abcd = (a,-b,c,-d)
    return (a*w1+b*w2,c*w1+d*w2), abcd

        
def extended_agm_iteration(a,b,c):
    r"""
    Internal function for the extended AGM used in elliptic logarithm computation.
    INPUT:

    - ``a``, ``b``, ``c`` (real or complex) -- three real or complex numbers.

    OUTPUT:

    (3-tuple) `(a_0,b_0,c_0)`, the limit of the iteration `(a,b,c) \mapsto ((a+b)/2,\sqrt{ab},(c+\sqrt(c^2+b^2-a^2))/2)`.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import extended_agm_iteration
        sage: extended_agm_iteration(RR(1),RR(2),RR(3))
        (1.45679103104691, 1.45679103104691, 3.21245294970054)
        sage: extended_agm_iteration(CC(1,2),CC(2,3),CC(3,4))
        (1.46242448156430 + 2.47791311676267*I,
        1.46242448156430 + 2.47791311676267*I,
        3.22202144343535 + 4.28383734262540*I)

    TESTS::

        sage: extended_agm_iteration(1,2,3)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: values must be real or complex numbers

    """
    if not isinstance(a, (RealNumber,ComplexNumber)):
        raise ValueError, "values must be real or complex numbers"
    eps = a.parent().one().real()>>(a.parent().precision()-10)
    while True:
        a1 = (a + b)/2
        b1 = (a*b).sqrt()
        delta = (b**2 - a**2)/c**2
        f = (1 + (1 + delta).sqrt())/2
        if (f.abs()-1).abs() < eps:
            return a,b,c
        c*=f
        a,b = a1,b1