interface.py

r"""
Common Interface Functionality

See the examples in the other sections for how to use specific
interfaces. The interface classes all derive from the generic
interface that is described in this section.

AUTHORS:

- William Stein (2005): initial version

- William Stein (2006-03-01): got rid of infinite loop on startup if
  client system missing

- Felix Lawrence (2009-08-21): edited ._sage_() to support lists and float exponents in foreign notation.

- Simon King (2010-09-25): Expect._local_tmpfile() depends on
  Expect.pid() and is cached; Expect.quit() clears that cache,
  which is important for forking.

- Jean-Pierre Flori (2010,2011): Split non Pexpect stuff into a parent class.
"""

#*****************************************************************************
#       Copyright (C) 2005 William Stein <[email protected]>
#
#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
#
#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
#    General Public License for more details.
#
#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
#
#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
#*****************************************************************************

import operator

from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
from sage.structure.parent_base import ParentWithBase
from sage.structure.element import RingElement

import sage.misc.sage_eval


class AsciiArtString(str):
    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self)


class Interface(ParentWithBase):
    """
    Interface interface object.
    """
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name = name
        self.__coerce_name = '_' + name.lower() + '_'
        self.__seq = -1
        self._available_vars = []
        ParentWithBase.__init__(self, self)

    def _repr_(self):
        return self.__name.capitalize()

    def name(self, new_name=None):
        return self.__name

    def interact(self):
        r"""
        This allows you to interactively interact with the child
        interpreter. Press Ctrl-D or type 'quit' or 'exit' to exit and
        return to Sage.

        .. note::

           This is completely different than the console() member
           function. The console function opens a new copy of the
           child interpreter, whereas the interact function gives you
           interactive access to the interpreter that is being used by
           Sage. Use sage(xxx) or interpretername(xxx) to pull objects
           in from sage to the interpreter.
        """
        from sage.misc.interpreter import interface_shell_embed
        shell = interface_shell_embed(self)
        try:
            ipython = get_ipython()
        except NameError:
            shell()
        else:
            shell(local_ns=dict(ipython.user_ns))

    def _pre_interact(self):
        pass

    def _post_interact(self):
        pass

    def __del__(self):
        pass

    def cputime(self):
        """
        CPU time since this process started running.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def read(self, filename):
        r"""
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: filename = tmp_filename()
            sage: f = open(filename, 'w')
            sage: f.write('x = 2\n')
            sage: f.close()
            sage: octave.read(filename)  # optional - octave
            sage: octave.get('x')        #optional
            ' 2'
            sage: import os
            sage: os.unlink(filename)
        """
        self.eval(self._read_in_file_command(filename))

    def _read_in_file_command(self, filename):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def eval(self, code, locals=None, **kwds):
        """
        INPUT:


        -  ``code`` - text to evaluate

        - ``locals`` - None (ignored); this is used for compatibility with the
          Sage notebook's generic system interface.

        -  ``**kwds`` - All other arguments are passed onto
           the _eval_line method. An often useful example is
           reformat=False.
        """

        if not isinstance(code, basestring):
            raise TypeError, 'input code must be a string.'

        #Remove extra whitespace
        code = code.strip()

        try:
            pass
        # DO NOT CATCH KeyboardInterrupt, as it is being caught
        # by _eval_line
        # In particular, do NOT call self._keyboard_interrupt()
        except TypeError, s:
            raise TypeError, 'error evaluating "%s":\n%s'%(code,s)

    _eval_line = eval

    def execute(self, *args, **kwds):
        return self.eval(*args, **kwds)

    def __call__(self, x, name=None):

        r"""
        Create a new object in self from x.

        The object X returned can be used like any Sage object, and
        wraps an object in self.  The standard arithmetic operators
        work.  Moreover if foo is a function then
                      X.foo(y,z,...)
        calls foo(X, y, z, ...) and returns the corresponding object.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp(2)
            2
            sage: gp('2')
            2
            sage: a = gp(2); gp(a) is a
            True

        """
        cls = self._object_class()

        #Handle the case when x is an object
        #in some interface.
        if isinstance(x, InterfaceElement):
            if x.parent() is self:
                return x

            #We convert x into an object in this
            #interface by first going through Sage.
            try:
                return self(x._sage_())
            except (NotImplementedError, TypeError):
                pass

        if isinstance(x, basestring):
            return cls(self, x, name=name)
        try:
            return self._coerce_from_special_method(x)
        except TypeError:
            raise
        except AttributeError, msg:
            pass
        try:
            return self._coerce_impl(x, use_special=False)
        except TypeError, msg:
            try:
                return cls(self, str(x), name=name)
            except TypeError, msg2:
                raise TypeError, msg

    def _coerce_from_special_method(self, x):
        """
        Tries to coerce to self by calling a special underscore method.

        If no such method is defined, raises an AttributeError instead of a
        TypeError.
        """
        s = '_%s_'%self.name()
        if s == '_maxima_lib_':
            s = '_maxima_'
        if s == '_pari_':
            s = '_gp_'
        try:
            return (x.__getattribute__(s))(self)
        except AttributeError:
            return self(x._interface_init_())

    def _coerce_impl(self, x, use_special=True):
        if isinstance(x, (int, long)):
            import sage.rings.all
            return self(sage.rings.all.Integer(x))
        elif isinstance(x, float):
            import sage.rings.all
            return self(sage.rings.all.RDF(x))
        if use_special:
            try:
                return self._coerce_from_special_method(x)
            except AttributeError, msg:
                pass

        if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
            A = []
            z = []
            cls = self._object_class()
            for v in x:
                if isinstance(v, cls):
                    A.append(v.name())
                    z.append(v)
                else:
                    w = self(v)
                    A.append(w.name())
                    z.append(w)
            X = ','.join(A)
            r = self.new('%s%s%s'%(self._left_list_delim(), X, self._right_list_delim()))
            r.__sage_list = z   # do this to avoid having the entries of the list be garbage collected
            return r

        raise TypeError, "unable to coerce element into %s"%self.name()

    def new(self, code):
        return self(code)

    ###################################################################
    # these should all be appropriately overloaded by the derived class
    ###################################################################

    def _left_list_delim(self):
        return "["

    def _right_list_delim(self):
        return "]"

    def _left_func_delim(self):
        return "("

    def _right_func_delim(self):
        return ")"

    def _assign_symbol(self):
        return "="

    def _equality_symbol(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    # For efficiency purposes, you should definitely override these
    # in your derived class.
    def _true_symbol(self):
        try:
            return self.__true_symbol
        except AttributeError:
            self.__true_symbol = self.eval('1 %s 1'%self._equality_symbol())

    def _false_symbol(self):
        try:
            return self.__false_symbol
        except AttributeError:
            self.__false_symbol = self.eval('1 %s 2'%self._equality_symbol())

    def _lessthan_symbol(self):
        return '<'

    def _greaterthan_symbol(self):
        return '>'

    def _inequality_symbol(self):
        return '!='

    def _relation_symbols(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary with operators as the keys and their
        string representation as the values.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: import operator
            sage: symbols = mathematica._relation_symbols()
            sage: symbols[operator.eq]
            '=='
        """
        return dict([(operator.eq, self._equality_symbol()), (operator.ne, self._inequality_symbol()),
                     (operator.lt, self._lessthan_symbol()), (operator.le, "<="),
                     (operator.gt, self._greaterthan_symbol()), (operator.ge, ">=")])

    def _exponent_symbol(self):
        """
        Return the symbol used to denote *10^ in floats, e.g 'e' in 1.5e6

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.interfaces.expect import Expect
            sage: Expect('nonexistent_interface', 'fake')._exponent_symbol()
            'e'
        """
        return 'e'

    ############################################################
    #         Functions for working with variables.
    #  The first three must be overloaded by derived classes,
    #  and the definition depends a lot on the class.  But
    #  the functionality one gets from this is very nice.
    ############################################################

    def set(self, var, value):
        """
        Set the variable var to the given value.
        """
        cmd = '%s%s%s;'%(var,self._assign_symbol(), value)
        self.eval(cmd)

    def get(self, var):
        """
        Get the value of the variable var.
        """
        return self.eval(var)

    def get_using_file(self, var):
        r"""
        Return the string representation of the variable var in self,
        possibly using a file. Use this if var has a huge string
        representation, since it may be way faster.

        .. warning::

           In fact unless a special derived class implements this, it
           will *not* be any faster. This is the case for this class
           if you're reading it through introspection and seeing this.
        """
        return self.get(var)

    def clear(self, var):
        """
        Clear the variable named var.
        """
        self._available_vars.append(var)

    def _next_var_name(self):
        if len(self._available_vars) != 0:
            v = self._available_vars[0]
            del self._available_vars[0]
            return v
        self.__seq += 1
        return "sage%s"%self.__seq

    def _create(self, value, name=None):
        name = self._next_var_name() if name is None else name
        self.set(name, value)
        return name

    def _object_class(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.interfaces.expect import Expect
            sage: Expect._object_class(maxima)
            <class 'sage.interfaces.expect.ExpectElement'>
        """
        return InterfaceElement

    def _function_class(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.interfaces.interface import Interface
            sage: Interface._function_class(maxima)
            <class 'sage.interfaces.interface.InterfaceFunction'>
        """
        return InterfaceFunction

    def _function_element_class(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.interfaces.interface import Interface
            sage: Interface._function_element_class(maxima)
            <class 'sage.interfaces.interface.InterfaceFunctionElement'>
        """
        return InterfaceFunctionElement

    def _convert_args_kwds(self, args=None, kwds=None):
        """
        Converts all of the args and kwds to be elements of this
        interface.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: args = [5]
            sage: kwds = {'x': 6}
            sage: args, kwds = gap._convert_args_kwds(args, kwds)
            sage: args
            [5]
            sage: map(type, args)
            [<class 'sage.interfaces.gap.GapElement'>]
            sage: type(kwds['x'])
            <class 'sage.interfaces.gap.GapElement'>
        """
        args = [] if args is None else args
        kwds = {} if kwds is None else kwds
        if not isinstance(args, list):
            args = [args]
        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
            if not isinstance(arg, InterfaceElement) or arg.parent() is not self:
                args[i] = self(arg)
        for key, value in kwds.iteritems():
            if not isinstance(value, InterfaceElement) or value.parent() is not self:
                kwds[key] = self(value)

        return args, kwds

    def _check_valid_function_name(self, function):
        """
        Checks to see if function is a valid function name in this
        interface. If it is not, an exception is raised. Otherwise, nothing
        is done.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gap._check_valid_function_name('SymmetricGroup')
            sage: gap._check_valid_function_name('')
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: function name must be nonempty
            sage: gap._check_valid_function_name('__foo')
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            AttributeError
        """
        if function == '':
            raise ValueError, "function name must be nonempty"
        if function[:2] == "__":
            raise AttributeError

    def function_call(self, function, args=None, kwds=None):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: maxima.quad_qags(x, x, 0, 1, epsrel=1e-4)
            [0.5,5.5511151231257...e-15,21,0]
            sage: maxima.function_call('quad_qags', [x, x, 0, 1], {'epsrel':'1e-4'})
            [0.5,5.5511151231257...e-15,21,0]
        """
        args, kwds = self._convert_args_kwds(args, kwds)
        self._check_valid_function_name(function)
        s = self._function_call_string(function,
                                       [s.name() for s in args],
                                       ['%s=%s'%(key,value.name()) for key, value in kwds.items()])
        return self.new(s)

    def _function_call_string(self, function, args, kwds):
        """
        Returns the string used to make function calls.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: maxima._function_call_string('diff', ['f(x)', 'x'], [])
            'diff(f(x),x)'
        """
        return "%s(%s)"%(function, ",".join(list(args) + list(kwds)))

    def call(self, function_name, *args, **kwds):
        return self.function_call(function_name, args, kwds)

    def _contains(self, v1, v2):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __getattr__(self, attrname):
        """
        TESTS::

            sage: ParentWithBase.__getattribute__(singular, '_coerce_map_from_')
            <built-in method _coerce_map_from_ of Singular object at ...>
        """
        try:
            return ParentWithBase.__getattribute__(self, attrname)
        except AttributeError:
            if attrname[:1] == "_":
                raise
            return self._function_class()(self, attrname)

    def __cmp__(self, other):
        """
        Compare two pseudo-tty interfaces. Two interfaces compare
        equal if and only if they are identical objects (this is a
        critical constraint so that caching of representations of
        objects in interfaces works correctly). Otherwise they are
        never equal.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: Maxima() == maxima
            False
            sage: maxima == maxima
            True
        """
        if self is other:
            return 0
        c = cmp(type(self), type(other))
        if c:
            return c
        return -1  # sucky, but I can't think of anything better; it is important that different interfaces to the same system still compare differently; unfortunately there is nothing to distinguish them.

    def console(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def help(self, s):
        return AsciiArtString('No help on %s available'%s)


class InterfaceFunction(SageObject):
    """
    Interface function.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent, name):
        self._parent = parent
        self._name = name

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s"%self._name

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        return self._parent.function_call(self._name, list(args), kwds)

    def _sage_doc_(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp.gcd._sage_doc_()
            'gcd(x,{y}): greatest common divisor of x and y.'
        """
        M = self._parent
        return M.help(self._name)


class InterfaceFunctionElement(SageObject):
    """
    Interface function element.
    """
    def __init__(self, obj, name):
        self._obj = obj
        self._name = name

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s"%self._name

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        return self._obj.parent().function_call(self._name, [self._obj] + list(args), kwds)

    def help(self):
        print self._sage_doc_()

    def _sage_doc_(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp(2).gcd._sage_doc_()
            'gcd(x,{y}): greatest common divisor of x and y.'
        """
        M = self._obj.parent()
        return M.help(self._name)



def is_InterfaceElement(x):
    return isinstance(x, InterfaceElement)

class InterfaceElement(RingElement):
    """
    Interface element.
    """
    def __init__(self, parent, value, is_name=False, name=None):
        RingElement.__init__(self, parent)
        self._create = value
        if parent is None: return     # means "invalid element"
        # idea: Joe Wetherell -- try to find out if the output
        # is too long and if so get it using file, otherwise
        # don't.

        if is_name:
            self._name = value
        else:
            try:
                self._name = parent._create(value, name=name)
            except (TypeError, RuntimeError, ValueError), x:
                raise TypeError, x

    def _latex_(self):
#        return "\\begin{verbatim}%s\\end{verbatim}"%self
        string = str(self)
        if not '|' in string:
            delim = '|'
        elif not '#' in string:
            delim = '#'
        elif not '@' in string:
            delim = '@'
        elif not '~' in string:
            delim = '~'
        return "\\verb%s%s%s"%(delim, string, delim)

    def __iter__(self):
        for i in range(1, len(self)+1):
            yield self[i]

    def __len__(self):
        """
        Call self.sage() and return the length of that sage object.

        This approach is inefficient - each interface should override
        this method with one that calls the external program's length
        function.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: len(gp([1,2,3]))
            3

        AUTHORS:

        - Felix Lawrence (2009-08-21)
        """
        return len(self.sage())

    def __reduce__(self):
        return reduce_load, (self.parent(), self._reduce())

    def _reduce(self):
        return repr(self)

    def __call__(self, *args):
        self._check_valid()
        P = self.parent()
        return getattr(P, self.name())(*args)

    def __contains__(self, x):
        P = self._check_valid()
        if not isinstance(x, InterfaceElement) or x.parent() is not self.parent():
            x = P.new(x)
        return P._contains(x.name(), self.name())


    def _sage_doc_(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp(2)._sage_doc_()
            '2'
        """
        return str(self)

    def __hash__(self):
        """
        Returns the hash of self. This is a default implementation of hash
        which just takes the hash of the string of self.
        """
        return hash('%s'%(self))

    def __cmp__(self, other):
        """
        Comparison is done by GAP.

        GAP may raise an error when comparing objects. We catch these
        errors. Moreover, GAP does not recognise certain objects as
        equal even if there definitions are identical.

        TESTS:

        Here are examples in which GAP succeeds with a comparison::

            sage: gap('SymmetricGroup(8)')==gap('SymmetricGroup(8)')
            True
            sage: gap('SymmetricGroup(8)')>gap('AlternatingGroup(8)')
            False
            sage: gap('SymmetricGroup(8)')<gap('AlternatingGroup(8)')
            True

        Here, GAP fails to compare, and so ``False`` is returned.
        In previous Sage versions, this example actually resulted
        in an error; compare #5962.
        ::

            sage: gap('DihedralGroup(8)')==gap('DihedralGroup(8)')
            False

        """
        P = self.parent()
        try:
            if P.eval("%s %s %s"%(self.name(), P._equality_symbol(),
                                     other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
                return 0
        except RuntimeError:
            pass
        try:
            if P.eval("%s %s %s"%(self.name(), P._lessthan_symbol(), other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
                return -1
        except RuntimeError:
            pass
        try:
            if P.eval("%s %s %s"%(self.name(), P._greaterthan_symbol(), other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
                return 1
        except Exception:
            pass

        # everything is supposed to be comparable in Python, so we define
        # the comparison thus when no comparison is available in interfaced system.
        if (hash(self) < hash(other)):
            return -1
        else:
            return 1

    def _matrix_(self, R):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def _vector_(self, R):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def _check_valid(self):
        """
        Check that this object is valid, i.e., the session in which this
        object is defined is still running. This is relevant for
        interpreters that can't be interrupted via ctrl-C, hence get
        restarted.
        """
        try:
            P = self.parent()
            if P is None:
                raise ValueError, "The %s session in which this object was defined is no longer running."%P.name()
        except AttributeError:
            raise ValueError, "The session in which this object was defined is no longer running."
        return P

    def __del__(self):
        try:
            self._check_valid()
        except ValueError:
            return
        if hasattr(self,'_name'):
            P = self.parent()
            if not (P is None):
                P.clear(self._name)

    def _sage_repr(self):
        """
        Return a sage-friendly string representation of the object.

        Some programs use different notation to Sage, e.g. Mathematica
        writes lists with {} instead of [].  This method calls repr(self)
        then converts the foreign notation into Sage's notation.

        OUTPUT:

        A string representation of the object that is ready for
        sage_eval().

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: repr(mathematica([1,2,3]))    # optional - mathematica
            '{1, 2, 3}'
            sage: mathematica([1,2,3])._sage_repr() # optional - mathematica
            '[1, 2, 3]'

        ::

            sage: gp(10.^80)._sage_repr()
            '1.0000000000000000000000000000000000000e80'    # 64-bit
            '1.000000000000000000000000000e80'              # 32-bit
            sage: mathematica('10.^80')._sage_repr()  # optional - mathematica
            '1.e80'

        AUTHORS:

        - Felix Lawrence (2009-08-21)
        """
        #TO DO: this could use file transfers when self.is_remote()

        string = repr(self).replace('\n',' ').replace('\r', '')
        # Translate the external program's function notation to Sage's
        lfd = self.parent()._left_func_delim()
        if '(' != lfd:  string = string.replace(lfd, '(')
        rfd = self.parent()._right_func_delim()
        if ')' != rfd:  string = string.replace(rfd, ')')
        # Translate the external program's list formatting to Sage's
        lld = self.parent()._left_list_delim()
        if '[' != lld:      string = string.replace(lld, '[')
        rld = self.parent()._right_list_delim()
        if ']' != rld:      string = string.replace(rld, ']')
        # Translate the external program's exponent formatting
        expl = self.parent()._exponent_symbol()
        if 'e' != expl: string = string.replace(expl, 'e')
        return string

    def _sage_(self):
        """
        Attempt to return a Sage version of this object.
        This is a generic routine that just tries to evaluate
        the repr(self).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp(1/2)._sage_()
            1/2
            sage: _.parent()
            Rational Field

        AUTHORS:

        - William Stein

        - Felix Lawrence (2009-08-21)
        """
        string = self._sage_repr()
        try:
            return sage.misc.sage_eval.sage_eval(string)
        except Exception:
            raise NotImplementedError, "Unable to parse output: %s" % string


    def sage(self):
        """
        Attempt to return a Sage version of this object.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: gp(1/2).sage()
            1/2
            sage: _.parent()
            Rational Field
        """
        return self._sage_()

    def __repr__(self):
        self._check_valid()
        try:
            if self._get_using_file:
                s = self.parent().get_using_file(self._name)
        except AttributeError:
            s = self.parent().get(self._name)
        if s.__contains__(self._name):
            if hasattr(self, '__custom_name'):
                s =  s.replace(self._name, self.__dict__['__custom_name'])
        return s

    def __getattr__(self, attrname):
        P = self._check_valid()
        if attrname[:1] == "_":
            raise AttributeError
        return P._function_element_class()(self, attrname)

    def get_using_file(self):
        """
        Return this element's string representation using a file. Use this
        if self has a huge string representation. It'll be way faster.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: a = maxima(str(2^1000))
            sage: a.get_using_file()
            '10715086071862673209484250490600018105614048117055336074437503883703510511249361224931983788156958581275946729175531468251871452856923140435984577574698574803934567774824230985421074605062371141877954182153046474983581941267398767559165543946077062914571196477686542167660429831652624386837205668069376'
        """
        try:
            self._check_valid()
        except ValueError:
            return '(invalid object -- defined in terms of closed session)'
        return self.parent().get_using_file(self._name)

    def hasattr(self, attrname):
        """
        Returns whether the given attribute is already defined by this
        object, and in particular is not dynamically generated.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: m = maxima('2')
            sage: m.hasattr('integral')
            True
            sage: m.hasattr('gcd')
            False
        """
        return not isinstance(getattr(self, attrname), InterfaceFunctionElement)

    def attribute(self, attrname):
        """
        If this wraps the object x in the system, this returns the object
        x.attrname. This is useful for some systems that have object
        oriented attribute access notation.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: g = gap('SO(1,4,7)')
            sage: k = g.InvariantQuadraticForm()
            sage: k.attribute('matrix')
            [ [ 0*Z(7), Z(7)^0, 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7) ], [ 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7) ],
              [ 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7), Z(7), 0*Z(7) ], [ 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7), 0*Z(7), Z(7)^0 ] ]

        ::

            sage: e = gp('ellinit([0,-1,1,-10,-20])')
            sage: e.attribute('j')
            -122023936/161051
        """
        P = self._check_valid()
        return P('%s.%s'%(self.name(), attrname))

    def __getitem__(self, n):
        P = self._check_valid()
        if not isinstance(n, tuple):
            return P.new('%s[%s]'%(self._name, n))
        else:
            return P.new('%s[%s]'%(self._name, str(n)[1:-1]))

    def __int__(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: int(maxima('1'))
            1
            sage: type(_)
            <type 'int'>
        """
        return int(repr(self))

    def bool(self):
        P = self.parent()
        t = P._true_symbol()
        cmd = '%s %s %s'%(self._name, P._equality_symbol(), t)
        return P.eval(cmd) == t

    def __nonzero__(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: bool(maxima(0))
            False
            sage: bool(maxima(1))
            True
        """
        return self.bool()

    def __long__(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: m = maxima('1')
            sage: long(m)
            1L
        """
        return long(repr(self))

    def __float__(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: m = maxima('1/2')
            sage: m.__float__()
            0.5
            sage: float(m)
            0.5
        """
        return float(repr(self))

    def _integer_(self, ZZ=None):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: m = maxima('1')
            sage: m._integer_()
            1
            sage: _.parent()
            Integer Ring
            sage: QQ(m)
            1
        """
        import sage.rings.all
        return sage.rings.all.Integer(repr(self))

    def _rational_(self):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: m = maxima('1/2')
            sage: m._rational_()
            1/2
            sage: _.parent()
            Rational Field
            sage: QQ(m)
            1/2
        """
        import sage.rings.all
        return sage.rings.all.Rational(repr(self))

    def name(self, new_name=None):
        """
        Returns the name of self. If new_name is passed in, then this
        function returns a new object identical to self whose name is
        new_name.

        Note that this can overwrite existing variables in the system.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: x = r([1,2,3]); x
            [1] 1 2 3
            sage: x.name()
            'sage3'
            sage: x = r([1,2,3]).name('x'); x
            [1] 1 2 3
            sage: x.name()
            'x'

        ::

            sage: s5 = gap.SymmetricGroup(5).name('s5')
            sage: s5
            SymmetricGroup( [ 1 .. 5 ] )
            sage: s5.name()
            's5'
        """
        if new_name is not None:
            if not isinstance(new_name, str):
                raise TypeError, "new_name must be a string"
            p = self.parent()
            p.set(new_name, self._name)
            return p._object_class()(p, new_name, is_name=True)

        return self._name

    def gen(self, n):
        P = self._check_valid()
        return P.new('%s.%s'%(self._name, int(n)))

    def _operation(self, operation, right):
        P = self._check_valid()
        try:
            return P.new('%s %s %s'%(self._name, operation, right._name))
        except Exception, msg:
            raise TypeError, msg

    def _add_(self, right):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = maxima.cos(x)
            sage: g = maxima.sin(x)
            sage: f + g
            sin(x)+cos(x)
            sage: f + 2
            cos(x)+2
            sage: 2 + f
            cos(x)+2
        """
        return self._operation("+", right)

    def _sub_(self, right):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = maxima.cos(x)
            sage: g = maxima.sin(x)
            sage: f - g
            cos(x)-sin(x)
            sage: f - 2
            cos(x)-2
            sage: 2 - f
            2-cos(x)
        """
        return self._operation('-', right)

    def _mul_(self, right):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = maxima.cos(x)
            sage: g = maxima.sin(x)
            sage: f*g
            cos(x)*sin(x)
            sage: 2*f
            2*cos(x)
        """
        return self._operation('*', right)

    def _div_(self, right):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = maxima.cos(x)
            sage: g = maxima.sin(x)
            sage: f/g
            cos(x)/sin(x)
            sage: f/2
            cos(x)/2
        """
        return self._operation("/", right)

    def __pow__(self, n):
        """
        EXAMPLES::

            sage: a = maxima('2')
            sage: a^(3/4)
            2^(3/4)
        """
        P = self._check_valid()
        if not hasattr(n, 'parent') or P is not n.parent():
            n = P(n)
        return self._operation("^", n)

def reduce_load(parent, x):
    return parent(x)