r"""
Free modules
Sage supports computation with free modules over an arbitrary commutative ring.
Nontrivial functionality is available over `\ZZ`, fields, and some principal
ideal domains (e.g. `\QQ[x]` and rings of integers of number fields). All free
modules over an integral domain are equipped with an embedding in an ambient
vector space and an inner product, which you can specify and change.
Create the free module of rank `n` over an arbitrary commutative ring `R` using
the command ``FreeModule(R,n)``. Equivalently, ``R^n`` also creates that free
module.
The following example illustrates the creation of both a vector space and a
free module over the integers and a submodule of it. Use the functions
``FreeModule``, ``span`` and member functions of free modules to create free
modules. *Do not use the FreeModule_xxx constructors directly.*
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,3)
sage: W = V.subspace([[1,2,7], [1,1,0]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -7]
[ 0 1 7]
sage: C = VectorSpaces(FiniteField(7))
sage: C
Category of vector spaces over Finite Field of size 7
sage: C(W)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: C = VectorSpaces(FiniteField(7))
sage: C(M)
Vector space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 7
sage: W = M.submodule([[1,2,7], [8,8,0]])
sage: C(W)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
We illustrate the exponent notation for creation of free modules.
::
sage: ZZ^4
Ambient free module of rank 4 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: QQ^2
Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: RR^3
Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
Base ring::
sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: M = FreeModule(R,2)
sage: M.base_ring()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
::
sage: VectorSpace(QQ, 10).base_ring()
Rational Field
TESTS: We intersect a zero-dimensional vector space with a
1-dimension submodule.
::
sage: V = (QQ^1).span([])
sage: W = ZZ^1
sage: V.intersection(W)
Free module of degree 1 and rank 0 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[]
We construct subspaces of real and complex double vector spaces and
verify that the element types are correct::
sage: V = FreeModule(RDF, 3); V
Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Double Field
sage: V.0
(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
sage: type(V.0)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_real_double_dense.Vector_real_double_dense'>
sage: W = V.span([V.0]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Real Double Field
Basis matrix:
[1.0 0.0 0.0]
sage: type(W.0)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_real_double_dense.Vector_real_double_dense'>
sage: V = FreeModule(CDF, 3); V
Vector space of dimension 3 over Complex Double Field
sage: type(V.0)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_complex_double_dense.Vector_complex_double_dense'>
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([CDF.0 * V.1]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Complex Double Field
User basis matrix:
[ 0.0 1.0*I 0.0]
sage: type(W.0)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_complex_double_dense.Vector_complex_double_dense'>
Basis vectors are immutable::
sage: A = span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], ZZ)
sage: A.0
(1, 2, 3)
sage: A.0[0] = 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: vector is immutable; please change a copy instead (use copy())
Among other things, this tests that we can save and load submodules
and elements::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: TestSuite(M).run()
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,19]])
sage: TestSuite(W).run()
sage: v = W.0 + W.1
sage: TestSuite(v).run()
AUTHORS:
- William Stein (2005, 2007)
- David Kohel (2007, 2008)
- Niles Johnson (2010-08): Trac #3893: ``random_element()`` should pass on ``*args`` and ``**kwds``.
- Simon King (2010-12): Trac #8800: Fixing a bug in ``denominator()``.
"""
import free_module_element
import module
import sage.matrix.matrix_space
import sage.misc.latex as latex
import sage.rings.commutative_ring as commutative_ring
import sage.rings.principal_ideal_domain as principal_ideal_domain
import sage.rings.field as field
import sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor as finite_field
import sage.rings.integral_domain as integral_domain
import sage.rings.ring as ring
import sage.rings.integer_ring
import sage.rings.rational_field
import sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring
import sage.rings.infinity
import sage.rings.integer
import sage.structure.parent_gens as gens
from sage.categories.principal_ideal_domains import PrincipalIdealDomains
from sage.categories.commutative_rings import CommutativeRings
from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
from sage.structure.parent_gens import ParentWithGens
from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
from warnings import warn
from sage.structure.factory import UniqueFactory
class FreeModuleFactory(UniqueFactory):
r"""
Create the free module over the given commutative ring of the given
rank.
INPUT:
- ``base_ring`` - a commutative ring
- ``rank`` - a nonnegative integer
- ``sparse`` - bool; (default False)
- ``inner_product_matrix`` - the inner product
matrix (default None)
OUTPUT: a free module
.. note::
In Sage it is the case that there is only one dense and one
sparse free ambient module of rank `n` over `R`.
EXAMPLES:
First we illustrate creating free modules over various base fields.
The base field affects the free module that is created. For
example, free modules over a field are vector spaces, and free
modules over a principal ideal domain are special in that more
functionality is available for them than for completely general
free modules.
::
sage: FreeModule(Integers(8),10)
Ambient free module of rank 10 over Ring of integers modulo 8
sage: FreeModule(QQ,10)
Vector space of dimension 10 over Rational Field
sage: FreeModule(ZZ,10)
Ambient free module of rank 10 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: FreeModule(FiniteField(5),10)
Vector space of dimension 10 over Finite Field of size 5
sage: FreeModule(Integers(7),10)
Vector space of dimension 10 over Ring of integers modulo 7
sage: FreeModule(PolynomialRing(QQ,'x'),5)
Ambient free module of rank 5 over the principal ideal domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
sage: FreeModule(PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x'),5)
Ambient free module of rank 5 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
Of course we can make rank 0 free modules::
sage: FreeModule(RealField(100),0)
Vector space of dimension 0 over Real Field with 100 bits of precision
Next we create a free module with sparse representation of
elements. Functionality with sparse modules is *identical* to dense
modules, but they may use less memory and arithmetic may be faster
(or slower!).
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,200,sparse=True)
sage: M.is_sparse()
True
sage: type(M.0)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
The default is dense.
::
sage: M = ZZ^200
sage: type(M.0)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_integer_dense.Vector_integer_dense'>
Note that matrices associated in some way to sparse free modules
are sparse by default::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8), 2)
sage: A = M.basis_matrix()
sage: A.is_sparse()
False
sage: Ms = FreeModule(Integers(8), 2, sparse=True)
sage: M == Ms # as mathematical objects they are equal
True
sage: Ms.basis_matrix().is_sparse()
True
We can also specify an inner product matrix, which is used when
computing inner products of elements.
::
sage: A = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2)([[1,0],[0,-1]])
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,2,inner_product_matrix=A)
sage: v, w = M.gens()
sage: v.inner_product(w)
0
sage: v.inner_product(v)
1
sage: w.inner_product(w)
-1
sage: (v+2*w).inner_product(w)
-2
You can also specify the inner product matrix by giving anything
that coerces to an appropriate matrix. This is only useful if the
inner product matrix takes values in the base ring.
::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ,2,inner_product_matrix=1).inner_product_matrix()
[1 0]
[0 1]
sage: FreeModule(ZZ,2,inner_product_matrix=[1,2,3,4]).inner_product_matrix()
[1 2]
[3 4]
sage: FreeModule(ZZ,2,inner_product_matrix=[[1,2],[3,4]]).inner_product_matrix()
[1 2]
[3 4]
.. todo::
Refactor modules such that it only counts what category the base
ring belongs to, but not what is its Python class.
"""
def create_key(self, base_ring, rank, sparse=False, inner_product_matrix=None):
"""
TESTS::
sage: loads(dumps(ZZ^6)) is ZZ^6
True
sage: loads(dumps(RDF^3)) is RDF^3
True
TODO: replace the above by ``TestSuite(...).run()``, once
:meth:`_test_pickling` will test unique representation and not
only equality.
"""
rank = int(sage.rings.integer.Integer(rank))
if not (inner_product_matrix is None):
inner_product_matrix = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(base_ring, rank)(inner_product_matrix)
inner_product_matrix.set_immutable()
return (base_ring, rank, sparse, inner_product_matrix)
def create_object(self, version, key):
base_ring, rank, sparse, inner_product_matrix = key
if inner_product_matrix is not None:
from free_quadratic_module import FreeQuadraticModule
return FreeQuadraticModule(base_ring, rank, inner_product_matrix=inner_product_matrix, sparse=sparse)
if not isinstance(sparse,bool):
raise TypeError, "Argument sparse (= %s) must be True or False" % sparse
if not (hasattr(base_ring,'is_commutative') and base_ring.is_commutative()):
warn("""You are constructing a free module
over a noncommutative ring. Sage does not have a concept
of left/right and both sided modules, so be careful.
It's also not guaranteed that all multiplications are
done from the right side.""")
try:
if not sparse and isinstance(base_ring,sage.rings.real_double.RealDoubleField_class):
return RealDoubleVectorSpace_class(rank)
elif not sparse and isinstance(base_ring,sage.rings.complex_double.ComplexDoubleField_class):
return ComplexDoubleVectorSpace_class(rank)
elif base_ring.is_field():
return FreeModule_ambient_field(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
elif isinstance(base_ring, principal_ideal_domain.PrincipalIdealDomain):
return FreeModule_ambient_pid(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
elif isinstance(base_ring, sage.rings.number_field.order.Order) \
and base_ring.is_maximal() and base_ring.class_number() == 1:
return FreeModule_ambient_pid(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
elif isinstance(base_ring, integral_domain.IntegralDomain) or base_ring.is_integral_domain():
return FreeModule_ambient_domain(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
else:
return FreeModule_ambient(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
except NotImplementedError:
return FreeModule_ambient(base_ring, rank, sparse=sparse)
FreeModule = FreeModuleFactory("FreeModule")
def VectorSpace(K, dimension, sparse=False, inner_product_matrix=None):
"""
EXAMPLES:
The base can be complicated, as long as it is a field.
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(FractionField(PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x')),3)
sage: V
Vector space of dimension 3 over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
sage: V.basis()
[
(1, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1)
]
The base must be a field or a ``TypeError`` is raised.
::
sage: VectorSpace(ZZ,5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Argument K (= Integer Ring) must be a field.
"""
if not K.is_field():
raise TypeError, "Argument K (= %s) must be a field." % K
if not sparse in (True,False):
raise TypeError, "Argument sparse (= %s) must be a boolean."%sparse
return FreeModule(K, rank=dimension, sparse=sparse, inner_product_matrix=inner_product_matrix)
def span(gens, base_ring=None, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
r"""
Return the span of the vectors in ``gens`` using scalars from ``base_ring``.
INPUT:
- ``gens`` - a list of either vectors or lists of ring elements
used to generate the span
- ``base_ring`` - default: ``None`` - a principal ideal domain
for the ring of scalars
- ``check`` - default: ``True`` - passed to the ``span()`` method
of the ambient module
- ``already_echelonized`` - default: ``False`` - set to ``True``
if the vectors form the rows of a matrix in echelon form, in
order to skip the computation of an echelonized basis for the
span.
OUTPUT:
A module (or vector space) that is all the linear combinations of the
free module elements (or vectors) with scalars from the
ring (or field) given by ``base_ring``. See the examples below
describing behavior when the base ring is not specified and/or
the module elements are given as lists that do not carry
explicit base ring information.
EXAMPLES:
The vectors in the list of generators can be given as
lists, provided a base ring is specified and the elements of the list
are in the ring (or the fraction field of the ring). If the
base ring is a field, the span is a vector space. ::
sage: V = span([[1,2,5], [2,2,2]], QQ); V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -3]
[ 0 1 4]
sage: span([V.gen(0)], QuadraticField(-7,'a'))
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 7
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -3]
sage: span([[1,2,3], [2,2,2], [1,2,5]], GF(2))
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
Basis matrix:
[1 0 1]
If the base ring is not a field, then a module is created.
The entries of the vectors can lie outside the ring, if they
are in the fraction field of the ring. ::
sage: span([[1,2,5], [2,2,2]], ZZ)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -3]
[ 0 2 8]
sage: span([[1,1,1], [1,1/2,1]], ZZ)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 0 1]
[ 0 1/2 0]
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: M= span( [[x, x^2+1], [1/x, x^3]], R); M
Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over
Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1/x x^3]
[ 0 x^5 - x^2 - 1]
sage: M.basis()[0][0].parent()
Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
A base ring can be inferred if the generators are given as a
list of vectors. ::
sage: span([vector(QQ, [1,2,3]), vector(QQ, [4,5,6])])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
sage: span([vector(QQ, [1,2,3]), vector(ZZ, [4,5,6])])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
sage: span([vector(ZZ, [1,2,3]), vector(ZZ, [4,5,6])])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[0 3 6]
TESTS::
sage: span([[1,2,3], [2,2,2], [1,2/3,5]], ZZ)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 0 13]
[ 0 2/3 6]
[ 0 0 14]
sage: span([[1,2,3], [2,2,2], [1,2,QQ['x'].gen()]], ZZ)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The elements of gens (= [[1, 2, 3], [2, 2, 2], [1, 2, x]]) must be defined over base_ring (= Integer Ring) or its field of fractions.
For backwards compatibility one can also give the base ring as the
first argument. ::
sage: span(QQ,[[1,2],[3,4]])
Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0]
[0 1]
The base ring must be a principal ideal domain (PID). ::
sage: span([[1,2,3]], Integers(6))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The base_ring (= Ring of integers modulo 6)
must be a principal ideal domain.
Fix :trac:`5575`::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: span([V.0, V.1])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
Improve error message from :trac:`12541`::
sage: span({0:vector([0,1])}, QQ)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: generators must be lists of ring elements
or free module elements!
"""
if ring.is_Ring(gens):
base_ring, gens = gens, base_ring
try:
if base_ring is None:
gens = Sequence(gens)
R = gens.universe().base_ring()
else:
gens = list(gens)
R = base_ring
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("generators must be given as an iterable structure!")
if R not in PrincipalIdealDomains():
raise TypeError("The base_ring (= %s) must be a principal ideal "
"domain." % R)
if len(gens) == 0:
return FreeModule(R, 0)
else:
x = gens[0]
if free_module_element.is_FreeModuleElement(x):
M = x.parent()
else:
try:
x = list(x)
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("generators must be lists of ring elements or "
"free module elements!")
M = FreeModule(R, len(x))
try:
gens = map(M, gens)
except TypeError:
R = R.fraction_field()
M = FreeModule(R, len(x))
try:
gens = map(M, gens)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError("The elements of gens (= %s) must be "
"defined over base_ring (= %s) or its "
"field of fractions." % (gens, base_ring))
return M.span(gens=gens, base_ring=base_ring, check=check,
already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def is_FreeModule(M):
"""
Return True if M inherits from from FreeModule_generic.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.modules.free_module import is_FreeModule
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: is_FreeModule(V)
True
sage: W = V.span([ V.random_element() for i in range(2) ])
sage: is_FreeModule(W)
True
"""
return isinstance(M, FreeModule_generic)
class FreeModule_generic(module.Module_old):
"""
Base class for all free modules.
"""
def __init__(self, base_ring, rank, degree, sparse=False):
"""
Create the free module of given rank over the given base_ring.
INPUT:
- ``base_ring`` - a commutative ring
- ``rank`` - a non-negative integer
- ``degree`` - a non-negative integer
- ``sparse`` - bool (default: False)
EXAMPLES::
sage: PolynomialRing(QQ,3,'x')^3
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the integral domain Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x0, x1, x2 over Rational Field
If ``base_ring`` is a field, then the constructed module is in
the category of vector spaces over that field; otherwise it is
in the category of all free modules over that ring::
sage: FreeModule(GF(7),3).category()
Category of vector spaces over Finite Field of size 7
sage: V = QQ^4; V.category()
Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
sage: V = GF(5)**20; V.category()
Category of vector spaces over Finite Field of size 5
sage: FreeModule(ZZ,3).category()
Category of modules with basis over Integer Ring
"""
if not base_ring.is_commutative():
warn("""You are constructing a free module
over a noncommutative ring. Sage does not have a concept
of left/right and both sided modules, so be careful.
It's also not guaranteed that all multiplications are
done from the right side.""")
rank = sage.rings.integer.Integer(rank)
if rank < 0:
raise ValueError, "rank (=%s) must be nonnegative"%rank
degree = sage.rings.integer.Integer(degree)
if degree < 0:
raise ValueError, "degree (=%s) must be nonnegative"%degree
from sage.categories.all import Fields, FreeModules, VectorSpaces
if base_ring in Fields():
category = VectorSpaces(base_ring)
else:
category = FreeModules(base_ring)
ParentWithGens.__init__(self, base_ring, category = category)
self.__uses_ambient_inner_product = True
self.__rank = rank
self.__degree = degree
self.__is_sparse = sparse
self._gram_matrix = None
self.element_class()
def construction(self):
"""
The construction functor and base ring for self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ,3,'x')
sage: V = R^5
sage: V.construction()
(VectorFunctor, Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x0, x1, x2 over Rational Field)
"""
from sage.categories.pushout import VectorFunctor
if hasattr(self,'_inner_product_matrix'):
return VectorFunctor(self.rank(), self.is_sparse(),self.inner_product_matrix()), self.base_ring()
return VectorFunctor(self.rank(), self.is_sparse()), self.base_ring()
def _Hom_(self, Y, category):
from free_module_homspace import FreeModuleHomspace
return FreeModuleHomspace(self, Y, category)
def dense_module(self):
"""
Return corresponding dense module.
EXAMPLES:
We first illustrate conversion with ambient spaces::
sage: M = FreeModule(QQ,3)
sage: S = FreeModule(QQ,3, sparse=True)
sage: M.sparse_module()
Sparse vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: S.dense_module()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: M.sparse_module() == S
True
sage: S.dense_module() == M
True
sage: M.dense_module() == M
True
sage: S.sparse_module() == S
True
Next we create a subspace::
sage: M = FreeModule(QQ,3, sparse=True)
sage: V = M.span([ [1,2,3] ] ); V
Sparse vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
sage: V.sparse_module()
Sparse vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return self._dense_module()
return self
def _dense_module(self):
"""
Creates a dense module with the same defining data as self.
N.B. This function is for internal use only! See dense_module for
use.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8),3)
sage: S = FreeModule(Integers(8),3, sparse=True)
sage: M is S._dense_module()
True
"""
A = self.ambient_module().dense_module()
return A.span(self.basis())
def sparse_module(self):
"""
Return the corresponding sparse module with the same defining
data.
EXAMPLES:
We first illustrate conversion with ambient spaces::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8),3)
sage: S = FreeModule(Integers(8),3, sparse=True)
sage: M.sparse_module()
Ambient sparse free module of rank 3 over Ring of integers modulo 8
sage: S.dense_module()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over Ring of integers modulo 8
sage: M.sparse_module() is S
True
sage: S.dense_module() is M
True
sage: M.dense_module() is M
True
sage: S.sparse_module() is S
True
Next we convert a subspace::
sage: M = FreeModule(QQ,3)
sage: V = M.span([ [1,2,3] ] ); V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
sage: V.sparse_module()
Sparse vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return self
return self._sparse_module()
def _sparse_module(self):
"""
Creates a sparse module with the same defining data as self.
N.B. This function is for internal use only! See sparse_module for
use.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8),3)
sage: S = FreeModule(Integers(8),3, sparse=True)
sage: M._sparse_module() is S
True
"""
A = self.ambient_module().sparse_module()
return A.span(self.basis())
def _an_element_impl(self):
"""
Returns an arbitrary element of a free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,2)
sage: V._an_element_impl()
(1, 0)
sage: U = V.submodule([[1,0]])
sage: U._an_element_impl()
(1, 0)
sage: W = V.submodule([])
sage: W._an_element_impl()
(0, 0)
"""
try:
return self.gen(0)
except ValueError:
return self(0)
def element_class(self):
"""
The class of elements for this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,20,sparse=False)
sage: x = M.random_element()
sage: type(x)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_integer_dense.Vector_integer_dense'>
sage: M.element_class()
<type 'sage.modules.vector_integer_dense.Vector_integer_dense'>
sage: N = FreeModule(ZZ,20,sparse=True)
sage: y = N.random_element()
sage: type(y)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
sage: N.element_class()
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
"""
try:
return self._element_class
except AttributeError:
pass
C = element_class(self.base_ring(), self.is_sparse())
self._element_class = C
return C
def __call__(self, x, coerce=True, copy=True, check=True):
r"""
Create an element of this free module from x.
The ``coerce`` and ``copy`` arguments are
passed on to the underlying element constructor. If
``check`` is ``True``, confirm that the
element specified by x does in fact lie in self.
.. note:::
In the case of an inexact base ring (i.e. RDF), we don't
verify that the element is in the subspace, even when
``check=True``, to account for numerical instability
issues.
EXAMPLE::
sage: M = ZZ^4
sage: M([1,-1,0,1])
(1, -1, 0, 1)
::
sage: N = M.submodule([[1,0,0,0], [0,1,1,0]])
sage: N([1,1,1,0])
(1, 1, 1, 0)
sage: N((3,-2,-2,0))
(3, -2, -2, 0)
sage: N((0,0,0,1))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: element (= (0, 0, 0, 1)) is not in free module
Beware that using check=False can create invalid results::
sage: N((0,0,0,1), check=False)
(0, 0, 0, 1)
sage: N((0,0,0,1), check=False) in N
True
"""
if isinstance(x, (int, long, sage.rings.integer.Integer)) and x==0:
return self.zero_vector()
elif isinstance(x, free_module_element.FreeModuleElement):
if x.parent() is self:
if copy:
return x.__copy__()
else:
return x
x = x.list()
if check and self.base_ring().is_exact():
if isinstance(self, FreeModule_ambient):
return self._element_class(self, x, coerce, copy)
try:
c = self.coordinates(x)
R = self.base_ring()
for d in c:
if d not in R:
raise ArithmeticError
except ArithmeticError:
raise TypeError, "element (= %s) is not in free module"%(x,)
return self._element_class(self, x, coerce, copy)
def is_submodule(self, other):
"""
Return True if self is a submodule of other.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,3)
sage: V = M.ambient_vector_space()
sage: X = V.span([[1/2,1/2,0],[1/2,0,1/2]], ZZ)
sage: Y = V.span([[1,1,1]], ZZ)
sage: N = X + Y
sage: M.is_submodule(X)
False
sage: M.is_submodule(Y)
False
sage: Y.is_submodule(M)
True
sage: N.is_submodule(M)
False
sage: M.is_submodule(N)
True
Since basis() is not implemented in general, submodule testing does
not work for all PID's. However, trivial cases are already used
(and useful) for coercion, e.g.
::
sage: QQ(1/2) * vector(ZZ['x']['y'],[1,2,3,4])
(1/2, 1, 3/2, 2)
sage: vector(ZZ['x']['y'],[1,2,3,4]) * QQ(1/2)
(1/2, 1, 3/2, 2)
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
return False
try:
if self.ambient_vector_space() != other.ambient_vector_space():
return False
if other == other.ambient_vector_space():
return True
except AttributeError:
pass
if other.rank() < self.rank():
return False
if self.base_ring() != other.base_ring():
try:
if not self.base_ring().is_subring(other.base_ring()):
return False
except NotImplementedError:
return False
for b in self.basis():
if not (b in other):
return False
return True
def _has_coerce_map_from_space(self, V):
"""
Return True if V canonically coerces to self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: V._has_coerce_map_from_space(V)
True
sage: W = V.span([[1,1,1]])
sage: V._has_coerce_map_from_space(W)
True
sage: W._has_coerce_map_from_space(V)
False
sage: (Zmod(8)^3)._has_coerce_map_from_space(ZZ^3)
True
TESTS:
Make sure ticket #3638 is fixed::
sage: vector(ZZ,[1,2,11])==vector(Zmod(8),[1,2,3])
True
"""
try:
return self.__has_coerce_map_from_space[V]
except AttributeError:
self.__has_coerce_map_from_space = {}
except KeyError:
pass
if self.base_ring() is V.base_ring():
h = V.is_submodule(self)
elif not self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(V.base_ring()):
self.__has_coerce_map_from_space[V] = False
return False
else:
h = V.base_extend(self.base_ring()).is_submodule(self)
self.__has_coerce_map_from_space[V] = h
return h
def _coerce_impl(self, x):
"""
Canonical coercion of x into this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^5
sage: x = V([0,4/3,8/3,4,16/3])
sage: V._coerce_impl(x)
(0, 4/3, 8/3, 4, 16/3)
sage: V._coerce_impl([0,4/3,8/3,4,16/3])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Automatic coercion supported only for vectors or 0.
"""
if isinstance(x, (int, long, sage.rings.integer.Integer)) and x==0:
return self.zero_vector()
if isinstance(x, free_module_element.FreeModuleElement):
if self._has_coerce_map_from_space(x.parent()):
return self(x)
raise TypeError, "Automatic coercion supported only for vectors or 0."
def __contains__(self, v):
r"""
EXAMPLES:
We create the module `\ZZ^3`, and the submodule
generated by one vector `(1,1,0)`, and check whether
certain elements are in the submodule.
::
sage: R = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: V = R.submodule([R.gen(0) + R.gen(1)])
sage: R.gen(0) + R.gen(1) in V
True
sage: R.gen(0) + 2*R.gen(1) in V
False
::
sage: w = (1/2)*(R.gen(0) + R.gen(1))
sage: w
(1/2, 1/2, 0)
sage: w.parent()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: w in V
False
sage: V.coordinates(w)
[1/2]
"""
if not isinstance(v, free_module_element.FreeModuleElement):
return False
if v.parent() is self:
return True
try:
c = self.coordinates(v)
except (ArithmeticError, TypeError):
return False
R = self.base_ring()
if not self.base_ring().is_field():
for a in c:
try:
b = R(a)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
return False
except NotImplementedError:
from sage.rings.all import ZZ
print "bad " + str((R, R._element_constructor, R is ZZ, type(R)))
return True
def __iter__(self):
"""
Return iterator over the elements of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(4,'a'),2)
sage: [x for x in V]
[(0, 0), (a, 0), (a + 1, 0), (1, 0), (0, a), (a, a), (a + 1, a), (1, a), (0, a + 1), (a, a + 1), (a + 1, a + 1), (1, a + 1), (0, 1), (a, 1), (a + 1, 1), (1, 1)]
::
sage: W = V.subspace([V([1,1])])
sage: print [x for x in W]
[(0, 0), (a, a), (a + 1, a + 1), (1, 1)]
TESTS::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(2,'a'),2)
sage: V.list()
[(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)]
"""
G = self.gens()
if len(G) == 0:
yield self(0)
return
R = self.base_ring()
iters = [iter(R) for _ in range(len(G))]
for x in iters: x.next()
zero = R(0)
v = [zero for _ in range(len(G))]
n = 0
z = self(0)
yield z
while n < len(G):
try:
v[n] = iters[n].next()
yield self.linear_combination_of_basis(v)
n = 0
except StopIteration:
iters[n] = iter(R)
iters[n].next()
v[n] = zero
n += 1
def cardinality(self):
r"""
Return the cardinality of the free module.
OUTPUT:
Either an integer or ``+Infinity``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = FiniteField(9)
sage: V = VectorSpace(k,3)
sage: V.cardinality()
729
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,1],[0,1,1]])
sage: W.cardinality()
81
sage: R = IntegerModRing(12)
sage: M = FreeModule(R,2)
sage: M.cardinality()
144
sage: (QQ^3).cardinality()
+Infinity
"""
return (self.base_ring().cardinality())**self.rank()
__len__ = cardinality
def ambient_module(self):
"""
Return the ambient module associated to this module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: M = FreeModule(R,2)
sage: M.ambient_module()
Ambient free module of rank 2 over the integral domain Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
::
sage: V = FreeModule(QQ, 4).span([[1,2,3,4], [1,0,0,0]]); V
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0]
[ 0 1 3/2 2]
sage: V.ambient_module()
Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
"""
return FreeModule(self.base_ring(), self.degree())
def base_extend(self, R):
r"""
Return the base extension of self to R. This is the same as
``self.change_ring(R)`` except that a TypeError is
raised if there is no canonical coerce map from the base ring of
self to R.
INPUT:
- ``R`` - ring
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^7
sage: V.base_extend(QQ)
Vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
"""
if R.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
return self.change_ring(R)
raise TypeError, "Base extension of self (over '%s') to ring '%s' not defined."%(self.base_ring(),R)
def basis(self):
"""
Return the basis of this module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(Integers(12),3).basis()
[
(1, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1)
]
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def basis_matrix(self):
"""
Return the matrix whose rows are the basis for this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(Integers(12),3).basis_matrix()
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
::
sage: M = FreeModule(GF(7),3).span([[2,3,4],[1,1,1]]); M
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 0 6]
[0 1 2]
sage: M.basis_matrix()
[1 0 6]
[0 1 2]
::
sage: M = FreeModule(GF(7),3).span_of_basis([[2,3,4],[1,1,1]]);
sage: M.basis_matrix()
[2 3 4]
[1 1 1]
"""
try:
return self.__basis_matrix
except AttributeError:
MAT = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_ring(),
len(self.basis()), self.degree(),
sparse = self.is_sparse())
if self.is_ambient():
A = MAT.identity_matrix()
else:
A = MAT(self.basis())
A.set_immutable()
self.__basis_matrix = A
return A
def echelonized_basis_matrix(self):
"""
The echelonized basis matrix (not implemented for this module).
This example works because M is an ambient module. Submodule
creation should exist for generic modules.
EXAMPLES::
sage: R = IntegerModRing(12)
sage: S.<x,y> = R[]
sage: M = FreeModule(S,3)
sage: M.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
TESTS::
sage: from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule_generic
sage: FreeModule_generic.echelonized_basis_matrix(M)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def matrix(self):
"""
Return the basis matrix of this module, which is the matrix whose
rows are a basis for this module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
sage: M.matrix()
[1 0]
[0 1]
sage: M.submodule([M.gen(0) + M.gen(1), M.gen(0) - 2*M.gen(1)]).matrix()
[1 1]
[0 3]
"""
return self.basis_matrix()
def direct_sum(self, other):
"""
Return the direct sum of self and other as a free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = (ZZ^3).span([[1/2,3,5], [0,1,-3]]); V
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/2 0 14]
[ 0 1 -3]
sage: W = (ZZ^3).span([[1/2,4,2]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/2 4 2]
sage: V.direct_sum(W)
Free module of degree 6 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/2 0 14 0 0 0]
[ 0 1 -3 0 0 0]
[ 0 0 0 1/2 4 2]
"""
if not is_FreeModule(other):
raise TypeError, "other must be a free module"
if other.base_ring() != self.base_ring():
raise TypeError, "base rins of self and other must be the same"
return self.basis_matrix().block_sum(other.basis_matrix()).row_module(self.base_ring())
def coordinates(self, v, check=True):
r"""
Write `v` in terms of the basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the basis
for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an
``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2); M0,M1=M.gens()
sage: W = M.submodule([M0 + M1, M0 - 2*M1])
sage: W.coordinates(2*M0-M1)
[2, -1]
"""
return self.coordinate_vector(v, check=check).list()
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Return the vector whose coefficients give `v` as a linear
combination of the basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2); M0,M1=M.gens()
sage: W = M.submodule([M0 + M1, M0 - 2*M1])
sage: W.coordinate_vector(2*M0 - M1)
(2, -1)
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def coordinate_module(self, V):
r"""
Suppose V is a submodule of self (or a module commensurable with
self), and that self is a free module over `R` of rank
`n`. Let `\phi` be the map from self to
`R^n` that sends the basis vectors of self in order to the
standard basis of `R^n`. This function returns the image
`\phi(V)`.
.. warning::
If there is no integer `d` such that `dV` is a
submodule of self, then this function will give total
nonsense.
EXAMPLES:
We illustrate this function with some
`\ZZ`-submodules of `\QQ^3`.
::
sage: V = (ZZ^3).span([[1/2,3,5], [0,1,-3]])
sage: W = (ZZ^3).span([[1/2,4,2]])
sage: V.coordinate_module(W)
Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 4]
sage: V.0 + 4*V.1
(1/2, 4, 2)
In this example, the coordinate module isn't even in
`\ZZ^3`.
::
sage: W = (ZZ^3).span([[1/4,2,1]])
sage: V.coordinate_module(W)
Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1/2 2]
The following more elaborate example illustrates using this
function to write a submodule in terms of integral cuspidal modular
symbols::
sage: M = ModularSymbols(54)
sage: S = M.cuspidal_subspace()
sage: K = S.integral_structure(); K
Free module of degree 19 and rank 8 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
...
sage: L = M[0].integral_structure(); L
Free module of degree 19 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 0 1 1 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1 -2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 0 0 3 0 -3 2 -1 2 -1 -4 2 -1 -2 1 2 0 0 -1 1]
sage: K.coordinate_module(L)
Free module of degree 8 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 0 0]
[ 0 3 2 -1 2 -1 -1 -2]
sage: K.coordinate_module(L).basis_matrix() * K.basis_matrix()
[ 0 1 1 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1 -2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 0 0 3 0 -3 2 -1 2 -1 -4 2 -1 -2 1 2 0 0 -1 1]
"""
if not is_FreeModule(V):
raise ValueError, "V must be a free module"
A = self.basis_matrix()
A = A.matrix_from_columns(A.pivots()).transpose()
B = V.basis_matrix()
B = B.matrix_from_columns(self.basis_matrix().pivots()).transpose()
S = A.solve_right(B).transpose()
return (self.base_ring()**S.ncols()).span_of_basis(S.rows())
def degree(self):
"""
Return the degree of this free module. This is the dimension of the
ambient vector space in which it is embedded.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 10)
sage: W = M.submodule([M.gen(0), 2*M.gen(3) - M.gen(0), M.gen(0) + M.gen(3)])
sage: W.degree()
10
sage: W.rank()
2
"""
return self.__degree
def dimension(self):
"""
Return the dimension of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(FiniteField(19), 100)
sage: W = M.submodule([M.gen(50)])
sage: W.dimension()
1
"""
return self.rank()
def discriminant(self):
"""
Return the discriminant of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: M.discriminant()
1
sage: W = M.span([[1,2,3]])
sage: W.discriminant()
14
sage: W2 = M.span([[1,2,3], [1,1,1]])
sage: W2.discriminant()
6
"""
return self.gram_matrix().determinant()
def free_module(self):
"""
Return this free module. (This is used by the
``FreeModule`` functor, and simply returns self.)
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: M.free_module()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
return self
def gen(self, i=0):
"""
Return ith generator for self, where i is between 0 and rank-1,
inclusive.
INPUT:
- ``i`` - an integer
OUTPUT: i-th basis vector for self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: n = 5
sage: V = QQ^n
sage: B = [ V.gen(i) for i in range(n) ]
sage: B
[(1, 0, 0, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1)]
sage: V.gens() == tuple(B)
True
TESTS::
sage: (QQ^3).gen(4/3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: rational is not an integer
"""
if i < 0 or i >= self.rank():
raise ValueError, "Generator %s not defined."%i
return self.basis()[i]
def gram_matrix(self):
r"""
Return the gram matrix associated to this free module, defined to
be `G = B*A*B.transpose()`, where A is the inner product matrix
(induced from the ambient space), and B the basis matrix.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,4)
sage: u = V([1/2,1/2,1/2,1/2])
sage: v = V([0,1,1,0])
sage: w = V([0,0,1,1])
sage: M = span([u,v,w], ZZ)
sage: M.inner_product_matrix() == V.inner_product_matrix()
True
sage: L = M.submodule_with_basis([u,v,w])
sage: L.inner_product_matrix() == M.inner_product_matrix()
True
sage: L.gram_matrix()
[1 1 1]
[1 2 1]
[1 1 2]
"""
if self.is_ambient():
return sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_ring(), self.degree(), sparse=True)(1)
else:
if self._gram_matrix is None:
B = self.basis_matrix()
self._gram_matrix = B*B.transpose()
return self._gram_matrix
def has_user_basis(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the basis of this free module is
specified by the user, as opposed to being the default echelon
form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,'1/2', 1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
False
sage: W = V.subspace_with_basis([[2,'1/2',1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
True
"""
return False
def inner_product_matrix(self):
"""
Return the default identity inner product matrix associated to this
module.
By definition this is the inner product matrix of the ambient
space, hence may be of degree greater than the rank of the module.
TODO: Differentiate the image ring of the inner product from the
base ring of the module and/or ambient space. E.g. On an integral
module over ZZ the inner product pairing could naturally take
values in ZZ, QQ, RR, or CC.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: M.inner_product_matrix()
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
"""
return sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_ring(), self.degree(), sparse=True)(1)
def _inner_product_is_dot_product(self):
"""
Return whether or not the inner product on this module is induced
by the dot product on the ambient vector space. This is used
internally by the inner_product function for optimization.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 3)._inner_product_is_dot_product()
True
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 3, inner_product_matrix=1)._inner_product_is_dot_product()
True
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2, inner_product_matrix=[1,0,-1,0])._inner_product_is_dot_product()
False
::
sage: M = FreeModule(QQ, 3)
sage: M2 = M.span([[1,2,3]])
sage: M2._inner_product_is_dot_product()
True
"""
return True
def is_ambient(self):
"""
Returns False since this is not an ambient free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3).span([[1,2,3]]); M
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
sage: M.is_ambient()
False
sage: M = (ZZ^2).span([[1,0], [0,1]])
sage: M
Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 0]
[0 1]
sage: M.is_ambient()
False
sage: M == M.ambient_module()
True
"""
return False
def is_dense(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the underlying representation of
this module uses dense vectors, and False otherwise.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).is_dense()
True
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2, sparse=True).is_dense()
False
"""
return not self.is_sparse()
def is_full(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the rank of this module equals its
degree.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).is_full()
True
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2).span([[1,2]])
sage: M.is_full()
False
"""
return self.rank() == self.degree()
def is_finite(self):
"""
Returns True if the underlying set of this free module is finite.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).is_finite()
False
sage: FreeModule(Integers(8), 2).is_finite()
True
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 0).is_finite()
True
"""
return self.base_ring().is_finite() or self.rank() == 0
def is_sparse(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the underlying representation of
this module uses sparse vectors, and False otherwise.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).is_sparse()
False
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2, sparse=True).is_sparse()
True
"""
return self.__is_sparse
def ngens(self):
"""
Returns the number of basis elements of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).ngens()
2
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 0).ngens()
0
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).span([[1,1]]).ngens()
1
"""
try:
return self.__ngens
except AttributeError:
self.__ngens = self.rank()
return self.__ngens
def nonembedded_free_module(self):
"""
Returns an ambient free module that is isomorphic to this free
module.
Thus if this free module is of rank `n` over a ring
`R`, then this function returns `R^n`, as an
ambient free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).span([[1,1]]).nonembedded_free_module()
Ambient free module of rank 1 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
return FreeModule(self.base_ring(), self.rank())
def random_element(self, prob=1.0, *args, **kwds):
"""
Returns a random element of self.
INPUT:
-- ``prob`` - float. Each coefficient will be set to zero with
probability `1-prob`. Otherwise coefficients will be chosen
randomly from base ring (and may be zero).
-- ``*args, **kwds`` - passed on to ``random_element()`` function
of base ring.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2).span([[1,1]])
sage: M.random_element()
(-1, -1)
sage: M.random_element()
(2, 2)
sage: M.random_element()
(1, 1)
Passes extra positional or keyword arguments through::
sage: M.random_element(5,10)
(9, 9)
"""
rand = current_randstate().python_random().random
R = self.base_ring()
prob = float(prob)
c = [0 if rand() > prob else R.random_element(*args, **kwds) for _ in range(self.rank())]
return self.linear_combination_of_basis(c)
def rank(self):
"""
Return the rank of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(Integers(6), 10000000).rank()
10000000
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).span([[1,1], [2,2], [3,4]]).rank()
2
"""
return self.__rank
def uses_ambient_inner_product(self):
r"""
Return ``True`` if the inner product on this module is
the one induced by the ambient inner product.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
sage: W = M.submodule([[1,2]])
sage: W.uses_ambient_inner_product()
True
sage: W.inner_product_matrix()
[1 0]
[0 1]
::
sage: W.gram_matrix()
[5]
"""
return self.__uses_ambient_inner_product
def zero_vector(self):
"""
Returns the zero vector in this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
sage: M.zero_vector()
(0, 0)
sage: M(0)
(0, 0)
sage: M.span([[1,1]]).zero_vector()
(0, 0)
sage: M.zero_submodule().zero_vector()
(0, 0)
"""
return self._element_class(self, 0)
@cached_method
def zero(self):
"""
Returns the zero vector in this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
sage: M.zero()
(0, 0)
sage: M.span([[1,1]]).zero()
(0, 0)
sage: M.zero_submodule().zero()
(0, 0)
sage: M.zero_submodule().zero().is_mutable()
False
"""
res = self._element_class(self, 0)
res.set_immutable()
return res
def _magma_init_(self, magma):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: magma(QQ^9) # optional - magma
Full Vector space of degree 9 over Rational Field
sage: (QQ^9)._magma_init_(magma) # optional - magma
'RSpace(_sage_[...],9)'
::
sage: magma(Integers(8)^2) # optional - magma
Full RSpace of degree 2 over IntegerRing(8)
sage: magma(FreeModule(QQ['x'], 2)) # optional - magma
Full RSpace of degree 2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
::
sage: A = matrix([[1,0],[0,-1]])
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,2,inner_product_matrix=A); M
Ambient free quadratic module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
Inner product matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: M._magma_init_(magma) # optional - magma
'RSpace(_sage_[...],2,_sage_ref...)'
sage: m = magma(M); m # optional - magma
Full RSpace of degree 2 over Integer Ring
Inner Product Matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: m.Type() # optional - magma
ModTupRng
sage: m.sage() # optional - magma
Ambient free quadratic module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
Inner product matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: m.sage() is M # optional - magma
True
Now over a field::
sage: N = FreeModule(QQ,2,inner_product_matrix=A); N
Ambient quadratic space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
Inner product matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: n = magma(N); n # optional - magma
Full Vector space of degree 2 over Rational Field
Inner Product Matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: n.Type() # optional - magma
ModTupFld
sage: n.sage() # optional - magma
Ambient quadratic space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
Inner product matrix:
[ 1 0]
[ 0 -1]
sage: n.sage() is N # optional - magma
True
How about some inexact fields::
sage: v = vector(RR, [1, pi, 5/6])
sage: F = v.parent()
sage: M = magma(F); M # optional - magma
Full Vector space of degree 3 over Real field of precision 15
sage: M.Type() # optional - magma
ModTupFld
sage: m = M.sage(); m # optional - magma
Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
sage: m is F # optional - magma
True
For interval fields, we can convert to Magma but there is no
interval field in Magma so we cannot convert back::
sage: v = vector(RealIntervalField(100), [1, pi, 0.125])
sage: F = v.parent()
sage: M = magma(v.parent()); M # optional - magma
Full Vector space of degree 3 over Real field of precision 30
sage: M.Type() # optional - magma
ModTupFld
sage: m = M.sage(); m # optional - magma
Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Field with 100 bits of precision
sage: m is F # optional - magma
False
"""
K = magma(self.base_ring())
if not self._inner_product_is_dot_product():
M = magma(self.inner_product_matrix())
return "RSpace(%s,%s,%s)"%(K.name(), self.rank(), M._ref())
else:
return "RSpace(%s,%s)"%(K.name(), self.rank())
def _macaulay2_(self, macaulay2=None):
r"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: R = QQ^2
sage: macaulay2(R) # optional
2
QQ
"""
if macaulay2 is None:
from sage.interfaces.macaulay2 import macaulay2
if self._inner_product_matrix:
raise NotImplementedError
else:
return macaulay2(self.base_ring())**self.rank()
class FreeModule_generic_pid(FreeModule_generic):
"""
Base class for all free modules over a PID.
"""
def __init__(self, base_ring, rank, degree, sparse=False):
"""
Create a free module over a PID.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: FreeModule(PolynomialRing(GF(7),'x'), 2)
Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 7
"""
if base_ring not in PrincipalIdealDomains():
raise TypeError("The base_ring must be a principal ideal domain.")
super(FreeModule_generic_pid, self).__init__(base_ring, rank, degree,
sparse)
def scale(self, other):
"""
Return the product of this module by the number other, which is the
module spanned by other times each basis vector.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: M.scale(2)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[2 0 0]
[0 2 0]
[0 0 2]
::
sage: a = QQ('1/3')
sage: M.scale(a)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/3 0 0]
[ 0 1/3 0]
[ 0 0 1/3]
"""
if other == 0:
return self.zero_submodule()
if other == 1 or other == -1:
return self
return self.span([v*other for v in self.basis()])
def __radd__(self, other):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: int(0) + QQ^3
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: sum([QQ^3, QQ^3])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
"""
if other == 0:
return self
else:
raise TypeError
def __add__(self, other):
r"""
Return the sum of self and other, where both self and other must be
submodules of the ambient vector space.
EXAMPLES:
We add two vector spaces::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: W = V.subspace([V([1,1,0])])
sage: W2 = V.subspace([V([1,-1,0])])
sage: W + W2
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
We add two free `\ZZ`-modules.
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: W = M.submodule([M([1,0,2])])
sage: W2 = M.submodule([M([2,0,-4])])
sage: W + W2
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 0 2]
[0 0 8]
We can also add free `\ZZ`-modules embedded
non-integrally into an ambient space.
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: W = M.span([1/2*V.0 - 1/3*V.1])
Here the command ``M.span(...)`` creates the span of
the indicated vectors over the base ring of `M`.
::
sage: W2 = M.span([1/3*V.0 + V.1])
sage: W + W2
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1/6 7/3 0]
[ 0 11/3 0]
We add two modules over `\ZZ`::
sage: A = Matrix(ZZ, 3, 3, [3, 0, -1, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, -2])
sage: V = (A+2).kernel()
sage: W = (A-3).kernel()
sage: V+W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[5 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
We add a module to 0::
sage: ZZ^3 + 0
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
if other == 0:
return self
raise TypeError, "other (=%s) must be a free module"%other
if not (self.ambient_vector_space() == other.ambient_vector_space()):
raise TypeError, "ambient vector spaces must be equal"
return self.span(self.basis() + other.basis())
def base_field(self):
"""
Return the base field, which is the fraction field of the base ring
of this module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(GF(3), 2).base_field()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 2).base_field()
Rational Field
sage: FreeModule(PolynomialRing(GF(7),'x'), 2).base_field()
Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 7
"""
return self.base_ring().fraction_field()
def basis_matrix(self):
"""
Return the matrix whose rows are the basis for this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(QQ,2).span_of_basis([[1,-1],[1,0]]); M
Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[ 1 -1]
[ 1 0]
sage: M.basis_matrix()
[ 1 -1]
[ 1 0]
See #3699:
sage: K = FreeModule(ZZ, 2000)
sage: I = K.basis_matrix()
"""
try:
return self.__basis_matrix
except AttributeError:
MAT = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_field(),
len(self.basis()), self.degree(),
sparse = self.is_sparse())
if self.is_ambient():
A = MAT.identity_matrix()
else:
A = MAT(self.basis())
A.set_immutable()
self.__basis_matrix = A
return A
def index_in(self, other):
"""
Return the lattice index [other:self] of self in other, as an
element of the base field. When self is contained in other, the
lattice index is the usual index. If the index is infinite, then
this function returns infinity.
EXAMPLES::
sage: L1 = span([[1,2]], ZZ)
sage: L2 = span([[3,6]], ZZ)
sage: L2.index_in(L1)
3
Note that the free modules being compared need not be integral.
::
sage: L1 = span([['1/2','1/3'], [4,5]], ZZ)
sage: L2 = span([[1,2], [3,4]], ZZ)
sage: L2.index_in(L1)
12/7
sage: L1.index_in(L2)
7/12
sage: L1.discriminant() / L2.discriminant()
49/144
The index of a lattice of infinite index is infinite.
::
sage: L1 = FreeModule(ZZ, 2)
sage: L2 = span([[1,2]], ZZ)
sage: L2.index_in(L1)
+Infinity
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
raise TypeError, "other must be a free module"
if self.ambient_vector_space() != other.ambient_vector_space():
raise ArithmeticError, "self and other must be embedded in the same ambient space."
if self.base_ring() != other.base_ring():
raise NotImplementedError, "lattice index only defined for modules over the same base ring."
if other.base_ring().is_field():
if self == other:
return sage.rings.integer.Integer(1)
else:
if self.is_subspace(other):
return sage.rings.infinity.infinity
raise ArithmeticError, "self must be contained in the vector space spanned by other."
try:
C = [other.coordinates(b) for b in self.basis()]
except ArithmeticError:
raise
if self.rank() < other.rank():
return sage.rings.infinity.infinity
a = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_field(), self.rank())(C).determinant()
if sage.rings.integer_ring.is_IntegerRing(self.base_ring()):
return a.abs()
elif isinstance(self.base_ring, sage.rings.number_field.order.Order):
return self.base_ring().ideal(a).norm()
else:
raise NotImplementedError
def intersection(self, other):
r"""
Return the intersection of self and other.
EXAMPLES:
We intersect two submodules one of which is clearly
contained in the other.
::
sage: A = ZZ^2
sage: M1 = A.span([[1,1]])
sage: M2 = A.span([[3,3]])
sage: M1.intersection(M2)
Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[3 3]
sage: M1.intersection(M2) is M2
True
We intersection two submodules of `\ZZ^3` of rank
`2`, whose intersection has rank `1`.
::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: M1 = A.span([[1,1,1], [1,2,3]])
sage: M2 = A.span([[2,2,2], [1,0,0]])
sage: M1.intersection(M2)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[2 2 2]
We compute an intersection of two `\ZZ`-modules that
are not submodules of `\ZZ^2`.
::
sage: A = ZZ^2
sage: M1 = A.span([[1,2]]).scale(1/6)
sage: M2 = A.span([[1,2]]).scale(1/15)
sage: M1.intersection(M2)
Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/3 2/3]
We intersect a `\ZZ`-module with a
`\QQ`-vector space.
::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: L = ZZ^3
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = L.span([[1/2,0,1/2]])
sage: K = V.span([[1,0,1], [0,0,1]])
sage: W.intersection(K)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/2 0 1/2]
sage: K.intersection(W)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/2 0 1/2]
We intersect two modules over the ring of integers of a number field::
sage: L.<w> = NumberField(x^2 - x + 2)
sage: OL = L.ring_of_integers()
sage: V = L**3; W1 = V.span([[0,w/5,0], [1,0,-1/17]], OL); W2 = V.span([[0,(1-w)/5,0]], OL)
sage: W1.intersection(W2)
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Maximal Order in Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^2 - x + 2
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 0 2/5 0]
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
raise TypeError, "other must be a free module"
if self.ambient_vector_space() != other.ambient_vector_space():
raise ArithmeticError, "self and other must be embedded in the same ambient space."
if self.base_ring() != other.base_ring():
if other.base_ring().is_field():
return other.intersection(self)
raise NotImplementedError, "intersection of modules over different base rings (neither a field) is not implemented."
if self == self.ambient_vector_space() or other.is_submodule(self):
return other
elif other == other.ambient_vector_space() or self.is_submodule(other):
return self
elif self.rank() == 0 or other.rank() == 0:
if self.base_ring().is_field():
return other.zero_submodule()
else:
return self.zero_submodule()
if self.dimension() <= other.dimension():
V1 = self; V2 = other
else:
V1 = other; V2 = self
A1 = V1.basis_matrix()
A2 = V2.basis_matrix()
S = A1.stack(A2)
K = S.integer_kernel(self.base_ring()).basis_matrix()
n = int(V1.dimension())
K = K.matrix_from_columns(range(n))
B = K*A1
return B.row_module(self.base_ring())
def is_submodule(self, other):
"""
True if this module is a submodule of other.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,2)
sage: M.is_submodule(M)
True
sage: N = M.scale(2)
sage: N.is_submodule(M)
True
sage: M.is_submodule(N)
False
sage: N = M.scale(1/2)
sage: N.is_submodule(M)
False
sage: M.is_submodule(N)
True
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
return False
if self.ambient_vector_space() != other.ambient_vector_space():
return False
if other == other.ambient_vector_space():
return True
if other.rank() < self.rank():
return False
if self.base_ring() != other.base_ring():
try:
if not self.base_ring().is_subring(other.base_ring()):
return False
except NotImplementedError:
return False
for b in self.basis():
if not (b in other):
return False
return True
def zero_submodule(self):
"""
Return the zero submodule of this module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = FreeModule(ZZ,2)
sage: V.zero_submodule()
Free module of degree 2 and rank 0 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[]
"""
return self.submodule([], check=False, already_echelonized=True)
def denominator(self):
"""
The denominator of the basis matrix of self (i.e. the LCM of the
coordinate entries with respect to the basis of the ambient
space).
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: L = V.span([[1,1/2,1/3], [-1/5,2/3,3]],ZZ)
sage: L
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1/5 19/6 37/3]
[ 0 23/6 46/3]
sage: L.denominator()
30
"""
return self.basis_matrix().denominator()
def index_in_saturation(self):
r"""
Return the index of this module in its saturation, i.e., its
intersection with `R^n`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: W = span([[2,4,6]], ZZ)
sage: W.index_in_saturation()
2
sage: W = span([[1/2,1/3]], ZZ)
sage: W.index_in_saturation()
1/6
"""
return self.index_in(self.saturation())
def saturation(self):
r"""
Return the saturated submodule of `R^n` that spans the same
vector space as self.
EXAMPLES:
We create a 1-dimensional lattice that is obviously not
saturated and saturate it.
::
sage: L = span([[9,9,6]], ZZ); L
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[9 9 6]
sage: L.saturation()
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[3 3 2]
We create a lattice spanned by two vectors, and saturate.
Computation of discriminants shows that the index of lattice in its
saturation is `3`, which is a prime of congruence between
the two generating vectors.
::
sage: L = span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], ZZ)
sage: L.saturation()
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
sage: L.discriminant()
54
sage: L.saturation().discriminant()
6
Notice that the saturation of a non-integral lattice `L` is
defined, but the result is integral hence does not contain
`L`::
sage: L = span([['1/2',1,3]], ZZ)
sage: L.saturation()
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 6]
"""
R = self.base_ring()
if R.is_field():
return self
try:
A, _ = self.basis_matrix()._clear_denom()
S = A.saturation().row_space()
except AttributeError:
V = self.vector_space()
A = self.ambient_module()
S = V.intersection(A)
return self if self == S else S
def span(self, gens, base_ring=None, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Return the R-span of the given list of gens, where R = base_ring.
The default R is the base ring of self. Note that this span need
not be a submodule of self, nor even of the ambient space. It must,
however, be contained in the ambient vector space, i.e., the
ambient space tensored with the fraction field of R.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = FreeModule(ZZ,3)
sage: W = V.submodule([V.gen(0)])
sage: W.span([V.gen(1)])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[0 1 0]
sage: W.submodule([V.gen(1)])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: Argument gens (= [(0, 1, 0)]) does not generate a submodule of self.
sage: V.span([[1,0,0],[1/5,4,0],[6,3/4,0]])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/5 0 0]
[ 0 1/4 0]
It also works with other things than integers::
sage: R.<x>=QQ[]
sage: L=R^1
sage: a=L.span([(1/x,)])
sage: a
Free module of degree 1 and rank 1 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
Echelon basis matrix:
[1/x]
sage: b=L.span([(1/x,)])
sage: a(b.gens()[0])
(1/x)
sage: L2 = R^2
sage: L2.span([[(x^2+x)/(x^2-3*x+2),1/5],[(x^2+2*x)/(x^2-4*x+3),x]])
Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
Echelon basis matrix:
[x/(x^3 - 6*x^2 + 11*x - 6) 2/15*x^2 - 17/75*x - 1/75]
[ 0 x^3 - 11/5*x^2 - 3*x + 4/5]
Note that the ``base_ring`` can make a huge difference. We repeat the previous example over the fraction field of R and get a simpler vector space.::
sage: L2.span([[(x^2+x)/(x^2-3*x+2),1/5],[(x^2+2*x)/(x^2-4*x+3),x]],base_ring=R.fraction_field())
Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0]
[0 1]
"""
if is_FreeModule(gens):
gens = gens.gens()
if base_ring is None or base_ring == self.base_ring():
return FreeModule_submodule_pid(
self.ambient_module(), gens, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
else:
try:
M = self.change_ring(base_ring)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, "Argument base_ring (= %s) is not compatible "%base_ring + \
"with the base field (= %s)." % self.base_field()
try:
return M.span(gens)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, "Argument gens (= %s) is not compatible "%gens + \
"with base_ring (= %s)."%base_ring
def submodule(self, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
r"""
Create the R-submodule of the ambient vector space with given
generators, where R is the base ring of self.
INPUT:
- ``gens`` - a list of free module elements or a free
module
- ``check`` - (default: True) whether or not to verify
that the gens are in self.
OUTPUT:
- ``FreeModule`` - the submodule spanned by the
vectors in the list gens. The basis for the subspace is always put
in reduced row echelon form.
EXAMPLES:
We create a submodule of `\ZZ^3`::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: B = M.basis()
sage: W = M.submodule([B[0]+B[1], 2*B[1]-B[2]])
sage: W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 1 0]
[ 0 2 -1]
We create a submodule of a submodule.
::
sage: W.submodule([3*B[0] + 3*B[1]])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[3 3 0]
We try to create a submodule that isn't really a submodule, which
results in an ArithmeticError exception::
sage: W.submodule([B[0] - B[1]])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: Argument gens (= [(1, -1, 0)]) does not generate a submodule of self.
Next we create a submodule of a free module over the principal ideal
domain `\QQ[x]`, which uses the general Hermite normal form functionality::
sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x'); x = R.gen()
sage: M = FreeModule(R, 3)
sage: B = M.basis()
sage: W = M.submodule([x*B[0], 2*B[1]- x*B[2]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
Echelon basis matrix:
[ x 0 0]
[ 0 2 -x]
sage: W.ambient_module()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
"""
if is_FreeModule(gens):
gens = gens.gens()
V = self.span(gens, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
if check:
if not V.is_submodule(self):
raise ArithmeticError, "Argument gens (= %s) does not generate a submodule of self."%gens
return V
def span_of_basis(self, basis, base_ring=None, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
r"""
Return the free R-module with the given basis, where R is the base
ring of self or user specified base_ring.
Note that this R-module need not be a submodule of self, nor even
of the ambient space. It must, however, be contained in the ambient
vector space, i.e., the ambient space tensored with the fraction
field of R.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,3)
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([M([1,2,3])])
Next we create two free `\ZZ`-modules, neither of
which is a submodule of `W`.
::
sage: W.span_of_basis([M([2,4,0])])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[2 4 0]
The following module isn't in the ambient module `\ZZ^3`
but is contained in the ambient vector space `\QQ^3`::
sage: V = M.ambient_vector_space()
sage: W.span_of_basis([ V([1/5,2/5,0]), V([1/7,1/7,0]) ])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1/5 2/5 0]
[1/7 1/7 0]
Of course the input basis vectors must be linearly independent.
::
sage: W.span_of_basis([ [1,2,0], [2,4,0] ])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The given basis vectors must be linearly independent.
"""
if is_FreeModule(basis):
basis = basis.gens()
if base_ring is None or base_ring == self.base_ring():
return FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid(
self.ambient_module(), basis=basis, check=check,
already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
else:
try:
M = self.change_ring(base_ring)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, "Argument base_ring (= %s) is not compatible "%base_ring + \
"with the base ring (= %s)."%self.base_ring()
try:
return M.span_of_basis(basis)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, "Argument gens (= %s) is not compatible "%basis + \
"with base_ring (= %s)."%base_ring
def submodule_with_basis(self, basis, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Create the R-submodule of the ambient vector space with given
basis, where R is the base ring of self.
INPUT:
- ``basis`` - a list of linearly independent vectors
- ``check`` - whether or not to verify that each gen
is in the ambient vector space
OUTPUT:
- ``FreeModule`` - the R-submodule with given basis
EXAMPLES:
First we create a submodule of `\ZZ^3`::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: B = M.basis()
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([B[0]+B[1], 2*B[1]-B[2]])
sage: N
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 1 0]
[ 0 2 -1]
A list of vectors in the ambient vector space may fail to generate
a submodule.
::
sage: V = M.ambient_vector_space()
sage: X = M.submodule_with_basis([ V(B[0]+B[1])/2, V(B[1]-B[2])/2])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: The given basis does not generate a submodule of self.
However, we can still determine the R-span of vectors in the
ambient space, or over-ride the submodule check by setting check to
False.
::
sage: X = V.span([ V(B[0]+B[1])/2, V(B[1]-B[2])/2 ], ZZ)
sage: X
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1/2 0 1/2]
[ 0 1/2 -1/2]
sage: Y = M.submodule([ V(B[0]+B[1])/2, V(B[1]-B[2])/2 ], check=False)
sage: X == Y
True
Next we try to create a submodule of a free module over the
principal ideal domain `\QQ[x]`, using our general Hermite normal form implementation::
sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x'); x = R.gen()
sage: M = FreeModule(R, 3)
sage: B = M.basis()
sage: W = M.submodule_with_basis([x*B[0], 2*B[0]- x*B[2]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[ x 0 0]
[ 2 0 -x]
"""
V = self.span_of_basis(basis=basis, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
if check:
if not V.is_submodule(self):
raise ArithmeticError, "The given basis does not generate a submodule of self."
return V
def vector_space_span(self, gens, check=True):
r"""
Create the vector subspace of the ambient vector space with given
generators.
INPUT:
- ``gens`` - a list of vector in self
- ``check`` - whether or not to verify that each gen
is in the ambient vector space
OUTPUT: a vector subspace
EXAMPLES:
We create a `2`-dimensional subspace of `\QQ^3`.
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: B = V.basis()
sage: W = V.vector_space_span([B[0]+B[1], 2*B[1]-B[2]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 1/2]
[ 0 1 -1/2]
We create a subspace of a vector space over
`\QQ(i)`.
::
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K = NumberField(x^2 + 1, 'a'); a = K.gen()
sage: V = VectorSpace(K, 3)
sage: V.vector_space_span([2*V.gen(0) + 3*V.gen(2)])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 3/2]
We use the ``vector_space_span`` command to create a
vector subspace of the ambient vector space of a submodule of
`\ZZ^3`.
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,3)
sage: W = M.submodule([M([1,2,3])])
sage: W.vector_space_span([M([2,3,4])])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 3/2 2]
"""
if is_FreeModule(gens):
gens = gens.gens()
return FreeModule_submodule_field(self.ambient_vector_space(), gens, check=check)
def vector_space_span_of_basis(self, basis, check=True):
"""
Create the vector subspace of the ambient vector space with given
basis.
INPUT:
- ``basis`` - a list of linearly independent vectors
- ``check`` - whether or not to verify that each gen
is in the ambient vector space
OUTPUT: a vector subspace with user-specified basis
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: B = V.basis()
sage: W = V.vector_space_span_of_basis([B[0]+B[1], 2*B[1]-B[2]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[ 1 1 0]
[ 0 2 -1]
"""
return FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_field(self.ambient_vector_space(), basis, check=check)
def quotient(self, sub, check=True):
"""
Return the quotient of self by the given submodule sub.
INPUT:
- ``sub`` - a submodule of self, or something that can
be turned into one via self.submodule(sub).
- ``check`` - (default: True) whether or not to check
that sub is a submodule.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; V = A.span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
sage: Q = V.quotient( [V.0 + V.1] ); Q
Finitely generated module V/W over Integer Ring with invariants (0)
"""
if check and (not is_FreeModule(sub) or not sub.is_submodule(self)):
try:
sub = self.submodule(sub)
except (TypeError, ArithmeticError):
raise ArithmeticError, "sub must be a subspace of self"
if self.base_ring() == sage.rings.integer_ring.ZZ:
from fg_pid.fgp_module import FGP_Module
return FGP_Module(self, sub, check=False)
else:
raise NotImplementedError, "quotients of modules over rings other than fields or ZZ is not fully implemented"
def __div__(self, sub, check=True):
"""
Return the quotient of self by the given submodule sub.
This just calls self.quotient(sub, check).
EXAMPLES::
sage: V1 = ZZ^2; W1 = V1.span([[1,2],[3,4]])
sage: V1/W1
Finitely generated module V/W over Integer Ring with invariants (2)
sage: V2 = span([[1/2,1,1],[3/2,2,1],[0,0,1]],ZZ); W2 = V2.span([2*V2.0+4*V2.1, 9*V2.0+12*V2.1, 4*V2.2])
sage: V2/W2
Finitely generated module V/W over Integer Ring with invariants (4, 12)
"""
return self.quotient(sub, check)
class FreeModule_generic_field(FreeModule_generic_pid):
"""
Base class for all free modules over fields.
"""
def __init__(self, base_field, dimension, degree, sparse=False):
"""
Creates a vector space over a field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(QQ, 2)
Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: FreeModule(FiniteField(2), 7)
Vector space of dimension 7 over Finite Field of size 2
We test that the issue at Trac #11166 is solved::
sage: from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule_generic_field
sage: FreeModule_generic_field(QQ, 5, 5)
<class 'sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule_generic_field_with_category'>
"""
if not isinstance(base_field, field.Field):
raise TypeError, "The base_field (=%s) must be a field"%base_field
FreeModule_generic_pid.__init__(self, base_field, dimension, degree, sparse=sparse)
def _Hom_(self, Y, category):
r"""
Returns a homspace whose morphisms have this vector space as domain.
This is called by the general methods such as
:meth:`sage.structure.parent.Parent.Hom` and
:meth:`sage.structure.parent_base.ParentWithBase.Hom`.
INPUT:
- ``Y`` - a free module (or vector space) that will
be the codomain of the morphisms in returned homspace
- ``category`` - the category for the homspace
OUTPUT:
If ``Y`` is a free module over a field, in other words, a vector space,
then this returns a space of homomorphisms between vector spaces,
in other words a space of linear transformations.
If ``Y`` is a free module that is not a vector space, then
the returned space contains homomorphisms between free modules.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^2
sage: W = QQ^3
sage: H = V._Hom_(W, category=None)
sage: type(H)
<class 'sage.modules.vector_space_homspace.VectorSpaceHomspace_with_category'>
sage: H
Set of Morphisms (Linear Transformations) from Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field to Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: V = QQ^2
sage: W = ZZ^3
sage: H = V._Hom_(W, category=None)
sage: type(H)
<class 'sage.modules.free_module_homspace.FreeModuleHomspace_with_category'>
sage: H
Set of Morphisms from Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field to Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring in Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
"""
if Y.base_ring().is_field():
import vector_space_homspace
return vector_space_homspace.VectorSpaceHomspace(self, Y, category)
import free_module_homspace
return free_module_homspace.FreeModuleHomspace(self, Y, category)
def scale(self, other):
"""
Return the product of self by the number other, which is the module
spanned by other times each basis vector. Since self is a vector
space this product equals self if other is nonzero, and is the zero
vector space if other is 0.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^4
sage: V.scale(5)
Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
sage: V.scale(0)
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
::
sage: W = V.span([[1,1,1,1]])
sage: W.scale(2)
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 1 1 1]
sage: W.scale(0)
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
::
sage: V = QQ^4; V
Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
sage: V.scale(3)
Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
sage: V.scale(0)
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
"""
if other == 0:
return self.zero_submodule()
return self
def __add__(self, other):
"""
Return the sum of self and other.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,3)
sage: V0 = V.span([V.gen(0)])
sage: V2 = V.span([V.gen(2)])
sage: V0 + V2
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 0 1]
sage: QQ^3 + 0
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic_field):
if other == 0:
return self
raise TypeError, "other must be a Vector Space"
V = self.ambient_vector_space()
if V != other.ambient_vector_space():
raise ArithmeticError, "self and other must have the same ambient space"
return V.span(self.basis() + other.basis())
def echelonized_basis_matrix(self):
"""
Return basis matrix for self in row echelon form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = FreeModule(QQ, 3).span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: V.basis_matrix()
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
sage: V.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
"""
try:
return self.__echelonized_basis_matrix
except AttributeError:
pass
self.__echelonized_basis_matrix = self.basis_matrix().echelon_form()
return self.__echelonized_basis_matrix
def intersection(self, other):
"""
Return the intersection of self and other, which must be
R-submodules of a common ambient vector space.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,3)
sage: W1 = V.submodule([V.gen(0), V.gen(0) + V.gen(1)])
sage: W2 = V.submodule([V.gen(1), V.gen(2)])
sage: W1.intersection(W2)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[0 1 0]
sage: W2.intersection(W1)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[0 1 0]
sage: V.intersection(W1)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
sage: W1.intersection(V)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
sage: Z = V.submodule([])
sage: W1.intersection(Z)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
"""
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
raise TypeError, "other must be a free module"
if self.ambient_vector_space() != other.ambient_vector_space():
raise ArithmeticError, "self and other must have the same ambient space."
if self.rank() == 0 or other.rank() == 0:
if self.base_ring().is_field():
return other.zero_submodule()
else:
return self.zero_submodule()
if self.base_ring() != other.base_ring():
K = self.base_ring()
R = other.base_ring()
B = self.basis_matrix().transpose()
W = B.kernel()
phi = W.basis_matrix().transpose()
X = other.basis_matrix()
psi = X * phi
L = psi.integer_kernel()
G = L.basis_matrix() * other.basis_matrix()
return other.span(G.rows())
if self == self.ambient_vector_space():
return other
elif other == other.ambient_vector_space():
return self
elif self.dimension() == 0 or other.dimension() == 0:
return self.zero_submodule()
if self.dimension() <= other.dimension():
V1 = self; V2 = other
else:
V1 = other; V2 = self
A1 = V1.basis_matrix()
A2 = V2.basis_matrix()
S = A1.stack(A2)
K = S.kernel()
n = int(V1.dimension())
B = [A1.linear_combination_of_rows(v.list()[:n]) for v in K.basis()]
return self.ambient_vector_space().submodule(B, check=False)
def is_subspace(self, other):
"""
True if this vector space is a subspace of other.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,3)
sage: W = V.subspace([V.gen(0), V.gen(0) + V.gen(1)])
sage: W2 = V.subspace([V.gen(1)])
sage: W.is_subspace(V)
True
sage: W2.is_subspace(V)
True
sage: W.is_subspace(W2)
False
sage: W2.is_subspace(W)
True
"""
return self.is_submodule(other)
def span(self, gens, base_ring=None, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Return the K-span of the given list of gens, where K is the
base field of self or the user-specified base_ring. Note that
this span is a subspace of the ambient vector space, but need
not be a subspace of self.
INPUT:
- ``gens`` - list of vectors
- ``check`` - bool (default: True): whether or not to
coerce entries of gens into base field
- ``already_echelonized`` - bool (default: False):
set this if you know the gens are already in echelon form
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(7), 3)
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,3,4]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 5 2]
sage: W.span([[1,1,1]])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 1 1]
TESTS::
sage: V = FreeModule(RDF,3)
sage: W = V.submodule([V.gen(0)])
sage: W.span([V.gen(1)], base_ring=GF(7))
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[0 1 0]
sage: v = V((1, pi, e)); v
(1.0, 3.14159265359, 2.71828182846)
sage: W.span([v], base_ring=GF(7))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Argument gens (= [(1.0, 3.14159265359, 2.71828182846)]) is not compatible with base_ring (= Finite Field of size 7).
sage: W = V.submodule([v])
sage: W.span([V.gen(2)], base_ring=GF(7))
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[0 0 1]
"""
if is_FreeModule(gens):
gens = gens.gens()
if base_ring is None or base_ring == self.base_ring():
return FreeModule_submodule_field(
self.ambient_module(), gens=gens, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
else:
try:
M = self.ambient_module().change_ring(base_ring)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, \
"Argument base_ring (= %s) is not compatible with the base field (= %s)." % (base_ring, self.base_field() )
try:
return M.span(gens)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, \
"Argument gens (= %s) is not compatible with base_ring (= %s)." % (gens, base_ring)
def span_of_basis(self, basis, base_ring=None, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
r"""
Return the free K-module with the given basis, where K is the base
field of self or user specified base_ring.
Note that this span is a subspace of the ambient vector space, but
need not be a subspace of self.
INPUT:
- ``basis`` - list of vectors
- ``check`` - bool (default: True): whether or not to
coerce entries of gens into base field
- ``already_echelonized`` - bool (default: False):
set this if you know the gens are already in echelon form
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(7), 3)
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,3,4]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 5 2]
sage: W.span_of_basis([[2,2,2], [3,3,0]])
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
User basis matrix:
[2 2 2]
[3 3 0]
The basis vectors must be linearly independent or an
ArithmeticError exception is raised.
::
sage: W.span_of_basis([[2,2,2], [3,3,3]])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The given basis vectors must be linearly independent.
"""
if is_FreeModule(basis):
basis = basis.gens()
if base_ring is None:
return FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_field(
self.ambient_module(), basis=basis, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
else:
try:
M = self.change_ring(base_ring)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, \
"Argument base_ring (= %s) is not compatible with the base field (= %s)." % (
base_ring, self.base_field() )
try:
return M.span_of_basis(basis)
except TypeError:
raise ValueError, \
"Argument basis (= %s) is not compatible with base_ring (= %s)." % (basis, base_ring)
def subspace(self, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Return the subspace of self spanned by the elements of gens.
INPUT:
- ``gens`` - list of vectors
- ``check`` - bool (default: True) verify that gens
are all in self.
- ``already_echelonized`` - bool (default: False) set
to True if you know the gens are in Echelon form.
EXAMPLES:
First we create a 1-dimensional vector subspace of an
ambient `3`-dimensional space over the finite field of
order `7`.
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(7), 3)
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,3,4]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 5 2]
Next we create an invalid subspace, but it's allowed since
``check=False``. This is just equivalent to computing
the span of the element.
::
sage: W.subspace([[1,1,0]], check=False)
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 1 0]
With ``check=True`` (the default) the mistake is
correctly detected and reported with an
``ArithmeticError`` exception.
::
sage: W.subspace([[1,1,0]], check=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: Argument gens (= [[1, 1, 0]]) does not generate a submodule of self.
"""
return self.submodule(gens, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def subspaces(self, dim):
"""
Iterate over all subspaces of dimension dim.
INPUT:
- ``dim`` - int, dimension of subspaces to be
generated
EXAMPLE::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(3), 5)
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(0)))
1
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(1)))
121
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(2)))
1210
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(3)))
1210
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(4)))
121
sage: len(list(V.subspaces(5)))
1
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(3), 5)
sage: V = V.subspace([V([1,1,0,0,0]),V([0,0,1,1,0])])
sage: list(V.subspaces(1))
[Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 3
Basis matrix:
[1 1 0 0 0],
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 3
Basis matrix:
[1 1 1 1 0],
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 3
Basis matrix:
[1 1 2 2 0],
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 3
Basis matrix:
[0 0 1 1 0]]
"""
if not self.base_ring().is_finite():
raise RuntimeError("Base ring must be finite.")
from sage.combinat.subset import Subsets
BASE = self.basis_matrix()
for pivots in Subsets(range(self.dimension()), dim):
MAT = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_ring(), dim,
self.dimension(), sparse = self.is_sparse())()
free_positions = []
for i in range(dim):
MAT[i, pivots[i]] = 1
for j in range(pivots[i]+1,self.dimension()):
if j not in pivots:
free_positions.append((i,j))
num_free_pos = len(free_positions)
ENTS = VectorSpace(self.base_ring(), num_free_pos)
for v in ENTS:
for k in range(num_free_pos):
MAT[free_positions[k]] = v[k]
yield self.subspace((MAT*BASE).rows())
def subspace_with_basis(self, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Same as ``self.submodule_with_basis(...)``.
EXAMPLES:
We create a subspace with a user-defined basis.
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(7), 3)
sage: W = V.subspace_with_basis([[2,2,2], [1,2,3]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
User basis matrix:
[2 2 2]
[1 2 3]
We then create a subspace of the subspace with user-defined basis.
::
sage: W1 = W.subspace_with_basis([[3,4,5]]); W1
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
User basis matrix:
[3 4 5]
Notice how the basis for the same subspace is different if we
merely use the ``subspace`` command.
::
sage: W2 = W.subspace([[3,4,5]]); W2
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 6 4]
Nonetheless the two subspaces are equal (as mathematical objects)::
sage: W1 == W2
True
"""
return self.submodule_with_basis(gens, check=check, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def complement(self):
"""
Return the complement of ``self`` in the
:meth:`~sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule_ambient_field.ambient_vector_space`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: V.complement()
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
sage: V == V.complement().complement()
True
sage: W = V.span([[1, 0, 1]])
sage: X = W.complement(); X
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0]
sage: X.complement() == W
True
sage: X + W == V
True
Even though we construct a subspace of a subspace, the
orthogonal complement is still done in the ambient vector
space `\QQ^3`::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.subspace_with_basis([[1,0,1],[-1,1,0]])
sage: X = W.subspace_with_basis([[1,0,1]])
sage: X.complement()
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0]
All these complements are only done with respect to the inner
product in the usual basis. Over finite fields, this means
we can get complements which are only isomorphic to a vector
space decomposition complement.
sage: F2 = GF(2,x)
sage: V = F2^6
sage: W = V.span([[1,1,0,0,0,0]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 6 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
Basis matrix:
[1 1 0 0 0 0]
sage: W.complement()
Vector space of degree 6 and dimension 5 over Finite Field of size 2
Basis matrix:
[1 1 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 1 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1]
sage: W.intersection(W.complement())
Vector space of degree 6 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
Basis matrix:
[1 1 0 0 0 0]
"""
if self.dimension() == 0:
return self.ambient_vector_space()
if self.dimension() == self.ambient_vector_space().dimension():
return self.submodule([])
return self.basis_matrix().right_kernel()
def vector_space(self, base_field=None):
"""
Return the vector space associated to self. Since self is a vector
space this function simply returns self, unless the base field is
different.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = span([[1,2,3]],QQ); V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
sage: V.vector_space()
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
"""
if base_field is None:
return self
return self.change_ring(base_field)
def zero_submodule(self):
"""
Return the zero submodule of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: (QQ^4).zero_submodule()
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
"""
return self.zero_subspace()
def zero_subspace(self):
"""
Return the zero subspace of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: (QQ^4).zero_subspace()
Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 0 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[]
"""
return self.submodule([], check=False, already_echelonized=True)
def linear_dependence(self, vectors, zeros='left', check=True):
r"""
Returns a list of vectors giving relations of linear dependence for the input list of vectors.
Can be used to check linear independence of a set of vectors.
INPUT:
- ``vectors`` - A list of vectors, all from the same vector space.
- ``zeros`` - default: ``'left'`` - ``'left'`` or ``'right'`` as a general
preference for where zeros are located in the returned coefficients
- ``check`` - default: ``True`` - if ``True`` each item in the list ``vectors``
is checked for membership in ``self``. Set to ``False`` if you
can be certain the vectors come from the vector space.
OUTPUT:
Returns a list of vectors. The scalar entries of each vector provide
the coefficients for a linear combination of the input vectors that
will equal the zero vector in ``self``. Furthermore, the returned list
is linearly independent in the vector space over the same base field
with degree equal to the length of the list ``vectors``.
The linear independence of ``vectors`` is equivalent to the returned
list being empty, so this provides a test - see the examples below.
The returned vectors are always independent, and with ``zeros`` set to
``'left'`` they have 1's in their first non-zero entries and a qualitative
disposition to having zeros in the low-index entries. With ``zeros`` set
to ``'right'`` the situation is reversed with a qualitative disposition
for zeros in the high-index entries.
If the vectors in ``vectors`` are made the rows of a matrix `V` and
the returned vectors are made the rows of a matrix `R`, then the
matrix product `RV` is a zero matrix of the proper size. And
`R` is a matrix of full rank. This routine uses kernels of
matrices to compute these relations of linear dependence,
but handles all the conversions between sets of vectors
and matrices. If speed is important, consider working with
the appropriate matrices and kernels instead.
EXAMPLES:
We begin with two linearly independent vectors, and add three
non-trivial linear combinations to the set. We illustrate
both types of output and check a selected relation of linear
dependence. ::
sage: v1 = vector(QQ, [2, 1, -4, 3])
sage: v2 = vector(QQ, [1, 5, 2, -2])
sage: V = QQ^4
sage: V.linear_dependence([v1,v2])
[
<BLANKLINE>
]
sage: v3 = v1 + v2
sage: v4 = 3*v1 - 4*v2
sage: v5 = -v1 + 2*v2
sage: L = [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5]
sage: relations = V.linear_dependence(L, zeros='left')
sage: relations
[
(1, 0, 0, -1, -2),
(0, 1, 0, -1/2, -3/2),
(0, 0, 1, -3/2, -7/2)
]
sage: v2 + (-1/2)*v4 + (-3/2)*v5
(0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: relations = V.linear_dependence(L, zeros='right')
sage: relations
[
(-1, -1, 1, 0, 0),
(-3, 4, 0, 1, 0),
(1, -2, 0, 0, 1)
]
sage: z = sum([relations[2][i]*L[i] for i in range(len(L))])
sage: z == zero_vector(QQ, 4)
True
A linearly independent set returns an empty list,
a result that can be tested. ::
sage: v1 = vector(QQ, [0,1,-3])
sage: v2 = vector(QQ, [4,1,0])
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: relations = V.linear_dependence([v1, v2]); relations
[
<BLANKLINE>
]
sage: relations == []
True
Exact results result from exact fields. We start with three
linearly independent vectors and add in two linear combinations
to make a linearly dependent set of five vectors. ::
sage: F = FiniteField(17)
sage: v1 = vector(F, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
sage: v2 = vector(F, [2, 4, 8, 16, 15])
sage: v3 = vector(F, [1, 0, 0, 0, 1])
sage: (F^5).linear_dependence([v1, v2, v3]) == []
True
sage: L = [v1, v2, v3, 2*v1+v2, 3*v2+6*v3]
sage: (F^5).linear_dependence(L)
[
(1, 0, 16, 8, 3),
(0, 1, 2, 0, 11)
]
sage: v1 + 16*v3 + 8*(2*v1+v2) + 3*(3*v2+6*v3)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: v2 + 2*v3 + 11*(3*v2+6*v3)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: (F^5).linear_dependence(L, zeros='right')
[
(15, 16, 0, 1, 0),
(0, 14, 11, 0, 1)
]
TESTS:
With ``check=True`` (the default) a mismatch between vectors
and the vector space is caught. ::
sage: v1 = vector(RR, [1,2,3])
sage: v2 = vector(RR, [1,2,3,4])
sage: (RR^3).linear_dependence([v1,v2], check=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: vector (1.00000000000000, 2.00000000000000, 3.00000000000000, 4.00000000000000) is not an element of Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
The ``zeros`` keyword is checked. ::
sage: (QQ^3).linear_dependence([vector(QQ,[1,2,3])], zeros='bogus')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 'zeros' keyword must be 'left' or 'right', not 'bogus'
An empty input set is linearly independent, vacuously. ::
sage: (QQ^3).linear_dependence([]) == []
True
"""
if check:
for v in vectors:
if not v in self:
raise ValueError('vector %s is not an element of %s' % (v, self))
if zeros == 'left':
basis = 'echelon'
elif zeros == 'right':
basis = 'pivot'
else:
raise ValueError("'zeros' keyword must be 'left' or 'right', not '%s'" % zeros)
import sage.matrix.constructor
A = sage.matrix.constructor.matrix(vectors)
return A.left_kernel(basis=basis).basis()
def __div__(self, sub, check=True):
"""
Return the quotient of self by the given subspace sub.
This just calls self.quotient(sub, check)
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = RDF^3; W = V.span([[1,0,-1], [1,-1,0]])
sage: Q = V/W; Q
Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Real Double Field where
V: Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Double Field
W: Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Real Double Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1.0 0.0 -1.0]
[ 0.0 1.0 -1.0]
sage: type(Q)
<class 'sage.modules.quotient_module.FreeModule_ambient_field_quotient_with_category'>
sage: V([1,2,3])
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
sage: Q == V.quotient(W)
True
sage: Q(W.0)
(0.0)
"""
return self.quotient(sub, check)
def quotient(self, sub, check=True):
"""
Return the quotient of self by the given subspace sub.
INPUT:
- ``sub`` - a submodule of self, or something that can
be turned into one via self.submodule(sub).
- ``check`` - (default: True) whether or not to check
that sub is a submodule.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = QQ^3; V = A.span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
sage: Q = V.quotient( [V.0 + V.1] ); Q
Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Rational Field where
V: Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
W: Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[1 1 1]
sage: Q(V.0 + V.1)
(0)
We illustrate the the base rings must be the same::
sage: (QQ^2)/(ZZ^2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: base rings must be the same
"""
if is_FreeModule(sub) and self.base_ring() != sub.base_ring():
raise ValueError, "base rings must be the same"
if check and (not is_FreeModule(sub) or not sub.is_subspace(self)):
try:
sub = self.subspace(sub)
except (TypeError, ArithmeticError):
raise ArithmeticError, "sub must be a subspace of self"
A, L = self.__quotient_matrices(sub)
import quotient_module
return quotient_module.FreeModule_ambient_field_quotient(self, sub, A, L)
def __quotient_matrices(self, sub):
r"""
This internal function is used by
``self.quotient(...)``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3; W = V.span([[1,0,-1], [1,-1,0]])
sage: A, L = V._FreeModule_generic_field__quotient_matrices(W)
sage: A
[1]
[1]
[1]
sage: L
[1 0 0]
The quotient and lift maps are used to compute in the quotient and
to lift::
sage: Q = V/W
sage: Q(W.0)
(0)
sage: Q.lift_map()(Q.0)
(1, 0, 0)
sage: Q(Q.lift_map()(Q.0))
(1)
An example in characteristic 5::
sage: A = GF(5)^2; B = A.span([[1,3]]); A / B
Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 5 where
V: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 5
W: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 5
Basis matrix:
[1 3]
"""
B = sub.basis_matrix()
S = self.basis_matrix()
n = self.dimension()
m = n - sub.dimension()
C = B.stack(S).transpose()
A = C.matrix_from_columns(C.pivots()).transpose()
P = A.pivots()
AA = A.matrix_from_columns(P)
SS = S.matrix_from_columns(P)
D = SS * AA**(-1)
Q = D.matrix_from_columns(range(n - m, n))
Dinv = D**(-1)
L = Dinv.matrix_from_rows(range(n - m, n))
return Q, L
def quotient_abstract(self, sub, check=True):
r"""
Returns an ambient free module isomorphic to the quotient space of
self modulo sub, together with maps from self to the quotient, and
a lifting map in the other direction.
Use ``self.quotient(sub)`` to obtain the quotient
module as an object equipped with natural maps in both directions,
and a canonical coercion.
INPUT:
- ``sub`` - a submodule of self, or something that can
be turned into one via self.submodule(sub).
- ``check`` - (default: True) whether or not to check
that sub is a submodule.
OUTPUT:
- ``U`` - the quotient as an abstract *ambient* free
module
- ``pi`` - projection map to the quotient
- ``lift`` - lifting map back from quotient
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = GF(19)^3
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([ [1,2,3], [1,0,1] ])
sage: U,pi,lift = V.quotient_abstract(W)
sage: pi(V.2)
(18)
sage: pi(V.0)
(1)
sage: pi(V.0 + V.2)
(0)
Another example involving a quotient of one subspace by another.
::
sage: A = matrix(QQ,4,4,[0,1,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 0,0,0,1, 0,0,0,0])
sage: V = (A^3).kernel()
sage: W = A.kernel()
sage: U, pi, lift = V.quotient_abstract(W)
sage: [pi(v) == 0 for v in W.gens()]
[True]
sage: [pi(lift(b)) == b for b in U.basis()]
[True, True]
"""
if check and (not is_FreeModule(sub) or not sub.is_subspace(self)):
try:
sub = self.subspace(sub)
except (TypeError, ArithmeticError):
raise ArithmeticError, "sub must be a subspace of self"
A, L = self.__quotient_matrices(sub)
quomap = self.hom(A)
quo = quomap.codomain()
liftmap = quo.Hom(self)(L)
return quomap.codomain(), quomap, liftmap
class FreeModule_ambient(FreeModule_generic):
"""
Ambient free module over a commutative ring.
"""
def __init__(self, base_ring, rank, sparse=False):
"""
The free module of given rank over the given base_ring.
INPUT:
- ``base_ring`` - a commutative ring
- ``rank`` - a non-negative integer
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(ZZ, 4)
Ambient free module of rank 4 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
FreeModule_generic.__init__(self, base_ring, rank=rank, degree=rank, sparse=sparse)
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^7
sage: V.__hash__()
153079684 # 32-bit
-3713095619189944444 # 64-bit
sage: U = QQ^7
sage: U.__hash__()
153079684 # 32-bit
-3713095619189944444 # 64-bit
sage: U is V
True
"""
try:
return hash((self.rank(), self.base_ring()))
except AttributeError:
return 0
def _dense_module(self):
"""
Creates a dense module with the same defining data as self.
N.B. This function is for internal use only! See dense_module for
use.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8),3)
sage: S = FreeModule(Integers(8),3, sparse=True)
sage: M is S._dense_module()
True
"""
return FreeModule(base_ring=self.base_ring(), rank = self.rank(), sparse=False)
def _sparse_module(self):
"""
Creates a sparse module with the same defining data as self.
N.B. This function is for internal use only! See sparse_module for
use.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(Integers(8),3)
sage: S = FreeModule(Integers(8),3, sparse=True)
sage: M._sparse_module() is S
True
"""
return FreeModule(base_ring=self.base_ring(), rank = self.rank(), sparse=True)
def echelonized_basis_matrix(self):
"""
The echelonized basis matrix of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^4
sage: W = V.submodule([ V.gen(i)-V.gen(0) for i in range(1,4) ])
sage: W.basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 -1]
sage: W.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 -1]
sage: U = V.submodule_with_basis([ V.gen(i)-V.gen(0) for i in range(1,4) ])
sage: U.basis_matrix()
[-1 1 0 0]
[-1 0 1 0]
[-1 0 0 1]
sage: U.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 -1]
"""
return self.basis_matrix()
def __cmp__(self, other):
"""
Compare the free module self with other.
Modules are ordered by their ambient spaces, then by dimension,
then in order by their echelon matrices.
EXAMPLES:
We compare rank three free modules over the integers and
rationals::
sage: QQ^3 < CC^3
True
sage: CC^3 < QQ^3
False
sage: CC^3 > QQ^3
True
::
sage: Q = QQ; Z = ZZ
sage: Q^3 > Z^3
True
sage: Q^3 < Z^3
False
sage: Z^3 < Q^3
True
sage: Z^3 > Q^3
False
sage: Q^3 == Z^3
False
sage: Q^3 == Q^3
True
::
sage: V = span([[1,2,3], [5,6,7], [8,9,10]], QQ)
sage: V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
sage: A = QQ^3
sage: V < A
True
sage: A < V
False
"""
if self is other:
return 0
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
return cmp(type(self), type(other))
if isinstance(other, FreeModule_ambient):
c = cmp(self.rank(), other.rank())
if c: return c
c = cmp(self.base_ring(), other.base_ring())
if not c: return c
try:
if self.base_ring().is_subring(other.base_ring()):
return -1
elif other.base_ring().is_subring(self.base_ring()):
return 1
except NotImplementedError:
pass
return c
else:
return -other.__cmp__(self)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: R = ZZ.quo(12)
sage: M = R^12
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 12 over Ring of integers modulo 12
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 12 over Ring of integers modulo 12
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: M.rename('M')
sage: print M
M
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 12 over Ring of integers modulo 12
Sparse modules print this fact.
::
sage: N = FreeModule(R,12,sparse=True)
sage: print N
Ambient sparse free module of rank 12 over Ring of integers modulo 12
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: M.reset_name()
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 12 over Ring of integers modulo 12
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Ambient sparse free module of rank %s over %s"%(self.rank(), self.base_ring())
else:
return "Ambient free module of rank %s over %s"%(self.rank(), self.base_ring())
def _latex_(self):
r"""
Return a latex representation of this ambient free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: latex(QQ^3) # indirect doctest
\Bold{Q}^{3}
::
sage: A = GF(5)^20
sage: latex(A) # indiret doctest
\Bold{F}_{5}^{20}
::
sage: A = PolynomialRing(QQ,3,'x') ^ 20
sage: latex(A) #indirect doctest
(\Bold{Q}[x_{0}, x_{1}, x_{2}])^{20}
"""
t = "%s"%latex.latex(self.base_ring())
if t.find(" ") != -1:
t = "(%s)"%t
return "%s^{%s}"%(t, self.rank())
def is_ambient(self):
"""
Return ``True`` since this module is an ambient
module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = QQ^5; A.is_ambient()
True
sage: A = (QQ^5).span([[1,2,3,4,5]]); A.is_ambient()
False
"""
return True
def ambient_module(self):
"""
Return self, since self is ambient.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = QQ^5; A.ambient_module()
Vector space of dimension 5 over Rational Field
sage: A = ZZ^5; A.ambient_module()
Ambient free module of rank 5 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
return self
def basis(self):
"""
Return a basis for this ambient free module.
OUTPUT:
- ``Sequence`` - an immutable sequence with universe
this ambient free module
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; B = A.basis(); B
[
(1, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1)
]
sage: B.universe()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
try:
return self.__basis
except AttributeError:
ZERO = self(0)
one = self.base_ring()(1)
w = []
for n in range(self.rank()):
v = ZERO.__copy__()
v[n] = one
w.append(v)
self.__basis = basis_seq(self, w)
return self.__basis
def echelonized_basis(self):
"""
Return a basis for this ambient free module in echelon form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; A.echelonized_basis()
[
(1, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1)
]
"""
return self.basis()
def change_ring(self, R):
"""
Return the ambient free module over R of the same rank as self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; A.change_ring(QQ)
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: A = ZZ^3; A.change_ring(GF(5))
Vector space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 5
For ambient modules any change of rings is defined.
::
sage: A = GF(5)**3; A.change_ring(QQ)
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
if self.base_ring() == R:
return self
from free_quadratic_module import is_FreeQuadraticModule
if is_FreeQuadraticModule(self):
return FreeModule(R, self.rank(), inner_product_matrix=self.inner_product_matrix())
else:
return FreeModule(R, self.rank())
def linear_combination_of_basis(self, v):
"""
Return the linear combination of the basis for self obtained from
the elements of the list v.
INPUTS:
- ``v`` - list
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], ZZ)
sage: V
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[0 3 6]
sage: V.linear_combination_of_basis([1,1])
(1, 5, 9)
This should raise an error if the resulting element is not in self::
sage: W = span([[2,4]], ZZ)
sage: W.linear_combination_of_basis([1/2])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: element (= [1, 2]) is not in free module
"""
return self(v)
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the standard basis for self and
return the resulting coefficients in a vector over the fraction
field of the base ring.
Returns a vector `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ArithmeticError
exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = Integers(16)^3
sage: v = V.coordinate_vector([1,5,9]); v
(1, 5, 9)
sage: v.parent()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over Ring of integers modulo 16
"""
return self(v)
def echelon_coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
r"""
Same as ``self.coordinate_vector(v)``, since self is
an ambient free module.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^4
sage: v = V([-1/2,1/2,-1/2,1/2])
sage: v
(-1/2, 1/2, -1/2, 1/2)
sage: V.coordinate_vector(v)
(-1/2, 1/2, -1/2, 1/2)
sage: V.echelon_coordinate_vector(v)
(-1/2, 1/2, -1/2, 1/2)
sage: W = V.submodule_with_basis([[1/2,1/2,1/2,1/2],[1,0,1,0]])
sage: W.coordinate_vector(v)
(1, -1)
sage: W.echelon_coordinate_vector(v)
(-1/2, 1/2)
"""
return self.coordinate_vector(v, check=check)
def echelon_coordinates(self, v, check=True):
"""
Returns the coordinate vector of v in terms of the echelon basis
for self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: U = VectorSpace(QQ,3)
sage: [ U.coordinates(v) for v in U.basis() ]
[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
sage: [ U.echelon_coordinates(v) for v in U.basis() ]
[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
sage: V = U.submodule([[1,1,0],[0,1,1]])
sage: V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 1]
sage: [ V.coordinates(v) for v in V.basis() ]
[[1, 0], [0, 1]]
sage: [ V.echelon_coordinates(v) for v in V.basis() ]
[[1, 0], [0, 1]]
sage: W = U.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,1,1]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[1 1 0]
[0 1 1]
sage: [ W.coordinates(v) for v in W.basis() ]
[[1, 0], [0, 1]]
sage: [ W.echelon_coordinates(v) for v in W.basis() ]
[[1, 1], [0, 1]]
"""
return self.coordinates(v, check=check)
def random_element(self, prob=1.0, *args, **kwds):
"""
Returns a random element of self.
INPUT:
- ``prob`` - float. Each coefficient will be set to zero with
probability `1-prob`. Otherwise coefficients will be chosen
randomly from base ring (and may be zero).
- ``*args, **kwds`` - passed on to random_element function of base
ring.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 3)
sage: M.random_element()
(-1, 2, 1)
sage: M.random_element()
(-95, -1, -2)
sage: M.random_element()
(-12, 0, 0)
Passes extra positional or keyword arguments through::
sage: M.random_element(5,10)
(5, 5, 5)
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ, 16)
sage: M.random_element()
(-6, 5, 0, 0, -2, 0, 1, -4, -6, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1)
sage: M.random_element(prob=0.3)
(0, 0, 0, 0, -3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -3)
"""
rand = current_randstate().python_random().random
R = self.base_ring()
v = self(0)
prob = float(prob)
for i in range(self.rank()):
if rand() <= prob:
v[i] = R.random_element(*args, **kwds)
return v
class FreeModule_ambient_domain(FreeModule_ambient):
"""
Ambient free module over an integral domain.
"""
def __init__(self, base_ring, rank, sparse=False):
"""
Create the ambient free module of given rank over the given
integral domain.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FreeModule(PolynomialRing(GF(5),'x'), 3)
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain
Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 5
"""
FreeModule_ambient.__init__(self, base_ring, rank, sparse)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: R = PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x')
sage: M = FreeModule(R,7)
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: M.rename('M')
sage: print M
M
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
Sparse modules print this fact.
::
sage: N = FreeModule(R,7,sparse=True)
sage: print N
Ambient sparse free module of rank 7 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: M.reset_name()
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the integral domain Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Ambient sparse free module of rank %s over the integral domain %s"%(
self.rank(), self.base_ring())
else:
return "Ambient free module of rank %s over the integral domain %s"%(
self.rank(), self.base_ring())
def base_field(self):
"""
Return the fraction field of the base ring of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3; M.base_field()
Rational Field
sage: M = PolynomialRing(GF(5),'x')^3; M.base_field()
Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 5
"""
return self.base_ring().fraction_field()
def ambient_vector_space(self):
"""
Returns the ambient vector space, which is this free module
tensored with its fraction field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3;
sage: V = M.ambient_vector_space(); V
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
If an inner product on the module is specified, then this
is preserved on the ambient vector space.
::
sage: N = FreeModule(ZZ,4,inner_product_matrix=1)
sage: U = N.ambient_vector_space()
sage: U
Ambient quadratic space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
Inner product matrix:
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 1]
sage: P = N.submodule_with_basis([[1,-1,0,0],[0,1,-1,0],[0,0,1,-1]])
sage: P.gram_matrix()
[ 2 -1 0]
[-1 2 -1]
[ 0 -1 2]
sage: U == N.ambient_vector_space()
True
sage: U == V
False
"""
try:
return self.__ambient_vector_space
except AttributeError:
self.__ambient_vector_space = FreeModule(self.base_field(), self.rank(), sparse=self.is_sparse())
return self.__ambient_vector_space
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the standard basis for self and
return the resulting coefficients in a vector over the fraction
field of the base ring.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a vector `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ArithmeticError exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: v = V.coordinate_vector([1,5,9]); v
(1, 5, 9)
sage: v.parent()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
return self.ambient_vector_space()(v)
def vector_space(self, base_field=None):
"""
Returns the vector space obtained from self by tensoring with the
fraction field of the base ring and extending to the field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3; M.vector_space()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
if base_field is None:
R = self.base_ring()
return self.change_ring(R.fraction_field())
else:
return self.change_ring(base_field)
class FreeModule_ambient_pid(FreeModule_generic_pid, FreeModule_ambient_domain):
"""
Ambient free module over a principal ideal domain.
"""
def __init__(self, base_ring, rank, sparse=False):
"""
Create the ambient free module of given rank over the given
principal ideal domain.
INPUT:
- ``base_ring`` - a principal ideal domain
- ``rank`` - a non-negative integer
- ``sparse`` - bool (default: False)
EXAMPLES::
sage: ZZ^3
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
FreeModule_ambient_domain.__init__(self, base_ring=base_ring, rank=rank, sparse=sparse)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,7)
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: M.rename('M')
sage: print M
M
sage: print M._repr_()
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
Sparse modules print this fact.
::
sage: N = FreeModule(ZZ,7,sparse=True)
sage: print N
Ambient sparse free module of rank 7 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: M.reset_name()
sage: print M
Ambient free module of rank 7 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Ambient sparse free module of rank %s over the principal ideal domain %s"%(
self.rank(), self.base_ring())
else:
return "Ambient free module of rank %s over the principal ideal domain %s"%(
self.rank(), self.base_ring())
class FreeModule_ambient_field(FreeModule_generic_field, FreeModule_ambient_pid):
"""
"""
def __init__(self, base_field, dimension, sparse=False):
"""
Create the ambient vector space of given dimension over the given
field.
INPUT:
- ``base_field`` - a field
- ``dimension`` - a non-negative integer
- ``sparse`` - bool (default: False)
EXAMPLES::
sage: QQ^3
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
FreeModule_ambient_pid.__init__(self, base_field, dimension, sparse=sparse)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = FreeModule(QQ,7)
sage: print V
Vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
sage: print V._repr_()
Vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: V.rename('V')
sage: print V
V
sage: print V._repr_()
Vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
Sparse modules print this fact.
::
sage: U = FreeModule(QQ,7,sparse=True)
sage: print U
Sparse vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: V.reset_name()
sage: print V
Vector space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Sparse vector space of dimension %s over %s"%(self.dimension(), self.base_ring())
else:
return "Vector space of dimension %s over %s"%(self.dimension(), self.base_ring())
def ambient_vector_space(self):
"""
Returns self as the ambient vector space.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = QQ^3
sage: M.ambient_vector_space()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
"""
return self
def base_field(self):
"""
Returns the base field of this vector space.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = QQ^3
sage: M.base_field()
Rational Field
"""
return self.base_ring()
def __call__(self, e, coerce=True, copy=True, check=True):
"""
Create an element of this vector space.
EXAMPLE::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^4)
sage: VS = k.vector_space()
sage: VS(a)
(0, 1, 0, 0)
"""
try:
k = e.parent()
if finite_field.is_FiniteField(k) and k.base_ring() == self.base_ring() and k.degree() == self.degree():
return self(e._vector_())
except AttributeError:
pass
return FreeModule_generic_field.__call__(self,e)
class FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid(FreeModule_generic_pid):
r"""
Construct a submodule of a free module over PID with a distiguished basis.
INPUT:
- ``ambient`` -- ambient free module over a principal ideal domain `R`,
i.e. `R^n`;
- ``basis`` -- list of elements of `K^n`, where `K` is the fraction field
of `R`. These elements must be linearly independent and will be used as
the default basis of the constructed submodule;
- ``check`` -- (default: ``True``) if ``False``, correctness of the input
will not be checked and type conversion may be omitted, use with care;
- ``echelonize`` -- (default:``False``) if ``True``, ``basis`` will be
echelonized and the result will be used as the default basis of the
constructed submodule;
- `` echelonized_basis`` -- (default: ``None``) if not ``None``, must be
the echelonized basis spanning the same submodule as ``basis``;
- ``already_echelonized`` -- (default: ``False``) if ``True``, ``basis``
must be already given in the echelonized form.
OUTPUT:
- `R`-submodule of `K^n` with the user-specified ``basis``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
Now we create a submodule of the ambient vector space, rather than
``M`` itself::
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3/2],[4,5,6]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 2 3/2]
[ 4 5 6]
"""
def __init__(self, ambient, basis, check=True,
echelonize=False, echelonized_basis=None, already_echelonized=False):
r"""
See :class:`FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid` for documentation.
TESTS::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: TestSuite(W).run()
We test that the issue at :trac:`9502` is solved::
sage: parent(W.basis()[0])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
sage: parent(W.echelonized_basis()[0])
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
Now we test that the issue introduced at :trac:`9502` and reported at
:trac:`10250` is solved as well::
sage: V = (QQ^2).span_of_basis([[1,1]])
sage: w = sqrt(2) * V([1,1])
sage: 3 * w
(3*sqrt(2), 3*sqrt(2))
"""
if not isinstance(ambient, FreeModule_ambient_pid):
raise TypeError("ambient (=%s) must be ambient." % ambient)
self.__ambient_module = ambient
basis = list(basis)
if check:
V = ambient.ambient_vector_space()
try:
basis = [V(x) for x in basis]
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("each element of basis must be in "
"the ambient vector space")
if echelonize and not already_echelonized:
basis = self._echelonized_basis(ambient, basis)
R = ambient.base_ring()
FreeModule_generic.__init__(self, R,
rank=len(basis), degree=ambient.degree(),
sparse=ambient.is_sparse())
C = self.element_class()
try:
w = [C(self, x.list(), coerce=False, copy=True) for x in basis]
except TypeError:
C = element_class(R.fraction_field(), self.is_sparse())
self._element_class = C
w = [C(self, x.list(), coerce=False, copy=True) for x in basis]
self.__basis = basis_seq(self, w)
if echelonize or already_echelonized:
self.__echelonized_basis = self.__basis
else:
if echelonized_basis is None:
echelonized_basis = self._echelonized_basis(ambient, basis)
w = [C(self, x.list(), coerce=False, copy=True)
for x in echelonized_basis]
self.__echelonized_basis = basis_seq(self, w)
if check and len(basis) != len(self.__echelonized_basis):
raise ValueError("The given basis vectors must be linearly "
"independent.")
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^7
sage: V.__hash__()
153079684 # 32-bit
-3713095619189944444 # 64-bit
sage: U = QQ^7
sage: U.__hash__()
153079684 # 32-bit
-3713095619189944444 # 64-bit
sage: U is V
True
"""
return hash(self.__basis)
def construction(self):
"""
Returns the functorial construction of self, namely, the subspace
of the ambient module spanned by the given basis.
EXAMPLE::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
sage: c, V = W.construction()
sage: c(V) == W
True
"""
from sage.categories.pushout import SubspaceFunctor
return SubspaceFunctor(self.basis()), self.ambient_module()
def echelonized_basis_matrix(self):
"""
Return basis matrix for self in row echelon form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = FreeModule(ZZ, 3).span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: V.basis_matrix()
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
sage: V.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[1 2 3]
[0 3 6]
"""
try:
return self.__echelonized_basis_matrix
except AttributeError:
pass
self._echelonized_basis(self.ambient_module(), self.__basis)
return self.__echelonized_basis_matrix
def _echelonized_basis(self, ambient, basis):
"""
Given the ambient space and a basis, constructs and caches the
__echelonized_basis_matrix and returns its rows.
N.B. This function is for internal use only!
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,2,1]])
sage: N._echelonized_basis(M,N.basis())
[(1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 1)]
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,2,1]])
sage: W._echelonized_basis(V,W.basis())
[(1, 0, -1/2), (0, 1, 1/2)]
sage: V = SR^3
sage: W = V.submodule_with_basis([[1,0,1]])
sage: W._echelonized_basis(V,W.basis())
[(1, 0, 1)]
"""
d = self._denominator(basis)
MAT = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(
ambient.base_ring(), len(basis), ambient.degree(), sparse = ambient.is_sparse())
if d != 1:
basis = [x*d for x in basis]
A = MAT(basis)
E = A.echelon_form()
if d != 1:
E = E.matrix_over_field()*(~d)
r = E.rank()
if r < E.nrows():
E = E.matrix_from_rows(range(r))
self.__echelonized_basis_matrix = E
return E.rows()
def __cmp__(self, other):
r"""
Compare the free module self with other.
Modules are ordered by their ambient spaces, then by dimension,
then in order by their echelon matrices.
.. note::
Use :meth:`is_submodule` to determine if one
module is a submodule of another.
EXAMPLES:
First we compare two equal vector spaces.
::
sage: V = span([[1,2,3], [5,6,7], [8,9,10]], QQ)
sage: W = span([[5,6,7], [8,9,10]], QQ)
sage: V == W
True
Next we compare a one dimensional space to the two dimensional
space defined above.
::
sage: M = span([[5,6,7]], QQ)
sage: V == M
False
sage: M < V
True
sage: V < M
False
We compare a `\ZZ`-module to the one-dimensional
space above.
::
sage: V = span([[5,6,7]], ZZ).scale(1/11); V
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[5/11 6/11 7/11]
sage: V < M
True
sage: M < V
False
We test that trac 5525 is fixed::
sage: A = (QQ^1).span([[1/3]],ZZ); B = (QQ^1).span([[1]],ZZ);
sage: A.intersection(B)
Free module of degree 1 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1]
"""
if self is other:
return 0
if not isinstance(other, FreeModule_generic):
return cmp(type(self), type(other))
c = cmp(self.ambient_vector_space(), other.ambient_vector_space())
if c: return c
c = cmp(self.dimension(), other.dimension())
if c: return c
c = cmp(self.base_ring(), other.base_ring())
if c: return c
return cmp(self.echelonized_basis_matrix(), other.echelonized_basis_matrix())
def _denominator(self, B):
"""
The LCM of the denominators of the given list B.
N.B.: This function is for internal use only!
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: L = V.span([[1,1/2,1/3], [-1/5,2/3,3]],ZZ)
sage: L
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1/5 19/6 37/3]
[ 0 23/6 46/3]
sage: L._denominator(L.echelonized_basis_matrix().list())
30
"""
if len(B) == 0:
return 1
d = B[0].denominator()
from sage.rings.arith import lcm
for x in B[1:]:
d = lcm(d,x.denominator())
return d
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: L = ZZ^8
sage: E = L.submodule_with_basis([ L.gen(i) - L.gen(0) for i in range(1,8) ])
sage: E # indirect doctest
Free module of degree 8 and rank 7 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[-1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,8,sparse=True)
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([ M.gen(i) - M.gen(0) for i in range(1,8) ])
sage: N # indirect doctest
Sparse free module of degree 8 and rank 7 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[-1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0]
[-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
s = "Sparse free module of degree %s and rank %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.rank(), self.base_ring()) + \
"User basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
else:
s = "Free module of degree %s and rank %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.rank(), self.base_ring()) + \
"User basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
return s
def _latex_(self):
r"""
Return latex representation of this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: M = A.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: M._latex_()
'\\mathrm{RowSpan}_{\\Bold{Z}}\\left(\\begin{array}{rrr}\n1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n4 & 5 & 6\n\\end{array}\\right)'
"""
return "\\mathrm{RowSpan}_{%s}%s"%(latex.latex(self.base_ring()), latex.latex(self.basis_matrix()))
def ambient_module(self):
"""
Return the ambient module related to the `R`-module self,
which was used when creating this module, and is of the form
`R^n`. Note that self need not be contained in the ambient
module, though self will be contained in the ambient vector space.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: M = A.span_of_basis([[1,2,'3/7'],[4,5,6]])
sage: M
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 2 3/7]
[ 4 5 6]
sage: M.ambient_module()
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: M.is_submodule(M.ambient_module())
False
"""
return self.__ambient_module
def echelon_coordinates(self, v, check=True):
r"""
Write `v` in terms of the echelonized basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the basis
for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an
``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: M = A.span_of_basis([[1,2,'3/7'],[4,5,6]])
sage: M.coordinates([8,10,12])
[0, 2]
sage: M.echelon_coordinates([8,10,12])
[8, -2]
sage: B = M.echelonized_basis(); B
[
(1, 2, 3/7),
(0, 3, -30/7)
]
sage: 8*B[0] - 2*B[1]
(8, 10, 12)
We do an example with a sparse vector space::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,5, sparse=True)
sage: W = V.subspace_with_basis([[0,1,2,0,0], [0,-1,0,0,-1/2]])
sage: W.echelonized_basis()
[
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1/2),
(0, 0, 1, 0, -1/4)
]
sage: W.echelon_coordinates([0,0,2,0,-1/2])
[0, 2]
"""
if not isinstance(v, free_module_element.FreeModuleElement):
v = self.ambient_vector_space()(v)
elif v.degree() != self.degree():
raise ArithmeticError, "vector is not in free module"
E = self.echelonized_basis_matrix()
P = E.pivots()
w = v.list_from_positions(P)
T = self._rref_to_echelon_matrix()
x = T.linear_combination_of_rows(w).list(copy=False)
if not check:
return x
if v.parent() is self:
return x
lc = E.linear_combination_of_rows(x)
if lc != v and list(lc) != list(v):
raise ArithmeticError, "vector is not in free module"
return x
def user_to_echelon_matrix(self):
"""
Return matrix that transforms a vector written with respect to the
user basis of self to one written with respect to the echelon
basis. The matrix acts from the right, as is usual in Sage.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3
sage: M = A.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: M.echelonized_basis()
[
(1, 2, 3),
(0, 3, 6)
]
sage: M.user_to_echelon_matrix()
[ 1 0]
[ 4 -1]
The vector `v=(5,7,9)` in `M` is `(1,1)`
with respect to the user basis. Multiplying the above matrix on the
right by this vector yields `(5,-1)`, which has components
the coordinates of `v` with respect to the echelon basis.
::
sage: v0,v1 = M.basis(); v = v0+v1
sage: e0,e1 = M.echelonized_basis()
sage: v
(5, 7, 9)
sage: 5*e0 + (-1)*e1
(5, 7, 9)
"""
try:
return self.__user_to_echelon_matrix
except AttributeError:
if self.base_ring().is_field():
self.__user_to_echelon_matrix = self._user_to_rref_matrix()
else:
rows = sum([self.echelon_coordinates(b,check=False) for b in self.basis()], [])
M = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(self.base_ring().fraction_field(),
self.dimension(),
sparse = self.is_sparse())
self.__user_to_echelon_matrix = M(rows)
return self.__user_to_echelon_matrix
def echelon_to_user_matrix(self):
"""
Return matrix that transforms the echelon basis to the user basis
of self. This is a matrix `A` such that if `v` is a
vector written with respect to the echelon basis for self then
`vA` is that vector written with respect to the user basis
of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W.echelonized_basis()
[
(1, 0, -1),
(0, 1, 2)
]
sage: A = W.echelon_to_user_matrix(); A
[-5/3 2/3]
[ 4/3 -1/3]
The vector `(1,1,1)` has coordinates `v=(1,1)` with
respect to the echelonized basis for self. Multiplying `vA`
we find the coordinates of this vector with respect to the user
basis.
::
sage: v = vector(QQ, [1,1]); v
(1, 1)
sage: v * A
(-1/3, 1/3)
sage: u0, u1 = W.basis()
sage: (-u0 + u1)/3
(1, 1, 1)
"""
try:
return self.__echelon_to_user_matrix
except AttributeError:
self.__echelon_to_user_matrix = ~self.user_to_echelon_matrix()
return self.__echelon_to_user_matrix
def _user_to_rref_matrix(self):
"""
Returns a transformation matrix from the user specified basis to row
reduced echelon form, for this module over a PID.
Note: For internal use only! See user_to_echelon_matrix.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,1,1]])
sage: T = N.user_to_echelon_matrix(); T # indirect doctest
[1 1]
[0 1]
sage: N.basis_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[0 1 1]
sage: N.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 1]
sage: T * N.echelonized_basis_matrix() == N.basis_matrix()
True
"""
try:
return self.__user_to_rref_matrix
except AttributeError:
A = self.basis_matrix()
P = self.echelonized_basis_matrix().pivots()
T = A.matrix_from_columns(P)
self.__user_to_rref_matrix = T
return self.__user_to_rref_matrix
def _rref_to_user_matrix(self):
"""
Returns a transformation matrix from row reduced echelon form to
the user specified basis, for this module over a PID.
Note: For internal use only! See user_to_echelon_matrix.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,1,1]])
sage: U = N.echelon_to_user_matrix(); U # indirect doctest
[ 1 -1]
[ 0 1]
sage: N.echelonized_basis_matrix()
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 1]
sage: N.basis_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[0 1 1]
sage: U * N.basis_matrix() == N.echelonized_basis_matrix()
True
"""
try:
return self.__rref_to_user_matrix
except AttributeError:
self.__rref_to_user_matrix = ~self._user_to_rref_matrix()
return self.__rref_to_user_matrix
def _echelon_to_rref_matrix(self):
"""
Returns a transformation matrix from the some matrix to the row
reduced echelon form for this module over a PID.
Note: For internal use only! and not used!
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[1,1,2]])
sage: N
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 1 0]
[1 1 2]
sage: T = N._echelon_to_rref_matrix(); T
[1 0]
[0 2]
sage: type(T)
<type 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
sage: U = N._rref_to_echelon_matrix(); U
[ 1 0]
[ 0 1/2]
sage: type(U)
<type 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense'>
"""
try:
return self.__echelon_to_rref_matrix
except AttributeError:
A = self.echelonized_basis_matrix()
T = A.matrix_from_columns(A.pivots())
self.__echelon_to_rref_matrix = T
return self.__echelon_to_rref_matrix
def _rref_to_echelon_matrix(self):
"""
Returns a transformation matrix from row reduced echelon form to
some matrix for this module over a PID.
Note: For internal use only!
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[1,1,2]])
sage: N
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1 1 0]
[1 1 2]
sage: T = N._echelon_to_rref_matrix(); T
[1 0]
[0 2]
sage: type(T)
<type 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
sage: U = N._rref_to_echelon_matrix(); U
[ 1 0]
[ 0 1/2]
sage: type(U)
<type 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense'>
"""
try:
return self.__rref_to_echelon_matrix
except AttributeError:
self.__rref_to_echelon_matrix = ~self._echelon_to_rref_matrix()
return self.__rref_to_echelon_matrix
def vector_space(self, base_field=None):
"""
Return the vector space associated to this free module via tensor
product with the fraction field of the base ring.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; A
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: A.vector_space()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: M = A.span_of_basis([['1/3',2,'3/7'],[4,5,6]]); M
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[1/3 2 3/7]
[ 4 5 6]
sage: M.vector_space()
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[1/3 2 3/7]
[ 4 5 6]
"""
if base_field is None:
K = self.base_ring().fraction_field()
V = self.ambient_vector_space()
return V.submodule_with_basis(self.basis())
return self.change_ring(base_field)
def ambient_vector_space(self):
"""
Return the ambient vector space in which this free module is
embedded.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3; M.ambient_vector_space()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
::
sage: N = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,'1/5']])
sage: N
Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 2 1/5]
sage: M.ambient_vector_space()
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: M.ambient_vector_space() is N.ambient_vector_space()
True
If an inner product on the module is specified, then this
is preserved on the ambient vector space.
::
sage: M = FreeModule(ZZ,4,inner_product_matrix=1)
sage: V = M.ambient_vector_space()
sage: V
Ambient quadratic space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
Inner product matrix:
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 1]
sage: N = M.submodule([[1,-1,0,0],[0,1,-1,0],[0,0,1,-1]])
sage: N.gram_matrix()
[2 1 1]
[1 2 1]
[1 1 2]
sage: V == N.ambient_vector_space()
True
"""
return self.ambient_module().ambient_vector_space()
def basis(self):
"""
Return the user basis for this free module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: V.basis()
[
(1, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1)
]
sage: M = V.span_of_basis([['1/8',2,1]])
sage: M.basis()
[
(1/8, 2, 1)
]
"""
return self.__basis
def change_ring(self, R):
"""
Return the free module over R obtained by coercing each element of
self into a vector over the fraction field of R, then taking the
resulting R-module. Raises a TypeError if coercion is not
possible.
INPUT:
- ``R`` - a principal ideal domain
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,'1/2', 1]])
sage: W.change_ring(GF(7))
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 7
Basis matrix:
[1 2 4]
"""
if self.base_ring() == R:
return self
K = R.fraction_field()
V = VectorSpace(K, self.degree())
B = [V(b) for b in self.basis()]
M = FreeModule(R, self.degree())
if self.has_user_basis():
return M.span_of_basis(B)
else:
return M.span(B)
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the user basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a vector `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
If `v` is not in self, raises an ArithmeticError exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: M = V.span_of_basis([['1/8',2,1]])
sage: M.coordinate_vector([1,16,8])
(8)
"""
w = self.echelon_coordinate_vector(v, check=check)
T = self.echelon_to_user_matrix()
return T.linear_combination_of_rows(w)
def echelonized_basis(self):
"""
Return the basis for self in echelon form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: M = V.span_of_basis([['1/2',3,1], [0,'1/6',0]])
sage: M.basis()
[
(1/2, 3, 1),
(0, 1/6, 0)
]
sage: B = M.echelonized_basis(); B
[
(1/2, 0, 1),
(0, 1/6, 0)
]
sage: V.span(B) == M
True
"""
return self.__echelonized_basis
def echelon_coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the echelonized basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the echelonized basis
for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: M = V.span_of_basis([['1/2',3,1], [0,'1/6',0]])
sage: B = M.echelonized_basis(); B
[
(1/2, 0, 1),
(0, 1/6, 0)
]
sage: M.echelon_coordinate_vector(['1/2', 3, 1])
(1, 18)
"""
return FreeModule(self.base_ring().fraction_field(), self.rank())(self.echelon_coordinates(v, check=check))
def has_user_basis(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the basis of this free module is
specified by the user, as opposed to being the default echelon
form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3; V.has_user_basis()
False
sage: M = V.span_of_basis([[1,3,1]]); M.has_user_basis()
True
sage: M = V.span([[1,3,1]]); M.has_user_basis()
False
"""
return True
def linear_combination_of_basis(self, v):
"""
Return the linear combination of the basis for self obtained from
the coordinates of v.
INPUTS:
- ``v`` - list
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = span([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], ZZ); V
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[0 3 6]
sage: V.linear_combination_of_basis([1,1])
(1, 5, 9)
This should raise an error if the resulting element is not in self::
sage: W = (QQ**2).span([[2, 0], [0, 8]], ZZ)
sage: W.linear_combination_of_basis([1, -1/2])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: element (= [2, -4]) is not in free module
"""
R = self.base_ring()
check = (not R.is_field()) and any([a not in R for a in list(v)])
return self(self.basis_matrix().linear_combination_of_rows(v),
check=check, copy=False, coerce=False)
class FreeModule_submodule_pid(FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid):
"""
An `R`-submodule of `K^n` where `K` is the
fraction field of a principal ideal domain `R`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: W = M.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,19]]); W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
User basis matrix:
[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 19]
Generic tests, including saving and loading submodules and elements::
sage: TestSuite(W).run()
sage: v = W.0 + W.1
sage: TestSuite(v).run()
"""
def __init__(self, ambient, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Create an embedded free module over a PID.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W
Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[0 3 6]
"""
FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid.__init__(self, ambient, basis=gens,
echelonize=True, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^8
sage: L = M.submodule([ M.gen(i) - M.gen(0) for i in range(1,8) ])
sage: print L # indirect doctest
Free module of degree 8 and rank 7 over Integer Ring
Echelon basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
s = "Sparse free module of degree %s and rank %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.rank(), self.base_ring()) + \
"Echelon basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
else:
s = "Free module of degree %s and rank %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.rank(), self.base_ring()) + \
"Echelon basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
return s
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the user basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = ZZ^3
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W.coordinate_vector([1,5,9])
(5, -1)
"""
return self.echelon_coordinate_vector(v, check=check)
def has_user_basis(self):
r"""
Return ``True`` if the basis of this free module is
specified by the user, as opposed to being the default echelon
form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = ZZ^3; A
Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
sage: A.has_user_basis()
False
sage: W = A.span_of_basis([[2,'1/2',1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
True
sage: W = A.span([[2,'1/2',1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
False
"""
return False
class FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_field(FreeModule_generic_field, FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid):
"""
An embedded vector subspace with a distinguished user basis.
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = QQ^3; W = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,2,3], [4,5,19]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 19]
Since this is an embedded vector subspace with a distinguished user
basis possibly different than the echelonized basis, the
echelon_coordinates() and user coordinates() do not agree::
sage: V = QQ^3
::
sage: W = V.submodule_with_basis([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
::
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.echelon_coordinates(v)
[1, 5]
sage: vector(QQ, W.echelon_coordinates(v)) * W.echelonized_basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
::
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.coordinates(v)
[5, -1]
sage: vector(QQ, W.coordinates(v)) * W.basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
Generic tests, including saving and loading submodules and elements::
sage: TestSuite(W).run()
sage: K.<x> = FractionField(PolynomialRing(QQ,'x'))
sage: M = K^3; W = M.span_of_basis([[1,1,x]])
sage: TestSuite(W).run()
"""
def __init__(self, ambient, basis, check=True,
echelonize=False, echelonized_basis=None, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Create a vector space with given basis.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
"""
FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_pid.__init__(
self, ambient, basis=basis, check=check, echelonize=echelonize,
echelonized_basis=echelonized_basis, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,5)
sage: U = V.submodule([ V.gen(i) - V.gen(0) for i in range(1,5) ])
sage: print U # indirect doctest
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
sage: print U._repr_()
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: U.rename('U')
sage: print U
U
sage: print U._repr_()
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
Sparse vector spaces print this fact.
::
sage: VV = VectorSpace(QQ,5,sparse=True)
sage: UU = VV.submodule([ VV.gen(i) - VV.gen(0) for i in range(1,5) ])
sage: print UU # indirect doctest
Sparse vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: U.reset_name()
sage: print U
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Sparse vector space of degree %s and dimension %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.dimension(), self.base_field()) + \
"User basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
else:
return "Vector space of degree %s and dimension %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.dimension(), self.base_field()) + \
"User basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
def _denominator(self, B):
"""
Given a list (of field elements) returns 1 as the common
denominator.
N.B.: This function is for internal use only!
EXAMPLES::
sage: U = QQ^3
sage: U
Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: U.denominator()
1
sage: V = U.span([[1,1/2,1/3], [-1/5,2/3,3]])
sage: V
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -5/3]
[ 0 1 4]
sage: W = U.submodule_with_basis([[1,1/2,1/3], [-1/5,2/3,3]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
User basis matrix:
[ 1 1/2 1/3]
[-1/5 2/3 3]
sage: W._denominator(W.echelonized_basis_matrix().list())
1
"""
return 1
def _echelonized_basis(self, ambient, basis):
"""
Given the ambient space and a basis, constructs and caches the
__echelonized_basis_matrix and returns its rows.
N.B. This function is for internal use only!
EXAMPLES::
sage: M = ZZ^3
sage: N = M.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,2,1]])
sage: N._echelonized_basis(M,N.basis())
[(1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 1)]
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.submodule_with_basis([[1,1,0],[0,2,1]])
sage: W._echelonized_basis(V,W.basis())
[(1, 0, -1/2), (0, 1, 1/2)]
"""
MAT = sage.matrix.matrix_space.MatrixSpace(
base_ring=ambient.base_ring(),
nrows=len(basis), ncols=ambient.degree(),
sparse=ambient.is_sparse())
A = MAT(basis)
E = A.echelon_form()
return E.rows()[:E.rank()]
def is_ambient(self):
"""
Return False since this is not an ambient module.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: V.is_ambient()
True
sage: W = V.span_of_basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W.is_ambient()
False
"""
return False
class FreeModule_submodule_field(FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_field):
"""
An embedded vector subspace with echelonized basis.
EXAMPLES:
Since this is an embedded vector subspace with echelonized basis,
the echelon_coordinates() and user coordinates() agree::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
::
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.echelon_coordinates(v)
[1, 5]
sage: vector(QQ, W.echelon_coordinates(v)) * W.basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.coordinates(v)
[1, 5]
sage: vector(QQ, W.coordinates(v)) * W.basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
"""
def __init__(self, ambient, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False):
"""
Create an embedded vector subspace with echelonized basis.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
"""
if is_FreeModule(gens):
gens = gens.gens()
FreeModule_submodule_with_basis_field.__init__(self, ambient, basis=gens, check=check,
echelonize=not already_echelonized, already_echelonized=already_echelonized)
def _repr_(self):
"""
The default printing representation of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,5)
sage: U = V.submodule([ V.gen(i) - V.gen(0) for i in range(1,5) ])
sage: print U # indirect doctest
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
sage: print U._repr_()
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
The system representation can be overwritten, but leaves _repr_
unmodified.
::
sage: U.rename('U')
sage: print U
U
sage: print U._repr_()
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
Sparse vector spaces print this fact.
::
sage: VV = VectorSpace(QQ,5,sparse=True)
sage: UU = VV.submodule([ VV.gen(i) - VV.gen(0) for i in range(1,5) ])
sage: print UU # indirect doctest
Sparse vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
(Now clean up again.)
::
sage: U.reset_name()
sage: print U
Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1]
[ 0 1 0 0 -1]
[ 0 0 1 0 -1]
[ 0 0 0 1 -1]
"""
if self.is_sparse():
return "Sparse vector space of degree %s and dimension %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.dimension(), self.base_field()) + \
"Basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
else:
return "Vector space of degree %s and dimension %s over %s\n"%(
self.degree(), self.dimension(), self.base_field()) + \
"Basis matrix:\n%s"%self.basis_matrix()
def echelon_coordinates(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the echelonized basis of self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
sage: W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
::
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.echelon_coordinates(v)
[1, 5]
sage: vector(QQ, W.echelon_coordinates(v)) * W.basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
"""
if not isinstance(v, free_module_element.FreeModuleElement):
v = self.ambient_vector_space()(v)
if v.degree() != self.degree():
raise ArithmeticError, "v (=%s) is not in self"%v
E = self.echelonized_basis_matrix()
P = E.pivots()
if len(P) == 0:
if check and v != 0:
raise ArithmeticError, "vector is not in free module"
return []
w = v.list_from_positions(P)
if not check:
return w
if v.parent() is self:
return w
lc = E.linear_combination_of_rows(w)
if lc != v:
raise ArithmeticError, "vector is not in free module"
return w
def coordinate_vector(self, v, check=True):
"""
Write `v` in terms of the user basis for self.
INPUT:
- ``v`` - vector
- ``check`` - bool (default: True); if True, also
verify that v is really in self.
OUTPUT: list
Returns a list `c` such that if `B` is the basis for self, then
.. math::
\sum c_i B_i = v.
If `v` is not in self, raises an ``ArithmeticError`` exception.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.span([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); W
Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 -1]
[ 0 1 2]
sage: v = V([1,5,9])
sage: W.coordinate_vector(v)
(1, 5)
sage: W.coordinates(v)
[1, 5]
sage: vector(QQ, W.coordinates(v)) * W.basis_matrix()
(1, 5, 9)
::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,5, sparse=True)
sage: W = V.subspace([[0,1,2,0,0], [0,-1,0,0,-1/2]])
sage: W.coordinate_vector([0,0,2,0,-1/2])
(0, 2)
"""
return self.echelon_coordinate_vector(v, check=check)
def has_user_basis(self):
"""
Return ``True`` if the basis of this free module is
specified by the user, as opposed to being the default echelon
form.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = QQ^3
sage: W = V.subspace([[2,'1/2', 1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
False
sage: W = V.subspace_with_basis([[2,'1/2',1]])
sage: W.has_user_basis()
True
"""
return False
def basis_seq(V, vecs):
"""
This converts a list vecs of vectors in V to an Sequence of
immutable vectors.
Should it? I.e. in most other parts of the system the return type
of basis or generators is a tuple.
EXAMPLES::
sage: V = VectorSpace(QQ,2)
sage: B = V.gens()
sage: B
((1, 0), (0, 1))
sage: v = B[0]
sage: v[0] = 0 # immutable
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: vector is immutable; please change a copy instead (use copy())
sage: sage.modules.free_module.basis_seq(V, V.gens())
[
(1, 0),
(0, 1)
]
"""
for z in vecs:
z.set_immutable()
return Sequence(vecs, universe=V, check = False, immutable=True, cr=True)
class RealDoubleVectorSpace_class(FreeModule_ambient_field):
def __init__(self,n):
FreeModule_ambient_field.__init__(self,sage.rings.real_double.RDF,n)
def coordinates(self,v):
return v
class ComplexDoubleVectorSpace_class(FreeModule_ambient_field):
def __init__(self,n):
FreeModule_ambient_field.__init__(self,sage.rings.complex_double.CDF,n)
def coordinates(self,v):
return v
def element_class(R, is_sparse):
"""
The class of the vectors (elements of a free module) with base ring
R and boolean is_sparse.
EXAMPLES::
sage: FF = FiniteField(2)
sage: P = PolynomialRing(FF,'x')
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(QQ, is_sparse=True)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(QQ, is_sparse=False)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_rational_dense.Vector_rational_dense'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(ZZ, is_sparse=True)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(ZZ, is_sparse=False)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_integer_dense.Vector_integer_dense'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(FF, is_sparse=True)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(FF, is_sparse=False)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_mod2_dense.Vector_mod2_dense'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(GF(7), is_sparse=False)
<type 'sage.modules.vector_modn_dense.Vector_modn_dense'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(P, is_sparse=True)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse'>
sage: sage.modules.free_module.element_class(P, is_sparse=False)
<type 'sage.modules.free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_dense'>
"""
import sage.modules.vector_real_double_dense
import sage.modules.vector_complex_double_dense
if sage.rings.integer_ring.is_IntegerRing(R) and not is_sparse:
from vector_integer_dense import Vector_integer_dense
return Vector_integer_dense
elif sage.rings.rational_field.is_RationalField(R) and not is_sparse:
from vector_rational_dense import Vector_rational_dense
return Vector_rational_dense
elif sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring.is_IntegerModRing(R) and not is_sparse:
from vector_mod2_dense import Vector_mod2_dense
if R.order() == 2:
return Vector_mod2_dense
from vector_modn_dense import Vector_modn_dense, MAX_MODULUS
if R.order() < MAX_MODULUS:
return Vector_modn_dense
else:
return free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_dense
elif sage.rings.real_double.is_RealDoubleField(R) and not is_sparse:
return sage.modules.vector_real_double_dense.Vector_real_double_dense
elif sage.rings.complex_double.is_ComplexDoubleField(R) and not is_sparse:
return sage.modules.vector_complex_double_dense.Vector_complex_double_dense
elif sage.symbolic.ring.is_SymbolicExpressionRing(R) and not is_sparse:
return sage.modules.vector_symbolic_dense.Vector_symbolic_dense
elif sage.symbolic.callable.is_CallableSymbolicExpressionRing(R) and not is_sparse:
return sage.modules.vector_callable_symbolic_dense.Vector_callable_symbolic_dense
else:
if is_sparse:
return free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_sparse
else:
return free_module_element.FreeModuleElement_generic_dense
raise NotImplementedError
