ModSciLab-Template.tex

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% An example paper for Modern Physics Lab at Duquesne University
% Edited by Michael Huster, Ph. D.
% Feb. 2016
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% Based on:
% = A Minimal Example for MIT Junior Lab Student Reports =
% Available from
%    http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/Samplepaper/simple-zipped/
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% Last Updated July 23, 2014
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% Adapted from the American Physical Societies REVTeK-4.1 Pages
%    at http://publish.aps.org
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% ADVICE TO STUDENTS: Each time you write a paper, start with this
%    template and save under a new filename. If you want to do
%    something more complicated than what is shown in this minimal
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%    http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/Samplepaper/sample-zipped/
%    Furthermore, the present document contains a minimum of
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\documentclass[aps,twocolumn,secnumarabic,balancelastpage,
amsmath,amssymb,nofootinbib,floatfix]{revtex4-1}

\usepackage{graphicx}      % tools for importing graphics
\usepackage[colorlinks=true]{hyperref}  % this package should be added
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% usage: \url{http://web.mit.edu/8.13}


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\begin{document}

\title{Photoelectric Effect}
\author{Canyon Pratt, Jenna Mittal, Nick Willich}
\email{[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail]}
\date{\today}
\affiliation{Duquesne University Department of Physics}

% NOTE: \begin{something} ALWAYS has to be paired with \end{something}
\begin{abstract}
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when light shines on a material. These emitted electrons can be referred to as photo electrons. To simulate the photoelectric effect, 10 various LED's with differing wavelengths were put into a circuit with a teensy arduino and values for the current and the voltage were obtained. These values were then plotted in order to obtain a slope of Planck's constant.
\end{abstract}

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\section{Introduction}

In 1905 Albert Einstein released his revolutionary paper on the photoelectric effect, which stated that when light shines on a material, electrons are emitted. This electron emission is due to electrons being dislodged by the impingement of photons reaching a certain threshold frequency. 

The photoelectric effect can be tested by using a teensy arduino, 10 LED's of varying wavelengths, and a 10 kilo-ohm resistor. By wiring these components together and using an arduino program, one can observe that an LED with a certain wavelength reaches a threshold frequency in which photons are created. Through motion, electrons are able to create current which can activate an LED with a threshold current. Once the threshold current has been reached, the LED then begins emitting light. These threshold currents can be measured using a teensy to take data as electrons are being emitted.


\section{Problem and Relevant Theory}

The main problem of this lab was to find graphically, the value of Planck'S constant. This was done throughout the relevant theories and formula relation wavelength, energy and frequency. This relation between energies and frequency is known as Planck's Relation as shown in Equation 1, where $E$, $h$, and $f$, are energy, Planck's Constant and frequency respectively. 
\begin{equation}
E=hf
\end{equation}
With this applied to the basics of wavelength as shown in Equation 2 where $c$ is the speed of light, it is easy to relate how wavelength can effect frequency and in turn effect energy. 
\begin{equation}
f= \frac{c}{\lambda}
\end{equation}
This final relation can be represented by Equation 3.
\begin{equation}
E=h\frac{c}{\lambda}
\end{equation}
Thus we have the direct relationship through the use of the Planck Relation. This relationship between frequency and wavelength to energy allows us to take a look at multiple LED's (Light Emitting Diode) and see how the voltage and current relates to specified wavelengths. This is done through the use of Arduino components and python programming. These graphical representations of multiple wavelength LED's allows the final plot between voltage and frequency to be made. The relation between the turn on voltage and the frequency allows a ling of best fit to be produced graphically and the slope defined. From the Planck Relation this slope should be equivalent to Planck's Constant.
% NOTE: for standalone numbered equations, use begin{equation} style
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\section{Experimental Sketch and Salient Details}
The experimental apparatus used consists of a teensy arduino circuit, allowing a computer program to easily record, measure, and plot the data of 10 LED’s of differing wavelengths as shown in Fig. 2. While the hardware played an important role in being able to obtain values for calculating Planck’s constant, both the Arduino and Python programs were essential in being able to measure and graph the values received from the hardware. In order to obtain values and plot them on Python, both Arduino and Python had to be connected by a common serial port which would allow values from the Adruino program to be transferred into a .csv file on Python, which then can be used to create graphs.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{circuit}
\caption{This is a schematic of the main apparatus. Here the LED position was changed out for multiple LED's to be tested. The teensy arduino program could then record the measurements to be represented graphically in a python program as shown in FIG. 2.
\cite{Dr. Michael Huster}.
\label{fig:samplefig}}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{LED-850}
\caption{This is the graphical representation of the 850 nm wavelength LED data obtained from the arduino circuit.
%\cite{}.
\label{fig:samplefig}}
\end{figure}
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\section{Data Presentation and Error Analysis}

When the data points for the 850 nm LED are plotted, the graph is that of an exponential growth curve (Fig. 2) which represents the current increasing with certain voltages. Using this information, Equation 3 can be used to find frequency and can then be plotted on a graph with respect to voltage (Fig. 3). When these points are plotted, the slope can then be measured using python. Our measured slope was $4.82x10^-15 eV$, which is close to the received value of Planck’s constant of $4.3x10^-15 eV$. This small discrepancy in values can mainly be attributed to human error, especially during calculations. Although the calculations were quite simple, rounding errors can easily be made because the necessary values are extremely small.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Volt-Freq}
\caption{This figure represents the turn on voltages for all tested LED's versus their respective frequencies. This was done creating a program on the collaborative source \textsc{CoCalc}, through the use of the python programming language.}
\label{fig:calibration}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\label{tab:table1}This table represents the frequency and voltages of the respective LED wavelengths used for plotting of FIG. 3.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\lambda (nm) &Volt (V) &f ($10^{14}$Hz)&
\lambda (nm) &Volt (V) &f ($10^{14}$Hz)\\
\hline
405& 2.9654 & 7.4074 & 601 &1.8286 & 4.9917\\
430& 3.0803 & 6.9767 & 635 &1.7847 & 4.7244\\
470& 2.6495 & 6.3830 & 660 &1.7413 & 4.5454\\
505& 2.4889 & 5.9406 & 660 &1.6472 & 4.5454\\
535& 2.6295 & 5.6075 & 700 &1.8580 & 4.2857\\
570& 1.8849 & 5.2632 & 850 &1.2625 & 3.5294\\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}
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\section{Conclusions}

The obtained value of Planck’s constant was $4.82356995762x 10^15eV$, which was very similar to the accepted value regardless of the small variation of values. By conducting this experiment, a deeper understanding of the photoelectric effect, Planck’s constant, circuitry, and programming were obtained during the implementation of this experiment. % for the quality of your results in the conclusion.
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\begin{acknowledgments} We all gratefully acknowledge each other in the completion of this experiment. Also, Dr. Michael Huster for his impeccable and superior help in performing the experiment as well as the assistance with the programming involved.
\end{acknowledgments}

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\end{document}