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October 4

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• Section 2.1, 2.2 due next Thursday

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Linear combinations and span

Definition: If $u_1,u_2,\ldots,u_m$ are vectors and $c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_m$ are scalars, then $$c_1u_1+c_2u_2+\ldots+c_mu_m$$ is a linear combination of $u_1,\ldots,u_m$. Note that the constants can be negative or zero.

Definition: Let $S=\{u_1,u_2,\ldots,u_m\}$ be a set of vectors. Then the span of $S$, span$S$, is the set of all linear combinations of $u_1,u_2,\ldots,u_m\}$.

What vectors in $\mathbb{R}^2$ are a linear combination of $(1,0)$ and $(0,1)$? In other words, what vectors are in the span of $(1,0)$ and $(0,1)$?

What vectors in $\mathbb{R}^2$ are a linear combination of $(1,2)$ and $(0,1)$? Talk about lines and averages here.

Is $(3,4)$ a linear combination of $(1,2)$ and $(0,1)$? In other words, is $(3,4)$ in the span of $(1,2)$ and $(0,1)$? In other words, does there exists $x_1, x_2\in \mathbb{R}$ such that $x_1(1,2)+x_2(0,1)=(3,4)$? In other words, system of equations!

Every system of equation can be interpeted in this way.

Theorem: Let $u_1,\ldots,u_m$ and $v$ be vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Then $v\in \text{span}(\{u_1,\ldots,u_m\})$ if and only if the linear system with augmented matrix $[u_1\; u_2\; \ldots\; u_m | v]$ has a solution.

The solution space can be expressed as a linear combination.

Theorem: Let $u_1,u_2,\ldots,u_m$ be vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$. If $u\in$span$(\{u_1,\ldots,u_m\})$, then span$(\{u_1,\ldots,u_m\})=$span$(\{u_1,\ldots,u_m,u\})$.

When does a set of vectors span $\mathbb{R}^n$?

Theorem: Let $u_1,u_2,\ldots,u_m$ be vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Let $A=[u_1\;u_2\;\ldots\;u_m]$ and $B\sim A$, where $B$ is in echelon form. Then $\text{span}(\{u_1,\ldots,u_m\})=\mathbb{R}^n$ if and only if $B$ has a pivot position in every row.

give outline of proof

We can write linear systems as $Ax=b$.