More Sex Is Safer Sex
By Steven
E. Landsburg
(1102 words; posted
Friday, July 5; to be composted Friday, July 12)
It's true: AIDS is
nature's awful retribution for our tolerance of immoderate and socially
irresponsible sexual behavior. The epidemic is the price of our permissive
attitudes toward monogamy, chastity, and other forms of sexual
conservatism.
You've
read elsewhere about the sin of promiscuity. Let me tell you about the sin of
self-restraint.
Suppose you walk into a bar and find four potential sex
partners. Two are highly promiscuous; the others venture out only once a year.
The promiscuous ones are, of course, more likely to be HIV-positive. That gives
you a 50-50 chance of finding a relatively safe match.
But suppose all
once-a-year revelers could be transformed into twice-a-year revelers. Then, on
any given night, you'd run into twice as many of them. Those two promiscuous
bar patrons would be outnumbered by four of their more cautious rivals. Your
odds of a relatively safe match just went up from 50-50 to four out of six.
That's why increased
activity by sexual conservatives can slow down the rate of infection and reduce
the prevalence of AIDS. In fact, according to Professor Michael Kremer of MIT's
economics department, the spread of AIDS in England could plausibly be retarded
if everyone with fewer than about 2.25 partners per year were to take
additional partners more frequently. That covers three-quarters of British
heterosexuals between the ages of 18 and 45. (Much of this column is inspired
by Professor Kremer's
research.
If
multiple partnerships save lives, then monogamy can be deadly. Imagine a
country where almost all women are monogamous, while all men demand two female
partners per year. Under those conditions, a few prostitutes end up servicing
all the men. Before long, the prostitutes are infected; they pass the disease
to the men; and the men bring it home to their monogamous wives. But if each of
those monogamous wives was willing to take on one extramarital partner, the
market for prostitution would die out, and the virus, unable to spread fast
enough to maintain itself, might die out along with it.
Or consider Joan, who attended a party where she ought to
have met the charming and healthy Martin. Unfortunately Fate, through its
agents at the Centers for Disease Control, intervened. The morning of the
party, Martin ran across one of those CDC-sponsored subway ads touting the
virtues of abstinence. Chastened, he decided to stay home. In Martin's absence,
Joan hooked up with the equally charming but considerably less prudent
Maxwell--and Joan got AIDS. Abstinence can be even deadlier than monogamy.
If those subway ads are
more effective against the cautious Martins than against the reckless Maxwells,
then they are a threat to the hapless Joans. This is especially so when they
displace Calvin Klein ads, which might have put Martin in a more socially
beneficent mood.
You
might object that even if Martin had dallied with Joan, he would only have
freed Maxwell to prey on another equally innocent victim. To this there are two
replies. First, we don't know that Maxwell would have found another partner:
Without Joan, he might have struck out that night. Second, reducing the rate of
HIV transmission is in any event not the only social goal worth pursuing: If it
were, we'd outlaw sex entirely. What we really want is to minimize the number
of infections resulting from any given number of sexual encounters; the flip
side of this observation is that it is desirable to maximize the number of
(consensual) sexual encounters leading up to any given number of infections.
Even if Martin had failed to deny Maxwell a conquest that evening, and thus
failed to slow the epidemic, he
could at least have made someone happy.
To an economist, it's clear why people with limited sexual
pasts choose to supply too little sex in the present: Their services are
underpriced. If sexual conservatives could effectively advertise their
histories, HIV-conscious suitors would compete to lavish them with attention.
But that doesn't happen, because such conservatives are hard to identify.
Insufficiently rewarded for relaxing their standards, they relax their
standards insufficiently.
So a socially valuable
service is under-rewarded and therefore under-supplied. This is a problem we've
experienced before. We face it whenever a producer fails to safeguard the
environment.
Extrapolating from their
usual response to environmental issues, I assume that liberals will want to
attack the problem of excessive sexual restraint through coercive regulation.
As a devotee of the price system, I'd prefer to encourage good behavior through
an appropriate system of subsidies.
The question is: How do we
subsidize Martin's sexual awakening without simultaneously subsidizing
Maxwell's ongoing predations? Just paying people to have sex won't work--not
with Maxwell around to reap the bulk of the rewards. The key is to subsidize
something that is used in conjunction with sex and that Martin values more than
Maxwell.
Quite
plausibly, that something is condoms. Maxwell knows that he is more likely than
Martin to be infected already, and hence probably values condoms less than
Martin does. Subsidized condoms could be just the ticket for luring Martin out
of his shell without stirring Maxwell to a new frenzy of activity.
As it happens, there is another reason to subsidize
condoms: Condom use itself is under-rewarded. When you use one, you are
protecting both yourself and your future partners, but you are rewarded (with a
lower chance of infection) only for protecting yourself. Your future partners
don't know about your past condom use and therefore can't reward it with
extravagant courtship. That means you fail to capture the benefits you're
conferring, and as a result, condoms are underused.
It is often argued that
subsidized (or free) condoms have an upside and a downside: The upside is that
they reduce the risk from a given encounter, and the downside is that they
encourage more encounters. But it's plausible that in reality, that's not an
upside and a downside--it's two upsides. Without the subsidies, people don't
use enough condoms, and the sort of people who most value condoms don't have
enough sex partners.
All these problems--along
with the case for subsidies--would vanish if our sexual pasts could somehow be
made visible, so that future partners could reward past prudence and thereby
provide appropriate incentives. Perhaps technology can ultimately make that
solution feasible. (I envision the pornography of the future: "Her skirt slid
to the floor and his gaze came to rest on her thigh, where the imbedded monitor
read, 'This site has been accessed 314 times.' ") But until then, the best we
can do is to make condoms inexpensive--and get rid of those subway ads.
