"""This file contains code for use with "Think Bayes",
by Allen B. Downey, available from greenteapress.com
Copyright 2012 Allen B. Downey
License: GNU GPLv3 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
"""
from __future__ import print_function, division
"""This file contains a partial solution to a problem from
MacKay, "Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms."
Exercise 3.15 (page 50): A statistical statement appeared in
"The Guardian" on Friday January 4, 2002:
When spun on edge 250 times, a Belgian one-euro coin came
up heads 140 times and tails 110. 'It looks very suspicious
to me,' said Barry Blight, a statistics lecturer at the London
School of Economics. 'If the coin were unbiased, the chance of
getting a result as extreme as that would be less than 7%.'
MacKay asks, "But do these data give evidence that the coin is biased
rather than fair?"
"""
import thinkbayes2
class Euro(thinkbayes2.Suite):
"""Represents hypotheses about the probability of heads."""
def Likelihood(self, data, hypo):
"""Computes the likelihood of the data under the hypothesis.
hypo: integer value of x, the probability of heads (0-100)
data: tuple of (number of heads, number of tails)
"""
x = hypo / 100.0
heads, tails = data
like = x**heads * (1-x)**tails
return like
def TrianglePrior():
"""Makes a Suite with a triangular prior."""
suite = Euro()
for x in range(0, 51):
suite.Set(x, x)
for x in range(51, 101):
suite.Set(x, 100-x)
suite.Normalize()
return suite
def SuiteLikelihood(suite, data):
"""Computes the weighted average of likelihoods for sub-hypotheses.
suite: Suite that maps sub-hypotheses to probability
data: some representation of the data
returns: float likelihood
"""
total = 0
for hypo, prob in suite.Items():
like = suite.Likelihood(data, hypo)
total += prob * like
return total
def Main():
data = 140, 110
data = 8, 12
suite = Euro()
like_f = suite.Likelihood(data, 50)
print('p(D|F)', like_f)
actual_percent = 100.0 * 140 / 250
likelihood = suite.Likelihood(data, actual_percent)
print('p(D|B_cheat)', likelihood)
print('p(D|B_cheat) / p(D|F)', likelihood / like_f)
like40 = suite.Likelihood(data, 40)
like60 = suite.Likelihood(data, 60)
likelihood = 0.5 * like40 + 0.5 * like60
print('p(D|B_two)', likelihood)
print('p(D|B_two) / p(D|F)', likelihood / like_f)
b_uniform = Euro(range(0, 101))
b_uniform.Remove(50)
b_uniform.Normalize()
likelihood = SuiteLikelihood(b_uniform, data)
print('p(D|B_uniform)', likelihood)
print('p(D|B_uniform) / p(D|F)', likelihood / like_f)
b_tri = TrianglePrior()
b_tri.Remove(50)
b_tri.Normalize()
likelihood = b_tri.Update(data)
print('p(D|B_tri)', likelihood)
print('p(D|B_tri) / p(D|F)', likelihood / like_f)
if __name__ == '__main__':
Main()
