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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project # This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2022-02-01 09:21-0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <[email protected]>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: YAML Front Matter: description #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Introduction for people new to both FreeBSD and UNIX®" msgstr "" #. type: YAML Front Matter: title #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX®" msgstr "" #. type: Title = #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:11 #, no-wrap msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX(R)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:44 msgid "Abstract" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:46 msgid "" "Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This introduction is for people new " "to both FreeBSD _and_ UNIX(R)-so it starts with basics." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:48 msgid "'''" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:52 #, no-wrap msgid "Logging in and Getting Out" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:58 msgid "" "Log in (when you see `login:`) as a user you created during installation or " "as `root`. (Your FreeBSD installation will already have an account for " "`root`; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential " "files, so be careful!) The symbols % and # in the following stand for the " "prompt (yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and # " "indicating `root`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:60 msgid "To log out (and get a new `login:` prompt) type" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:64 #, no-wrap msgid "# exit\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:68 msgid "" "as often as necessary. Yes, press kbd:[enter] after commands, and remember " "that UNIX(R) is case-sensitive-``exit``, not `EXIT`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:70 msgid "To shut down the machine type" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:74 #, no-wrap msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -h now\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:77 msgid "Or to reboot type" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:81 #, no-wrap msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -r now\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:84 msgid "or" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:88 #, no-wrap msgid "# /sbin/reboot\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:94 msgid "" "You can also reboot with kbd:[Ctrl+Alt+Delete]. Give it a little time to do " "its work. This is equivalent to `/sbin/reboot` in recent releases of " "FreeBSD and is much, much better than hitting the reset button. You do not " "want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:96 #, no-wrap msgid "Adding a User with Root Privileges" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:99 msgid "" "If you did not create any users when you installed the system and are thus " "logged in as `root`, you should probably create a user now with" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:103 #, no-wrap msgid "# adduser\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:109 msgid "" "The first time you use `adduser`, it might ask for some defaults to save. " "You might want to make the default shell man:csh[1] instead of man:sh[1], if " "it suggests `sh` as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept each " "default. These defaults are saved in [.filename]#/etc/adduser.conf#, an " "editable file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:113 msgid "" "Suppose you create a user `jack` with full name _Jack Benimble_. Give " "`jack` a password if security (even kids around who might pound on the " "keyboard) is an issue. When it asks you if you want to invite `jack` into " "other groups, type `wheel`" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:117 #, no-wrap msgid "Login group is \"jack\". Invite jack into other groups: wheel\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:121 msgid "" "This will make it possible to log in as `jack` and use the man:su[1] command " "to become `root`. Then you will not get scolded any more for logging in as " "`root`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:124 msgid "" "You can quit `adduser` any time by typing kbd:[Ctrl+C], and at the end you " "will have a chance to approve your new user or simply type kbd:[n] for no. " "You might want to create a second new user so that when you edit `jack`'s " "login files, you will have a hot spare in case something goes wrong." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:127 msgid "" "Once you have done this, use `exit` to get back to a login prompt and log in " "as `jack`. In general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as " "an ordinary user who does not have the power-and risk-of `root`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:130 msgid "" "If you already created a user and you want the user to be able to `su` to " "`root`, you can log in as `root` and edit the file [.filename]#/etc/group#, " "adding `jack` to the first line (the group `wheel`). But first you need to " "practice man:vi[1], the text editor-or use the simpler text editor, man:" "ee[1], installed on recent versions of FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:132 msgid "To delete a user, use `rmuser`." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:134 #, no-wrap msgid "Looking Around" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:137 msgid "" "Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some commands that " "will access the sources of help and information within FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:139 msgid "Here are some commands and what they do:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:140 #, no-wrap msgid "`id`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:142 msgid "Tells you who you are!" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:143 #, no-wrap msgid "`pwd`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:145 msgid "Shows you where you are-the current working directory." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:146 #, no-wrap msgid "`ls`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:148 msgid "Lists the files in the current directory." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:149 #, no-wrap msgid "`ls -F`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:151 msgid "" "Lists the files in the current directory with a * after executables, a `/` " "after directories, and an `@` after symbolic links." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:152 #, no-wrap msgid "`ls -l`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:154 msgid "Lists the files in long format-size, date, permissions." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:155 #, no-wrap msgid "`ls -a`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:158 msgid "" "Lists hidden \"dot\" files with the others. If you are `root`, the \"dot\" " "files show up without the `-a` switch." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:159 #, no-wrap msgid "`cd`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:163 msgid "" "Changes directories. `cd ..` backs up one level; note the space after `cd`. " "`cd /usr/local` goes there. `cd ~` goes to the home directory of the person " "logged in-e.g., [.filename]#/usr/home/jack#. Try `cd /cdrom`, and then " "`ls`, to find out if your CDROM is mounted and working." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:164 #, no-wrap msgid "`less _filename_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:168 msgid "" "Lets you look at a file (named _filename_) without changing it. Try `less /" "etc/fstab`. Type `q` to quit." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:169 #, no-wrap msgid "`cat _filename_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:174 msgid "" "Displays _filename_ on screen. If it is too long and you can see only the " "end of it, press kbd:[ScrollLock] and use the kbd:[up-arrow] to move " "backward; you can use kbd:[ScrollLock] with manual pages too. Press kbd:" "[ScrollLock] again to quit scrolling. You might want to try `cat` on some " "of the dot files in your home directory-`cat .cshrc`, `cat .login`, `cat ." "profile`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:178 msgid "" "You will notice aliases in [.filename]#.cshrc# for some of the `ls` commands " "(they are very convenient). You can create other aliases by editing [." "filename]#.cshrc#. You can make these aliases available to all users on the " "system by putting them in the system-wide `csh` configuration file, [." "filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc#." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:180 #, no-wrap msgid "Getting Help and Information" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:184 msgid "" "Here are some useful sources of help. _Text_ stands for something of your " "choice that you type in-usually a command or filename." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:185 #, no-wrap msgid "`apropos _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:187 msgid "Everything containing string _text_ in the `whatis database`." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:188 #, no-wrap msgid "`man _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:193 msgid "" "The manual page for _text_. The major source of documentation for UNIX(R) " "systems. `man ls` will tell you all the ways to use `ls`. Press kbd:" "[Enter] to move through text, kbd:[Ctrl+B] to go back a page, kbd:[Ctrl+F] " "to go forward, kbd:[q] or kbd:[Ctrl+C] to quit." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:194 #, no-wrap msgid "`which _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:196 msgid "Tells you where in the user's path the command _text_ is found." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:197 #, no-wrap msgid "`locate _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:199 msgid "All the paths where the string _text_ is found." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:200 #, no-wrap msgid "`whatis _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:203 msgid "" "Tells you what the command _text_ does and its manual page. Typing `whatis " "*` will tell you about all the binaries in the current directory." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:204 #, no-wrap msgid "`whereis _text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:206 msgid "Finds the file _text_, giving its full path." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:210 msgid "" "You might want to try using `whatis` on some common useful commands like " "`cat`, `more`, `grep`, `mv`, `find`, `tar`, `chmod`, `chown`, `date`, and " "`script`. `more` lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., " "`ls -l | more` or `more _filename_`. The * works as a wildcard-e.g., `ls " "w*` will show you files beginning with `w`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:214 msgid "" "Are some of these not working very well? Both man:locate[1] and man:" "whatis[1] depend on a database that is rebuilt weekly. If your machine is " "not going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might " "want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance now and " "then. Run them as `root` and, for now, give each one time to finish before " "you start the next one." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:223 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# periodic daily\n" "output omitted\n" "# periodic weekly\n" "output omitted\n" "# periodic monthly\n" "output omitted\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:229 msgid "" "If you get tired of waiting, press kbd:[Alt+F2] to get another _virtual " "console_, and log in again. After all, it is a multi-user, multi-tasking " "system. Nevertheless these commands will probably flash messages on your " "screen while they are running; you can type `clear` at the prompt to clear " "the screen. Once they have run, you might want to look at [.filename]#/var/" "mail/root# and [.filename]#/var/log/messages#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:235 msgid "" "Running such commands is part of system administration-and as a single user " "of a UNIX(R) system, you are your own system administrator. Virtually " "everything you need to be `root` to do is system administration. Such " "responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat books on " "UNIX(R), which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in " "windows managers. You might want to get one of the two leading books on " "systems administration, either Evi Nemeth et.al.'s UNIX System " "Administration Handbook (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-15051-7)-the second " "edition with the red cover; or Æleen Frisch's Essential System " "Administration (O'Reilly & Associates, 2002, ISBN 0-596-00343-9). I used " "Nemeth." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:237 #, no-wrap msgid "Editing Text" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:243 msgid "" "To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of them will be " "in the [.filename]#/etc# directory; and you will need to `su` to `root` to " "be able to change them. You can use the easy `ee`, but in the long run the " "text editor `vi` is worth learning. There is an excellent tutorial on vi in " "[.filename]#/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial#, if you have the system " "sources installed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:247 msgid "" "Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to " "edit [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. You could just use `cd /etc` to get to the " "[.filename]#/etc# directory and do:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:251 #, no-wrap msgid "# cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:255 msgid "" "This would copy [.filename]#rc.conf# to [.filename]#rc.conf.orig#, and you " "could later copy [.filename]#rc.conf.orig# to [.filename]#rc.conf# to " "recover the original. But even better would be moving (renaming) and then " "copying back:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:260 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n" "# cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:265 msgid "" "because `mv` preserves the original date and owner of the file. You can now " "edit [.filename]#rc.conf#. If you want the original back, you would then " "`mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit` (assuming you want to preserve your edited " "version) and then" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:269 #, no-wrap msgid "# mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:272 msgid "to put things back the way they were." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:274 msgid "To edit a file, type" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:278 #, no-wrap msgid "# vi filename\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:283 msgid "" "Move through the text with the arrow keys. kbd:[Esc] (the escape key) puts " "`vi` in command mode. Here are some commands:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:284 #, no-wrap msgid "`x`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:286 msgid "delete letter the cursor is on" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:287 #, no-wrap msgid "`dd`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:289 msgid "delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:290 #, no-wrap msgid "`i`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:292 msgid "insert text at the cursor" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:293 #, no-wrap msgid "`a`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:295 msgid "insert text after the cursor" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:298 msgid "" "Once you type `i` or `a`, you can enter text. `Esc` puts you back in " "command mode where you can type" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:299 #, no-wrap msgid "`:w`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:301 msgid "to write your changes to disk and continue editing" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:302 #, no-wrap msgid "`:wq`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:304 msgid "to write and quit" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:305 #, no-wrap msgid "`:q!`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:307 msgid "to quit without saving changes" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:308 #, no-wrap msgid "`/_text_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:310 msgid "" "to move the cursor to _text_; `/` kbd:[Enter] (the enter key) to find the " "next instance of _text_." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:311 #, no-wrap msgid "`G`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:313 msgid "to go to the end of the file" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:314 #, no-wrap msgid "`nG`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:316 msgid "to go to line _n_ in the file, where _n_ is a number" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:317 #, no-wrap msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+L]" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:319 msgid "to redraw the screen" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:320 #, no-wrap msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+b] and kbd:[Ctrl+f]" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:322 msgid "go back and forward a screen, as they do with `more` and `view`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:327 msgid "" "Practice with `vi` in your home directory by creating a new file with `vi " "_filename_` and adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up " "again. `vi` delivers some surprises because it is really quite complex, and " "sometimes you will inadvertently issue a command that will do something you " "do not expect. (Some people actually like `vi`-it is more powerful than DOS " "EDIT-find out about `:r`.) Use kbd:[Esc] one or more times to be sure you " "are in command mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save " "often with `:w`, and use `:q!` to get out and start over (from your last `:" "w`) when you need to." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:331 msgid "" "Now you can `cd` to [.filename]#/etc#, `su` to `root`, use `vi` to edit the " "file [.filename]#/etc/group#, and add a user to `wheel` so the user has root " "privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end of the " "first line in the file, press kbd:[Esc], and use `:wq` to write the file to " "disk and quit. Instantly effective. (You did not put a space after the " "comma, did you?)" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:333 #, no-wrap msgid "Other Useful Commands" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:335 #, no-wrap msgid "`df`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:337 msgid "shows file space and mounted systems." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:338 #, no-wrap msgid "`ps aux`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:340 msgid "shows processes running. `ps ax` is a narrower form." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:341 #, no-wrap msgid "`rm _filename_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:343 msgid "remove _filename_." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:344 #, no-wrap msgid "`rm -R _dir_`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:346 msgid "removes a directory _dir_ and all subdirectories-careful!" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:347 #, no-wrap msgid "`ls -R`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:349 msgid "" "lists files in the current directory and all subdirectories; I used a " "variant, `ls -AFR > where.txt`, to get a list of all the files in [." "filename]#/# and (separately) [.filename]#/usr# before I found better ways " "to find files." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:350 #, no-wrap msgid "`passwd`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:352 msgid "to change user's password (or ``root``'s password)" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:353 #, no-wrap msgid "`man hier`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:355 msgid "manual page on the UNIX(R) filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:357 msgid "" "Use `find` to locate [.filename]#filename# in [.filename]#/usr# or any of " "its subdirectories with" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:361 #, no-wrap msgid "% find /usr -name \"filename\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:365 msgid "" "You can use * as a wildcard in `\"_filename_\"` (which should be in " "quotes). If you tell `find` to search in [.filename]#/# instead of [." "filename]#/usr# it will look for the file(s) on all mounted filesystems, " "including the CDROM and the DOS partition." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:367 msgid "" "An excellent book that explains UNIX(R) commands and utilities is Abrahams & " "Larson, Unix for the Impatient (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996). There is " "also a lot of UNIX(R) information on the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:369 #, no-wrap msgid "Next Steps" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:376 msgid "" "You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit files, so you " "can get everything up and running. There is a great deal of information in " "the FreeBSD handbook (which is probably on your hard drive) and link:https://" "www.FreeBSD.org/[FreeBSD's web site]. A wide variety of packages and ports " "are on the CDROM as well as the web site. The handbook tells you more about " "how to use them (get the package if it exists, with `pkg add _packagename_`, " "where _packagename_ is the filename of the package). The CDROM has lists of " "the packages and ports with brief descriptions in [.filename]#cdrom/packages/" "index#, [.filename]#cdrom/packages/index.txt#, and [.filename]#cdrom/ports/" "index#, with fuller descriptions in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/\\*/*/pkg/" "DESCR#, where the *s represent subdirectories of kinds of programs and " "program names respectively." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:378 msgid "" "If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with `lndir` and all) on " "installing ports from the CDROM, here is what usually works:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:381 msgid "" "Find the port you want, say `kermit`. There will be a directory for it on " "the CDROM. Copy the subdirectory to [.filename]#/usr/local# (a good place " "for software you add that should be available to all users) with:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:385 #, no-wrap msgid "# cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:388 msgid "" "This should result in a [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# subdirectory that has " "all the files that the `kermit` subdirectory on the CDROM has." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:393 msgid "" "Next, create the directory [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles# if it does not " "already exist using `mkdir`. Now check [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles# " "for a file with a name that indicates it is the port you want. Copy that " "file to [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#; in recent versions you can skip " "this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you. In the case of `kermit`, there is " "no distfile." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:396 msgid "" "Then `cd` to the subdirectory of [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# that has the " "file [.filename]#Makefile#. Type" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:400 #, no-wrap msgid "# make all install\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:406 msgid "" "During this process the port will FTP to get any compressed files it needs " "that it did not find on the CDROM or in [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#. " "If you do not have your network running yet and there was no file for the " "port in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles#, you will have to get the " "distfile using another machine and copy it to [.filename]#/usr/ports/" "distfiles#. Read [.filename]#Makefile# (with `cat` or `more` or `view`) to " "find out where to go (the master distribution site) to get the file and what " "its name is. (Use binary file transfers!) Then go back to [.filename]#/usr/" "local/kermit#, find the directory with [.filename]#Makefile#, and type `make " "all install`." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:408 #, no-wrap msgid "Your Working Environment" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:413 msgid "" "Your shell is the most important part of your working environment. The " "shell is what interprets the commands you type on the command line, and thus " "communicates with the rest of the operating system. You can also write " "shell scripts a series of commands to be run without intervention." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:417 msgid "" "Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: `csh` and `sh`. `csh` is good for " "command-line work, but scripts should be written with `sh` (or `bash`). You " "can find out what shell you have by typing `echo $SHELL`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:423 msgid "" "The `csh` shell is okay, but `tcsh` does everything `csh` does and more. It " "allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them. It has tab-" "key completion of filenames (`csh` uses kbd:[Esc]), and it lets you switch " "to the directory you were last in with `cd -`. It is also much easier to " "alter your prompt with `tcsh`. It makes life a lot easier." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:425 msgid "Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:429 msgid "" "Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you would any other port " "or package." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:430 msgid "" "Use `chsh` to change your shell to `tcsh` permanently, or type `tcsh` at the " "prompt to change your shell without logging in again." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:438 msgid "" "It can be dangerous to change `root`'s shell to something other than `sh` or " "`csh` on early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions of UNIX(R); you " "may not have a working shell when the system puts you into single user " "mode. The solution is to use `su -m` to become `root`, which will give you " "the `tcsh` as `root`, because the shell is part of the environment. You can " "make this permanent by adding it to your [.filename]#.tcshrc# as an alias " "with:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:442 #, no-wrap msgid "alias su su -m\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:449 msgid "" "When `tcsh` starts up, it will read the [.filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc# and [." "filename]#/etc/csh.login# files, as does `csh`. It will also read [." "filename]#.login# in your home directory and [.filename]#.cshrc# as well, " "unless you provide a [.filename]#.tcshrc#. This you can do by simply " "copying [.filename]#.cshrc# to [.filename]#.tcshrc#." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:453 msgid "" "Now that you have installed `tcsh`, you can adjust your prompt. You can " "find the details in the manual page for `tcsh`, but here is a line to put in " "your [.filename]#.tcshrc# that will tell you how many commands you have " "typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in. It also produces a " "`>` if you are an ordinary user and a # if you are `root`, but tsch will do " "that in any case:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:455 msgid "set prompt = \"%h %t %~ %# \"" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:460 msgid "" "This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line if there is " "one, or under \"if($?prompt) then\" if not. Comment out the old line; you " "can always switch back to it if you prefer it. Do not forget the spaces and " "quotes. You can get the [.filename]#.tcshrc# reread by typing `source ." "tcshrc`." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:464 msgid "" "You can get a listing of other environmental variables that have been set by " "typing `env` at the prompt. The result will show you your default editor, " "pager, and terminal type, among possibly many others. A useful command if " "you log in from a remote location and cannot run a program because the " "terminal is not capable is `setenv TERM vt100`." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:466 #, no-wrap msgid "Other" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:470 msgid "" "As `root`, you can unmount the CDROM with `/sbin/umount /cdrom`, take it out " "of the drive, insert another one, and mount it with `/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/" "cd0a /cdrom` assuming cd0a is the device name for your CDROM drive. The " "most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the CDROM with just `/sbin/" "mount /cdrom`." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:476 msgid "" "Using the live filesystem-the second of FreeBSD's CDROM disks-is useful if " "you have got limited space. What is on the live filesystem varies from " "release to release. You might try playing games from the CDROM. This " "involves using `lndir`, which gets installed with the X Window System, to " "tell the program(s) where to find the necessary files, because they are in [." "filename]#/cdrom# instead of in [.filename]#/usr# and its subdirectories, " "which is where they are expected to be. Read `man lndir`." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:478 #, no-wrap msgid "Comments Welcome" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:482 msgid "" "If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it was unclear " "and what was left out that you think should be included, and if it was " "helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of computer science at " "SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful comments." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:483 msgid "" "Annelise Anderson, mailto:[email protected][[email protected]." "edu]" msgstr ""