Path: blob/main/documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.po
18098 views
# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project # This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-02-22 15:58+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <[email protected]>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: YAML Front Matter: description #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "This chapter covers some of the more frequently used network services on UNIX systems" msgstr "" #. type: YAML Front Matter: part #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "IV. Network Communication" msgstr "" #. type: YAML Front Matter: title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Chapter 32. Network Servers" msgstr "" #. type: Title = #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:15 #, no-wrap msgid "Network Servers" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:53 #, no-wrap msgid "Synopsis" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:58 msgid "" "This chapter covers some of the more frequently used network services on " "UNIX(R) systems. This includes installing, configuring, testing, and " "maintaining many different types of network services. Example configuration " "files are included throughout this chapter for reference." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:60 msgid "By the end of this chapter, readers will know:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:62 msgid "How to manage the inetd daemon." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:63 msgid "How to set up the Network File System (NFS)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:64 msgid "" "How to set up the Network Information Server (NIS) for centralizing and " "sharing user accounts." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:65 msgid "How to set FreeBSD up to act as an LDAP server or client" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:66 msgid "How to set up automatic network settings using DHCP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:67 msgid "How to set up a Domain Name Server (DNS)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:68 msgid "How to set up the Apache HTTP Server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:69 msgid "How to set up a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:70 msgid "" "How to set up a file and print server for Windows(R) clients using Samba." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:71 msgid "" "How to synchronize the time and date, and set up a time server using the " "Network Time Protocol (NTP)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:72 msgid "How to set up iSCSI." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:74 msgid "This chapter assumes a basic knowledge of:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:76 msgid "[.filename]#/etc/rc# scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:77 msgid "Network terminology." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:78 msgid "" "Installation of additional third-party software " "(crossref:ports[ports,Installing Applications: Packages and Ports])." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:80 #, no-wrap msgid "The inetd Super-Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:86 msgid "" "The man:inetd[8] daemon is sometimes referred to as a Super-Server because " "it manages connections for many services. Instead of starting multiple " "applications, only the inetd service needs to be started. When a connection " "is received for a service that is managed by inetd, it determines which " "program the connection is destined for, spawns a process for that program, " "and delegates the program a socket. Using inetd for services that are not " "heavily used can reduce system load, when compared to running each daemon " "individually in stand-alone mode." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:88 msgid "" "Primarily, inetd is used to spawn other daemons, but several trivial " "protocols are handled internally, such as chargen, auth, time, echo, " "discard, and daytime." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:90 msgid "This section covers the basics of configuring inetd." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:92 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuration File" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:98 msgid "" "Configuration of inetd is done by editing [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf#. " "Each line of this configuration file represents an application which can be " "started by inetd. By default, every line starts with a comment (`+#+`), " "meaning that inetd is not listening for any applications. To configure " "inetd to listen for an application's connections, remove the `+#+` at the " "beginning of the line for that application." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:100 msgid "" "After saving the edits, configure inetd to start at system boot by editing " "[.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:104 #, no-wrap msgid "inetd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:107 msgid "" "To start inetd now, so that it listens for the configured service, type:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:111 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:114 msgid "" "Once inetd is started, it needs to be notified whenever a modification is " "made to [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:116 #, no-wrap msgid "Reloading the inetd Configuration File" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:123 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd reload\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:129 msgid "" "Typically, the default entry for an application does not need to be edited " "beyond removing the `+#+`. In some situations, it may be appropriate to " "edit the default entry." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:131 msgid "As an example, this is the default entry for man:ftpd[8] over IPv4:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:135 #, no-wrap msgid "ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/libexec/ftpd ftpd -l\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:138 msgid "The seven columns in an entry are as follows:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:148 #, no-wrap msgid "" "service-name\n" "socket-type\n" "protocol\n" "{wait|nowait}[/max-child[/max-connections-per-ip-per-minute[/max-child-per-ip]]]\n" "user[:group][/login-class]\n" "server-program\n" "server-program-arguments\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:151 msgid "where:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:152 #, no-wrap msgid "service-name" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:157 msgid "" "The service name of the daemon to start. It must correspond to a service " "listed in [.filename]#/etc/services#. This determines which port inetd " "listens on for incoming connections to that service. When using a custom " "service, it must first be added to [.filename]#/etc/services#." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:158 #, no-wrap msgid "socket-type" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:161 msgid "" "Either `stream`, `dgram`, `raw`, or `seqpacket`. Use `stream` for TCP " "connections and `dgram` for UDP services." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:162 #, no-wrap msgid "protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:164 msgid "Use one of the following protocol names:" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:169 #, no-wrap msgid "Protocol Name" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:172 #, no-wrap msgid "Explanation" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:173 #, no-wrap msgid "tcp or tcp4" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:175 #, no-wrap msgid "TCP IPv4" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:176 #, no-wrap msgid "udp or udp4" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:178 #, no-wrap msgid "UDP IPv4" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:179 #, no-wrap msgid "tcp6" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:181 #, no-wrap msgid "TCP IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:182 #, no-wrap msgid "udp6" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:184 #, no-wrap msgid "UDP IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:185 #, no-wrap msgid "tcp46" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:187 #, no-wrap msgid "Both TCP IPv4 and IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:188 #, no-wrap msgid "udp46" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:189 #, no-wrap msgid "Both UDP IPv4 and IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:194 msgid "" "{wait|nowait}[/max-child[/max-connections-per-ip-per-minute[/max-child-per-" "ip]]]:: In this field, `wait` or `nowait` must be specified. `max-child`, " "`max-connections-per-ip-per-minute` and `max-child-per-ip` are optional." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:198 msgid "" "`wait|nowait` indicates whether or not the service is able to handle its own " "socket. `dgram` socket types must use `wait` while `stream` daemons, which " "are usually multi-threaded, should use `nowait`. `wait` usually hands off " "multiple sockets to a single daemon, while `nowait` spawns a child daemon " "for each new socket." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:202 msgid "" "The maximum number of child daemons inetd may spawn is set by `max-child`. " "For example, to limit ten instances of the daemon, place a `/10` after " "`nowait`. Specifying `/0` allows an unlimited number of children." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:208 msgid "" "`max-connections-per-ip-per-minute` limits the number of connections from " "any particular IP address per minute. Once the limit is reached, further " "connections from this IP address will be dropped until the end of the " "minute. For example, a value of `/10` would limit any particular IP address " "to ten connection attempts per minute. `max-child-per-ip` limits the number " "of child processes that can be started on behalf on any single IP address at " "any moment. These options can limit excessive resource consumption and help " "to prevent Denial of Service attacks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:210 msgid "An example can be seen in the default settings for man:fingerd[8]:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:214 #, no-wrap msgid "finger stream tcp nowait/3/10 nobody /usr/libexec/fingerd fingerd -k -s\n" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:216 #, no-wrap msgid "user" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:219 msgid "" "The username the daemon will run as. Daemons typically run as `root`, " "`daemon`, or `nobody`." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:220 #, no-wrap msgid "server-program" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:223 msgid "" "The full path to the daemon. If the daemon is a service provided by inetd " "internally, use `internal`." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:224 #, no-wrap msgid "server-program-arguments" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:227 msgid "" "Used to specify any command arguments to be passed to the daemon on " "invocation. If the daemon is an internal service, use `internal`." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:229 #, no-wrap msgid "Command-Line Options" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:234 msgid "" "Like most server daemons, inetd has a number of options that can be used to " "modify its behavior. By default, inetd is started with `-wW -C 60`. These " "options enable TCP wrappers for all services, including internal services, " "and prevent any IP address from requesting any service more than 60 times " "per minute." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:237 msgid "" "To change the default options which are passed to inetd, add an entry for " "`inetd_flags` in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. If inetd is already running, " "restart it with `service inetd restart`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:239 msgid "The available rate limiting options are:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:240 #, no-wrap msgid "-c maximum" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:243 msgid "" "Specify the default maximum number of simultaneous invocations of each " "service, where the default is unlimited. May be overridden on a per-service " "basis by using `max-child` in [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:244 #, no-wrap msgid "-C rate" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:247 msgid "" "Specify the default maximum number of times a service can be invoked from a " "single IP address per minute. May be overridden on a per-service basis by " "using `max-connections-per-ip-per-minute` in [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:248 #, no-wrap msgid "-R rate" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:251 msgid "" "Specify the maximum number of times a service can be invoked in one minute, " "where the default is `256`. A rate of `0` allows an unlimited number." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:252 #, no-wrap msgid "-s maximum" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:255 msgid "" "Specify the maximum number of times a service can be invoked from a single " "IP address at any one time, where the default is unlimited. May be " "overridden on a per-service basis by using `max-child-per-ip` in " "[.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:257 msgid "" "Additional options are available. Refer to man:inetd[8] for the full list of " "options." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:259 #, no-wrap msgid "Security Considerations" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:265 msgid "" "Many of the daemons which can be managed by inetd are not security-" "conscious. Some daemons, such as fingerd, can provide information that may " "be useful to an attacker. Only enable the services which are needed and " "monitor the system for excessive connection attempts. `max-connections-per-" "ip-per-minute`, `max-child` and `max-child-per-ip` can be used to limit such " "attacks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:268 msgid "" "By default, TCP wrappers are enabled. Consult man:hosts_access[5] for more " "information on placing TCP restrictions on various inetd invoked daemons." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:270 #, no-wrap msgid "Network File System (NFS)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:274 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports the Network File System (NFS), which allows a server to " "share directories and files with clients over a network. With NFS, users " "and programs can access files on remote systems as if they were stored " "locally." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:277 msgid "NFS has many practical uses. Some of the more common uses include:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:279 msgid "" "Data that would otherwise be duplicated on each client can be kept in a " "single location and accessed by clients on the network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:280 msgid "" "Several clients may need access to the [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles# " "directory. Sharing that directory allows for quick access to the source " "files without having to download them to each client." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:281 msgid "" "On large networks, it is often more convenient to configure a central NFS " "server on which all user home directories are stored. Users can log into a " "client anywhere on the network and have access to their home directories." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:282 msgid "" "Administration of NFS exports is simplified. For example, there is only one " "file system where security or backup policies must be set." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:283 msgid "" "Removable media storage devices can be used by other machines on the " "network. This reduces the number of devices throughout the network and " "provides a centralized location to manage their security. It is often more " "convenient to install software on multiple machines from a centralized " "installation media." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:287 msgid "" "NFS consists of a server and one or more clients. The client remotely " "accesses the data that is stored on the server machine. In order for this " "to function properly, a few processes have to be configured and running." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:289 msgid "These daemons must be running on the server:" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:294 #, no-wrap msgid "Daemon" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:297 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:559 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1008 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1027 #, no-wrap msgid "Description" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:298 #, no-wrap msgid "nfsd" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:300 #, no-wrap msgid "The NFS daemon which services requests from NFS clients." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:301 #, no-wrap msgid "mountd" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:303 #, no-wrap msgid "The NFS mount daemon which carries out requests received from nfsd." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:304 #, no-wrap msgid "rpcbind" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:305 #, no-wrap msgid "This daemon allows NFS clients to discover which port the NFS server is using." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:308 msgid "" "Running man:nfsiod[8] on the client can improve performance, but is not " "required." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:310 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring the Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:316 msgid "" "The file systems which the NFS server will share are specified in " "[.filename]#/etc/exports#. Each line in this file specifies a file system " "to be exported, which clients have access to that file system, and any " "access options. When adding entries to this file, each exported file " "system, its properties, and allowed hosts must occur on a single line. If " "no clients are listed in the entry, then any client on the network can mount " "that file system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:321 msgid "" "The following [.filename]#/etc/exports# entries demonstrate how to export " "file systems. The examples can be modified to match the file systems and " "client names on the reader's network. There are many options that can be " "used in this file, but only a few will be mentioned here. See " "man:exports[5] for the full list of options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:323 msgid "" "This example shows how to export [.filename]#/media# to three hosts named " "_alpha_, _bravo_, and _charlie_:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:327 #, no-wrap msgid "/media -ro alpha bravo charlie\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:332 msgid "" "The `-ro` flag makes the file system read-only, preventing clients from " "making any changes to the exported file system. This example assumes that " "the host names are either in DNS or in [.filename]#/etc/hosts#. Refer to " "man:hosts[5] if the network does not have a DNS server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:337 msgid "" "The next example exports [.filename]#/home# to three clients by IP address. " "This can be useful for networks without DNS or [.filename]#/etc/hosts# " "entries. The `-alldirs` flag allows subdirectories to be mount points. In " "other words, it will not automatically mount the subdirectories, but will " "permit the client to mount the directories that are required as needed." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:341 #, no-wrap msgid "/usr/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:346 msgid "" "This next example exports [.filename]#/a# so that two clients from different " "domains may access that file system. The `-maproot=root` allows `root` on " "the remote system to write data on the exported file system as `root`. If `-" "maproot=root` is not specified, the client's `root` user will be mapped to " "the server's `nobody` account and will be subject to the access limitations " "defined for `nobody`." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:350 #, no-wrap msgid "/a -maproot=root host.example.com box.example.org\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:354 msgid "" "A client can only be specified once per file system. For example, if " "[.filename]#/usr# is a single file system, these entries would be invalid as " "both entries specify the same host:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:360 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Invalid when /usr is one file system\n" "/usr/src client\n" "/usr/ports client\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:363 msgid "The correct format for this situation is to use one entry:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:367 #, no-wrap msgid "/usr/src /usr/ports client\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:370 msgid "" "The following is an example of a valid export list, where [.filename]#/usr# " "and [.filename]#/exports# are local file systems:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:381 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Export src and ports to client01 and client02, but only\n" "# client01 has root privileges on it\n" "/usr/src /usr/ports -maproot=root client01\n" "/usr/src /usr/ports client02\n" "# The client machines have root and can mount anywhere\n" "# on /exports. Anyone in the world can mount /exports/obj read-only\n" "/exports -alldirs -maproot=root client01 client02\n" "/exports/obj -ro\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:384 msgid "" "To enable the processes required by the NFS server at boot time, add these " "options to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:390 #, no-wrap msgid "" "rpcbind_enable=\"YES\"\n" "nfs_server_enable=\"YES\"\n" "mountd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:393 msgid "The server can be started now by running this command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:397 #, no-wrap msgid "# service nfsd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:402 msgid "" "Whenever the NFS server is started, mountd also starts automatically. " "However, mountd only reads [.filename]#/etc/exports# when it is started. To " "make subsequent [.filename]#/etc/exports# edits take effect immediately, " "force mountd to reread it:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:406 #, no-wrap msgid "# service mountd reload\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:409 msgid "" "Refer to man:zfs-share[8] for a description of exporting ZFS datasets via " "NFS using the `sharenfs` ZFS property instead of the man:exports[5] file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:411 msgid "Refer to man:nfsv4[4] for a description of an NFS Version 4 setup." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:412 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring the Client" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:415 msgid "" "To enable NFS clients, set this option in each client's [.filename]#/etc/" "rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:419 #, no-wrap msgid "nfs_client_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:422 msgid "Then, run this command on each NFS client:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:426 #, no-wrap msgid "# service nfsclient start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:431 msgid "" "The client now has everything it needs to mount a remote file system. In " "these examples, the server's name is `server` and the client's name is " "`client`. To mount [.filename]#/home# on `server` to the [.filename]#/mnt# " "mount point on `client`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:435 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount server:/home /mnt\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:438 msgid "" "The files and directories in [.filename]#/home# will now be available on " "`client`, in the [.filename]#/mnt# directory." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:440 msgid "" "To mount a remote file system each time the client boots, add it to " "[.filename]#/etc/fstab#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:444 #, no-wrap msgid "server:/home\t/mnt\tnfs\trw\t0\t0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:447 msgid "Refer to man:fstab[5] for a description of all available options." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:448 #, no-wrap msgid "Locking" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:452 msgid "" "Some applications require file locking to operate correctly. To enable " "locking, execute the following command on both the client and server:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:456 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc rpc_lockd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:459 msgid "Then start the man:rpc.lockd[8] service:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:463 #, no-wrap msgid "# service lockd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:467 msgid "" "If locking is not required on the server, the NFS client can be configured " "to lock locally by including `-L` when running mount. Refer to " "man:mount_nfs[8] for further details." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:469 #, no-wrap msgid "Automating Mounts with man:autofs[5]" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:476 msgid "" "The man:autofs[5] automount facility is supported starting with FreeBSD 10.1-" "RELEASE. To use the automounter functionality in older versions of FreeBSD, " "use man:amd[8] instead. This chapter only describes the man:autofs[5] " "automounter." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:482 msgid "" "The man:autofs[5] facility is a common name for several components that, " "together, allow for automatic mounting of remote and local filesystems " "whenever a file or directory within that file system is accessed. It " "consists of the kernel component, man:autofs[5], and several userspace " "applications: man:automount[8], man:automountd[8] and man:autounmountd[8]. " "It serves as an alternative for man:amd[8] from previous FreeBSD releases. " "amd is still provided for backward compatibility purposes, as the two use " "different map formats; the one used by autofs is the same as with other SVR4 " "automounters, such as the ones in Solaris, MacOS X, and Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:484 msgid "" "The man:autofs[5] virtual filesystem is mounted on specified mountpoints by " "man:automount[8], usually invoked during boot." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:488 msgid "" "Whenever a process attempts to access a file within the man:autofs[5] " "mountpoint, the kernel will notify man:automountd[8] daemon and pause the " "triggering process. The man:automountd[8] daemon will handle kernel " "requests by finding the proper map and mounting the filesystem according to " "it, then signal the kernel to release blocked process. The " "man:autounmountd[8] daemon automatically unmounts automounted filesystems " "after some time, unless they are still being used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:491 msgid "" "The primary autofs configuration file is [.filename]#/etc/auto_master#. It " "assigns individual maps to top-level mounts. For an explanation of " "[.filename]#auto_master# and the map syntax, refer to man:auto_master[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:495 msgid "" "There is a special automounter map mounted on [.filename]#/net#. When a " "file is accessed within this directory, man:autofs[5] looks up the " "corresponding remote mount and automatically mounts it. For instance, an " "attempt to access a file within [.filename]#/net/foobar/usr# would tell " "man:automountd[8] to mount the [.filename]#/usr# export from the host " "`foobar`." msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:496 #, no-wrap msgid "Mounting an Export with man:autofs[5]" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:500 msgid "" "In this example, `showmount -e` shows the exported file systems that can be " "mounted from the NFS server, `foobar`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:508 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% showmount -e foobar\n" "Exports list on foobar:\n" "/usr 10.10.10.0\n" "/a 10.10.10.0\n" "% cd /net/foobar/usr\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:515 msgid "" "The output from `showmount` shows [.filename]#/usr# as an export. When " "changing directories to [.filename]#/host/foobar/usr#, man:automountd[8] " "intercepts the request and attempts to resolve the hostname `foobar`. If " "successful, man:automountd[8] automatically mounts the source export." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:517 msgid "" "To enable man:autofs[5] at boot time, add this line to [.filename]#/etc/" "rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:521 #, no-wrap msgid "autofs_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:524 msgid "Then man:autofs[5] can be started by running:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:530 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service automount start\n" "# service automountd start\n" "# service autounmountd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:534 msgid "" "The man:autofs[5] map format is the same as in other operating systems. " "Information about this format from other sources can be useful, like the " "http://web.archive.org/web/20160813071113/http://images.apple.com/business/" "docs/Autofs.pdf[Mac OS X document]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:536 msgid "" "Consult the man:automount[8], man:automountd[8], man:autounmountd[8], and " "man:auto_master[5] manual pages for more information." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:538 #, no-wrap msgid "Network Information System (NIS)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:543 msgid "" "Network Information System (NIS) is designed to centralize administration of " "UNIX(R)-like systems such as Solaris(TM), HP-UX, AIX(R), Linux, NetBSD, " "OpenBSD, and FreeBSD. NIS was originally known as Yellow Pages but the name " "was changed due to trademark issues. This is the reason why NIS commands " "begin with `yp`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:546 msgid "" "NIS is a Remote Procedure Call (RPC)-based client/server system that allows " "a group of machines within an NIS domain to share a common set of " "configuration files. This permits a system administrator to set up NIS " "client systems with only minimal configuration data and to add, remove, or " "modify configuration data from a single location." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:548 msgid "FreeBSD uses version 2 of the NIS protocol." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:549 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS Terms and Processes" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:552 msgid "Table 28.1 summarizes the terms and important processes used by NIS:" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:553 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS Terminology" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:557 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1894 #, no-wrap msgid "Term" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:560 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS domain name" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:562 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS servers and clients share an NIS domain name. Typically, this name does not have anything to do with DNS." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:563 #, no-wrap msgid "man:rpcbind[8]" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:565 #, no-wrap msgid "This service enables RPC and must be running in order to run an NIS server or act as an NIS client." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:566 #, no-wrap msgid "man:ypbind[8]" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:568 #, no-wrap msgid "This service binds an NIS client to its NIS server. It will take the NIS domain name and use RPC to connect to the server. It is the core of client/server communication in an NIS environment. If this service is not running on a client machine, it will not be able to access the NIS server." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:569 #, no-wrap msgid "man:ypserv[8]" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:571 #, no-wrap msgid "This is the process for the NIS server. If this service stops running, the server will no longer be able to respond to NIS requests so hopefully, there is a slave server to take over. Some non-FreeBSD clients will not try to reconnect using a slave server and the ypbind process may need to be restarted on these clients." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:572 #, no-wrap msgid "man:rpc.yppasswdd[8]" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:573 #, no-wrap msgid "This process only runs on NIS master servers. This daemon allows NIS clients to change their NIS passwords. If this daemon is not running, users will have to login to the NIS master server and change their passwords there." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:575 #, no-wrap msgid "Machine Types" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:578 msgid "There are three types of hosts in an NIS environment:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:580 msgid "NIS master server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:584 msgid "" "This server acts as a central repository for host configuration information " "and maintains the authoritative copy of the files used by all of the NIS " "clients. The [.filename]#passwd#, [.filename]#group#, and other various " "files used by NIS clients are stored on the master server. While it is " "possible for one machine to be an NIS master server for more than one NIS " "domain, this type of configuration will not be covered in this chapter as it " "assumes a relatively small-scale NIS environment." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:585 msgid "NIS slave servers" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:588 msgid "" "NIS slave servers maintain copies of the NIS master's data files in order to " "provide redundancy. Slave servers also help to balance the load of the " "master server as NIS clients always attach to the NIS server which responds " "first." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:589 msgid "NIS clients" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:591 msgid "NIS clients authenticate against the NIS server during log on." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:595 msgid "" "Information in many files can be shared using NIS. The " "[.filename]#master.passwd#, [.filename]#group#, and [.filename]#hosts# files " "are commonly shared via NIS. Whenever a process on a client needs " "information that would normally be found in these files locally, it makes a " "query to the NIS server that it is bound to instead." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:596 #, no-wrap msgid "Planning Considerations" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:602 msgid "" "This section describes a sample NIS environment which consists of 15 FreeBSD " "machines with no centralized point of administration. Each machine has its " "own [.filename]#/etc/passwd# and [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd#. These " "files are kept in sync with each other only through manual intervention. " "Currently, when a user is added to the lab, the process must be repeated on " "all 15 machines." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:604 msgid "The configuration of the lab will be as follows:" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:609 #, no-wrap msgid "Machine name" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:610 #, no-wrap msgid "IP address" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:613 #, no-wrap msgid "Machine role" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:614 #, no-wrap msgid "`ellington`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:615 #, no-wrap msgid "`10.0.0.2`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:617 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS master" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:618 #, no-wrap msgid "`coltrane`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:619 #, no-wrap msgid "`10.0.0.3`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:621 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS slave" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:622 #, no-wrap msgid "`basie`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:623 #, no-wrap msgid "`10.0.0.4`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:625 #, no-wrap msgid "Faculty workstation" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:626 #, no-wrap msgid "`bird`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:627 #, no-wrap msgid "`10.0.0.5`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:629 #, no-wrap msgid "Client machine" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:630 #, no-wrap msgid "`cli[1-11]`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:631 #, no-wrap msgid "`10.0.0.[6-17]`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:632 #, no-wrap msgid "Other client machines" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:636 msgid "" "If this is the first time an NIS scheme is being developed, it should be " "thoroughly planned ahead of time. Regardless of network size, several " "decisions need to be made as part of the planning process." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:637 #, no-wrap msgid "Choosing a NIS Domain Name" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:642 msgid "" "When a client broadcasts its requests for info, it includes the name of the " "NIS domain that it is part of. This is how multiple servers on one network " "can tell which server should answer which request. Think of the NIS domain " "name as the name for a group of hosts." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:648 msgid "" "Some organizations choose to use their Internet domain name for their NIS " "domain name. This is not recommended as it can cause confusion when trying " "to debug network problems. The NIS domain name should be unique within the " "network and it is helpful if it describes the group of machines it " "represents. For example, the Art department at Acme Inc. might be in the " "\"acme-art\" NIS domain. This example will use the domain name `test-" "domain`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:651 msgid "" "However, some non-FreeBSD operating systems require the NIS domain name to " "be the same as the Internet domain name. If one or more machines on the " "network have this restriction, the Internet domain name _must_ be used as " "the NIS domain name." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:652 #, no-wrap msgid "Physical Server Requirements" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:659 msgid "" "There are several things to keep in mind when choosing a machine to use as a " "NIS server. Since NIS clients depend upon the availability of the server, " "choose a machine that is not rebooted frequently. The NIS server should " "ideally be a stand alone machine whose sole purpose is to be an NIS server. " "If the network is not heavily used, it is acceptable to put the NIS server " "on a machine running other services. However, if the NIS server becomes " "unavailable, it will adversely affect all NIS clients." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:660 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring the NIS Master Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:667 msgid "" "The canonical copies of all NIS files are stored on the master server. The " "databases used to store the information are called NIS maps. In FreeBSD, " "these maps are stored in [.filename]#/var/yp/[domainname]# where " "[.filename]#[domainname]# is the name of the NIS domain. Since multiple " "domains are supported, it is possible to have several directories, one for " "each domain. Each domain will have its own independent set of maps." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:670 msgid "" "NIS master and slave servers handle all NIS requests through man:ypserv[8]. " "This daemon is responsible for receiving incoming requests from NIS clients, " "translating the requested domain and map name to a path to the corresponding " "database file, and transmitting data from the database back to the client." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:673 msgid "" "Setting up a master NIS server can be relatively straight forward, depending " "on environmental needs. Since FreeBSD provides built-in NIS support, it " "only needs to be enabled by adding the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/" "rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:679 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nisdomainname=\"test-domain\"\t<.>\n" "nis_server_enable=\"YES\"\t\t<.>\n" "nis_yppasswdd_enable=\"YES\"\t<.>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:682 msgid "This line sets the NIS domain name to `test-domain`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:683 msgid "" "This automates the start up of the NIS server processes when the system " "boots." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:684 msgid "" "This enables the man:rpc.yppasswdd[8] daemon so that users can change their " "NIS password from a client machine." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:689 msgid "" "Care must be taken in a multi-server domain where the server machines are " "also NIS clients. It is generally a good idea to force the servers to bind " "to themselves rather than allowing them to broadcast bind requests and " "possibly become bound to each other. Strange failure modes can result if " "one server goes down and others are dependent upon it. Eventually, all the " "clients will time out and attempt to bind to other servers, but the delay " "involved can be considerable and the failure mode is still present since the " "servers might bind to each other all over again." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:691 msgid "" "A server that is also a client can be forced to bind to a particular server " "by adding these additional lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:696 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nis_client_enable=\"YES\"\t\t\t\t<.>\n" "nis_client_flags=\"-S test-domain,server\"\t<.>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:699 msgid "This enables running client stuff as well." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:700 msgid "This line sets the NIS domain name to `test-domain` and bind to itself." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:703 msgid "" "After saving the edits, type `/etc/netstart` to restart the network and " "apply the values defined in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. Before initializing " "the NIS maps, start man:ypserv[8]:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:707 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ypserv start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:710 #, no-wrap msgid "Initializing the NIS Maps" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:715 msgid "" "NIS maps are generated from the configuration files in [.filename]#/etc# on " "the NIS master, with one exception: [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd#. This " "is to prevent the propagation of passwords to all the servers in the NIS " "domain. Therefore, before the NIS maps are initialized, configure the " "primary password files:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:721 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cp /etc/master.passwd /var/yp/master.passwd\n" "# cd /var/yp\n" "# vi master.passwd\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:724 msgid "" "It is advisable to remove all entries for system accounts as well as any " "user accounts that do not need to be propagated to the NIS clients, such as " "the `root` and any other administrative accounts." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:728 msgid "" "Ensure that the [.filename]#/var/yp/master.passwd# is neither group or world " "readable by setting its permissions to `600`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:733 msgid "" "After completing this task, initialize the NIS maps. FreeBSD includes the " "man:ypinit[8] script to do this. When generating maps for the master " "server, include `-m` and specify the NIS domain name:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:754 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ellington# ypinit -m test-domain\n" "Server Type: MASTER Domain: test-domain\n" "Creating an YP server will require that you answer a few questions.\n" "Questions will all be asked at the beginning of the procedure.\n" "Do you want this procedure to quit on non-fatal errors? [y/n: n] n\n" "Ok, please remember to go back and redo manually whatever fails.\n" "If not, something might not work.\n" "At this point, we have to construct a list of this domains YP servers.\n" "rod.darktech.org is already known as master server.\n" "Please continue to add any slave servers, one per line. When you are\n" "done with the list, type a <control D>.\n" "master server : ellington\n" "next host to add: coltrane\n" "next host to add: ^D\n" "The current list of NIS servers looks like this:\n" "ellington\n" "coltrane\n" "Is this correct? [y/n: y] y\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:756 #, no-wrap msgid "[..output from map generation..]\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:759 #, no-wrap msgid "" "NIS Map update completed.\n" "ellington has been setup as an YP master server without any errors.\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:764 msgid "" "This will create [.filename]#/var/yp/Makefile# from [.filename]#/var/yp/" "Makefile.dist#. By default, this file assumes that the environment has a " "single NIS server with only FreeBSD clients. Since `test-domain` has a " "slave server, edit this line in [.filename]#/var/yp/Makefile# so that it " "begins with a comment (`+#+`):" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:768 #, no-wrap msgid "NOPUSH = \"True\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:771 #, no-wrap msgid "Adding New Users" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:776 msgid "" "Every time a new user is created, the user account must be added to the " "master NIS server and the NIS maps rebuilt. Until this occurs, the new user " "will not be able to login anywhere except on the NIS master. For example, " "to add the new user `jsmith` to the `test-domain` domain, run these commands " "on the master server:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:782 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pw useradd jsmith\n" "# cd /var/yp\n" "# make test-domain\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:785 msgid "" "The user could also be added using `adduser jsmith` instead of `pw useradd " "smith`." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:786 #, no-wrap msgid "Setting up a NIS Slave Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:792 msgid "" "To set up an NIS slave server, log on to the slave server and edit " "[.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# as for the master server. Do not generate any NIS " "maps, as these already exist on the master server. When running `ypinit` on " "the slave server, use `-s` (for slave) instead of `-m` (for master). This " "option requires the name of the NIS master in addition to the domain name, " "as seen in this example:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:796 #, no-wrap msgid "coltrane# ypinit -s ellington test-domain\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:798 #, no-wrap msgid "Server Type: SLAVE Domain: test-domain Master: ellington\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:801 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Creating an YP server will require that you answer a few questions.\n" "Questions will all be asked at the beginning of the procedure.\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:803 #, no-wrap msgid "Do you want this procedure to quit on non-fatal errors? [y/n: n] n\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:848 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Ok, please remember to go back and redo manually whatever fails.\n" "If not, something might not work.\n" "There will be no further questions. The remainder of the procedure\n" "should take a few minutes, to copy the databases from ellington.\n" "Transferring netgroup...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring netgroup.byuser...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring netgroup.byhost...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring master.passwd.byuid...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring passwd.byuid...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring passwd.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring group.bygid...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring group.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring services.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring rpc.bynumber...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring rpc.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring protocols.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring master.passwd.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring networks.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring networks.byaddr...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring netid.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring hosts.byaddr...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring protocols.bynumber...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring ypservers...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" "Transferring hosts.byname...\n" "ypxfr: Exiting: Map successfully transferred\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:851 #, no-wrap msgid "" "coltrane has been setup as an YP slave server without any errors.\n" "Remember to update map ypservers on ellington.\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:855 msgid "" "This will generate a directory on the slave server called [.filename]#/var/" "yp/test-domain# which contains copies of the NIS master server's maps. " "Adding these [.filename]#/etc/crontab# entries on each slave server will " "force the slaves to sync their maps with the maps on the master server:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:860 #, no-wrap msgid "" "20 * * * * root /usr/libexec/ypxfr passwd.byname\n" "21 * * * * root /usr/libexec/ypxfr passwd.byuid\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:865 msgid "" "These entries are not mandatory because the master server automatically " "attempts to push any map changes to its slaves. However, since clients may " "depend upon the slave server to provide correct password information, it is " "recommended to force frequent password map updates. This is especially " "important on busy networks where map updates might not always complete." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:867 msgid "" "To finish the configuration, run `/etc/netstart` on the slave server in " "order to start the NIS services." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:868 #, no-wrap msgid "Setting Up an NIS Client" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:877 msgid "" "An NIS client binds to an NIS server using man:ypbind[8]. This daemon " "broadcasts RPC requests on the local network. These requests specify the " "domain name configured on the client. If an NIS server in the same domain " "receives one of the broadcasts, it will respond to ypbind, which will record " "the server's address. If there are several servers available, the client " "will use the address of the first server to respond and will direct all of " "its NIS requests to that server. The client will automatically ping the " "server on a regular basis to make sure it is still available. If it fails " "to receive a reply within a reasonable amount of time, ypbind will mark the " "domain as unbound and begin broadcasting again in the hopes of locating " "another server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:879 msgid "To configure a FreeBSD machine to be an NIS client:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:883 msgid "" "Edit [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# and add the following lines in order to set " "the NIS domain name and start man:ypbind[8] during network startup:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:888 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nisdomainname=\"test-domain\"\n" "nis_client_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:891 msgid "" "To import all possible password entries from the NIS server, use `vipw` to " "remove all user accounts except one from [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd#. " "When removing the accounts, keep in mind that at least one local account " "should remain and this account should be a member of `wheel`. If there is a " "problem with NIS, this local account can be used to log in remotely, become " "the superuser, and fix the problem. Before saving the edits, add the " "following line to the end of the file:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:895 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1116 #, no-wrap msgid "+:::::::::\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:901 msgid "" "This line configures the client to provide anyone with a valid account in " "the NIS server's password maps an account on the client. There are many " "ways to configure the NIS client by modifying this line. One method is " "described in crossref:network-servers[network-netgroups, Using Netgroups]. " "For more detailed reading, refer to the book `Managing NFS and NIS`, " "published by O'Reilly Media." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:902 msgid "" "To import all possible group entries from the NIS server, add this line to " "[.filename]#/etc/group#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:906 #, no-wrap msgid "+:*::\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:910 msgid "" "To start the NIS client immediately, execute the following commands as the " "superuser:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:915 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# /etc/netstart\n" "# service ypbind start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:918 msgid "" "After completing these steps, running `ypcat passwd` on the client should " "show the server's [.filename]#passwd# map." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:919 #, no-wrap msgid "NIS Security" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:927 msgid "" "Since RPC is a broadcast-based service, any system running ypbind within the " "same domain can retrieve the contents of the NIS maps. To prevent " "unauthorized transactions, man:ypserv[8] supports a feature called " "\"securenets\" which can be used to restrict access to a given set of " "hosts. By default, this information is stored in [.filename]#/var/yp/" "securenets#, unless man:ypserv[8] is started with `-p` and an alternate " "path. This file contains entries that consist of a network specification " "and a network mask separated by white space. Lines starting with `+\"#\"+` " "are considered to be comments. A sample [.filename]#securenets# might look " "like this:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:939 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# allow connections from local host -- mandatory\n" "127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255\n" "# allow connections from any host\n" "# on the 192.168.128.0 network\n" "192.168.128.0 255.255.255.0\n" "# allow connections from any host\n" "# between 10.0.0.0 to 10.0.15.255\n" "# this includes the machines in the testlab\n" "10.0.0.0 255.255.240.0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:944 msgid "" "If man:ypserv[8] receives a request from an address that matches one of " "these rules, it will process the request normally. If the address fails to " "match a rule, the request will be ignored and a warning message will be " "logged. If the [.filename]#securenets# does not exist, `ypserv` will allow " "connections from any host." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:948 msgid "" "crossref:security[tcpwrappers,\"TCP Wrapper\"] is an alternate mechanism for " "providing access control instead of [.filename]#securenets#. While either " "access control mechanism adds some security, they are both vulnerable to " "\"IP spoofing\" attacks. All NIS-related traffic should be blocked at the " "firewall." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:952 msgid "" "Servers using [.filename]#securenets# may fail to serve legitimate NIS " "clients with archaic TCP/IP implementations. Some of these implementations " "set all host bits to zero when doing broadcasts or fail to observe the " "subnet mask when calculating the broadcast address. While some of these " "problems can be fixed by changing the client configuration, other problems " "may force the retirement of these client systems or the abandonment of " "[.filename]#securenets#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:956 msgid "" "The use of TCP Wrapper increases the latency of the NIS server. The " "additional delay may be long enough to cause timeouts in client programs, " "especially in busy networks with slow NIS servers. If one or more clients " "suffer from latency, convert those clients into NIS slave servers and force " "them to bind to themselves." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:957 #, no-wrap msgid "Barring Some Users" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:962 msgid "" "In this example, the `basie` system is a faculty workstation within the NIS " "domain. The [.filename]#passwd# map on the master NIS server contains " "accounts for both faculty and students. This section demonstrates how to " "allow faculty logins on this system while refusing student logins." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:966 msgid "" "To prevent specified users from logging on to a system, even if they are " "present in the NIS database, use `vipw` to add `-_username_` with the " "correct number of colons towards the end of [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd# " "on the client, where _username_ is the username of a user to bar from " "logging in. The line with the blocked user must be before the `+` line that " "allows NIS users. In this example, `bill` is barred from logging on to " "`basie`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:987 #, no-wrap msgid "" "basie# cat /etc/master.passwd\n" "root:[password]:0:0::0:0:The super-user:/root:/bin/csh\n" "toor:[password]:0:0::0:0:The other super-user:/root:/bin/sh\n" "daemon:*:1:1::0:0:Owner of many system processes:/root:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "operator:*:2:5::0:0:System &:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "bin:*:3:7::0:0:Binaries Commands and Source,,,:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "tty:*:4:65533::0:0:Tty Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "kmem:*:5:65533::0:0:KMem Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "games:*:7:13::0:0:Games pseudo-user:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "news:*:8:8::0:0:News Subsystem:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "man:*:9:9::0:0:Mister Man Pages:/usr/share/man:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "bind:*:53:53::0:0:Bind Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "uucp:*:66:66::0:0:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico\n" "xten:*:67:67::0:0:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "pop:*:68:6::0:0:Post Office Owner:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "nobody:*:65534:65534::0:0:Unprivileged user:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin\n" "-bill:::::::::\n" "+:::::::::\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:989 #, no-wrap msgid "basie#\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:993 #, no-wrap msgid "Using Netgroups" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:996 msgid "" "Barring specified users from logging on to individual systems becomes " "unscaleable on larger networks and quickly loses the main benefit of NIS: " "_centralized_ administration." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:999 msgid "" "Netgroups were developed to handle large, complex networks with hundreds of " "users and machines. Their use is comparable to UNIX(R) groups, where the " "main difference is the lack of a numeric ID and the ability to define a " "netgroup by including both user accounts and other netgroups." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1001 msgid "" "To expand on the example used in this chapter, the NIS domain will be " "extended to add the users and systems shown in Tables 28.2 and 28.3:" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1002 #, no-wrap msgid "Additional Users" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1006 #, no-wrap msgid "User Name(s)" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1009 #, no-wrap msgid "`alpha`, `beta`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1011 #, no-wrap msgid "IT department employees" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1012 #, no-wrap msgid "`charlie`, `delta`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1014 #, no-wrap msgid "IT department apprentices" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1015 #, no-wrap msgid "`echo`, `foxtrott`, `golf`, ..." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1017 #, no-wrap msgid "employees" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1018 #, no-wrap msgid "`able`, `baker`, ..." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1019 #, no-wrap msgid "interns" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1021 #, no-wrap msgid "Additional Systems" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1025 #, no-wrap msgid "Machine Name(s)" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1028 #, no-wrap msgid "`war`, `death`, `famine`, `pollution`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1030 #, no-wrap msgid "Only IT employees are allowed to log onto these servers." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1031 #, no-wrap msgid "`pride`, `greed`, `envy`, `wrath`, `lust`, `sloth`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1033 #, no-wrap msgid "All members of the IT department are allowed to login onto these servers." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1034 #, no-wrap msgid "`one`, `two`, `three`, `four`, ..." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1036 #, no-wrap msgid "Ordinary workstations used by employees." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1037 #, no-wrap msgid "`trashcan`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1038 #, no-wrap msgid "A very old machine without any critical data. Even interns are allowed to use this system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1044 msgid "" "When using netgroups to configure this scenario, each user is assigned to " "one or more netgroups and logins are then allowed or forbidden for all " "members of the netgroup. When adding a new machine, login restrictions must " "be defined for all netgroups. When a new user is added, the account must be " "added to one or more netgroups. If the NIS setup is planned carefully, only " "one central configuration file needs modification to grant or deny access to " "machines." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1048 msgid "" "The first step is the initialization of the NIS `netgroup` map. In FreeBSD, " "this map is not created by default. On the NIS master server, use an editor " "to create a map named [.filename]#/var/yp/netgroup#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1050 msgid "" "This example creates four netgroups to represent IT employees, IT " "apprentices, employees, and interns:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1058 #, no-wrap msgid "" "IT_EMP (,alpha,test-domain) (,beta,test-domain)\n" "IT_APP (,charlie,test-domain) (,delta,test-domain)\n" "USERS (,echo,test-domain) (,foxtrott,test-domain) \\\n" " (,golf,test-domain)\n" "INTERNS (,able,test-domain) (,baker,test-domain)\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1063 msgid "" "Each entry configures a netgroup. The first column in an entry is the name " "of the netgroup. Each set of parentheses represents either a group of one " "or more users or the name of another netgroup. When specifying a user, the " "three comma-delimited fields inside each group represent:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1065 msgid "" "The name of the host(s) where the other fields representing the user are " "valid. If a hostname is not specified, the entry is valid on all hosts." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1066 msgid "The name of the account that belongs to this netgroup." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1067 msgid "" "The NIS domain for the account. Accounts may be imported from other NIS " "domains into a netgroup." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1071 msgid "" "If a group contains multiple users, separate each user with whitespace. " "Additionally, each field may contain wildcards. See man:netgroup[5] for " "details." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1074 msgid "" "Netgroup names longer than 8 characters should not be used. The names are " "case sensitive and using capital letters for netgroup names is an easy way " "to distinguish between user, machine and netgroup names." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1077 msgid "" "Some non-FreeBSD NIS clients cannot handle netgroups containing more than 15 " "entries. This limit may be circumvented by creating several sub-netgroups " "with 15 users or fewer and a real netgroup consisting of the sub-netgroups, " "as seen in this example:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1084 #, no-wrap msgid "" "BIGGRP1 (,joe1,domain) (,joe2,domain) (,joe3,domain) [...]\n" "BIGGRP2 (,joe16,domain) (,joe17,domain) [...]\n" "BIGGRP3 (,joe31,domain) (,joe32,domain)\n" "BIGGROUP BIGGRP1 BIGGRP2 BIGGRP3\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1087 msgid "" "Repeat this process if more than 225 (15 times 15) users exist within a " "single netgroup." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1089 msgid "To activate and distribute the new NIS map:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1094 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ellington# cd /var/yp\n" "ellington# make\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1098 msgid "" "This will generate the three NIS maps [.filename]#netgroup#, " "[.filename]#netgroup.byhost# and [.filename]#netgroup.byuser#. Use the map " "key option of man:ypcat[1] to check if the new NIS maps are available:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1104 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ellington% ypcat -k netgroup\n" "ellington% ypcat -k netgroup.byhost\n" "ellington% ypcat -k netgroup.byuser\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1109 msgid "" "The output of the first command should resemble the contents of [.filename]#/" "var/yp/netgroup#. The second command only produces output if host-specific " "netgroups were created. The third command is used to get the list of " "netgroups for a user." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1112 msgid "" "To configure a client, use man:vipw[8] to specify the name of the netgroup. " "For example, on the server named `war`, replace this line:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1119 msgid "with" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1123 #, no-wrap msgid "+@IT_EMP:::::::::\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1126 msgid "" "This specifies that only the users defined in the netgroup `IT_EMP` will be " "imported into this system's password database and only those users are " "allowed to login to this system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1131 msgid "" "This configuration also applies to the `~` function of the shell and all " "routines which convert between user names and numerical user IDs. In other " "words, `cd ~_user_` will not work, `ls -l` will show the numerical ID " "instead of the username, and `find . -user joe -print` will fail with the " "message `No such user`. To fix this, import all user entries without " "allowing them to login into the servers. This can be achieved by adding an " "extra line:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1135 #, no-wrap msgid "+:::::::::/usr/sbin/nologin\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1138 msgid "" "This line configures the client to import all entries but to replace the " "shell in those entries with [.filename]#/usr/sbin/nologin#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1141 msgid "" "Make sure that extra line is placed _after_ `+@IT_EMP:::::::::`. Otherwise, " "all user accounts imported from NIS will have [.filename]#/usr/sbin/nologin# " "as their login shell and no one will be able to login to the system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1143 msgid "" "To configure the less important servers, replace the old `+:::::::::` on the " "servers with these lines:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1149 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+@IT_EMP:::::::::\n" "+@IT_APP:::::::::\n" "+:::::::::/usr/sbin/nologin\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1152 msgid "The corresponding lines for the workstations would be:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1158 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+@IT_EMP:::::::::\n" "+@USERS:::::::::\n" "+:::::::::/usr/sbin/nologin\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1165 msgid "" "NIS supports the creation of netgroups from other netgroups which can be " "useful if the policy regarding user access changes. One possibility is the " "creation of role-based netgroups. For example, one might create a netgroup " "called `BIGSRV` to define the login restrictions for the important servers, " "another netgroup called `SMALLSRV` for the less important servers, and a " "third netgroup called `USERBOX` for the workstations. Each of these " "netgroups contains the netgroups that are allowed to login onto these " "machines. The new entries for the NIS`netgroup` map would look like this:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1171 #, no-wrap msgid "" "BIGSRV IT_EMP IT_APP\n" "SMALLSRV IT_EMP IT_APP ITINTERN\n" "USERBOX IT_EMP ITINTERN USERS\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1176 msgid "" "This method of defining login restrictions works reasonably well when it is " "possible to define groups of machines with identical restrictions. " "Unfortunately, this is the exception and not the rule. Most of the time, " "the ability to define login restrictions on a per-machine basis is required." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1181 msgid "" "Machine-specific netgroup definitions are another possibility to deal with " "the policy changes. In this scenario, the [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd# " "of each system contains two lines starting with \"+\". The first line adds " "a netgroup with the accounts allowed to login onto this machine and the " "second line adds all other accounts with [.filename]#/usr/sbin/nologin# as " "shell. It is recommended to use the \"ALL-CAPS\" version of the hostname as " "the name of the netgroup:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1186 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+@BOXNAME:::::::::\n" "+:::::::::/usr/sbin/nologin\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1191 msgid "" "Once this task is completed on all the machines, there is no longer a need " "to modify the local versions of [.filename]#/etc/master.passwd# ever again. " "All further changes can be handled by modifying the NIS map. Here is an " "example of a possible `netgroup` map for this scenario:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1229 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Define groups of users first\n" "IT_EMP (,alpha,test-domain) (,beta,test-domain)\n" "IT_APP (,charlie,test-domain) (,delta,test-domain)\n" "DEPT1 (,echo,test-domain) (,foxtrott,test-domain)\n" "DEPT2 (,golf,test-domain) (,hotel,test-domain)\n" "DEPT3 (,india,test-domain) (,juliet,test-domain)\n" "ITINTERN (,kilo,test-domain) (,lima,test-domain)\n" "D_INTERNS (,able,test-domain) (,baker,test-domain)\n" "#\n" "# Now, define some groups based on roles\n" "USERS DEPT1 DEPT2 DEPT3\n" "BIGSRV IT_EMP IT_APP\n" "SMALLSRV IT_EMP IT_APP ITINTERN\n" "USERBOX IT_EMP ITINTERN USERS\n" "#\n" "# And a groups for a special tasks\n" "# Allow echo and golf to access our anti-virus-machine\n" "SECURITY IT_EMP (,echo,test-domain) (,golf,test-domain)\n" "#\n" "# machine-based netgroups\n" "# Our main servers\n" "WAR BIGSRV\n" "FAMINE BIGSRV\n" "# User india needs access to this server\n" "POLLUTION BIGSRV (,india,test-domain)\n" "#\n" "# This one is really important and needs more access restrictions\n" "DEATH IT_EMP\n" "#\n" "# The anti-virus-machine mentioned above\n" "ONE SECURITY\n" "#\n" "# Restrict a machine to a single user\n" "TWO (,hotel,test-domain)\n" "# [...more groups to follow]\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1233 msgid "" "It may not always be advisable to use machine-based netgroups. When " "deploying a couple of dozen or hundreds of systems, role-based netgroups " "instead of machine-based netgroups may be used to keep the size of the NIS " "map within reasonable limits." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1234 #, no-wrap msgid "Password Formats" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1239 msgid "" "NIS requires that all hosts within an NIS domain use the same format for " "encrypting passwords. If users have trouble authenticating on an NIS " "client, it may be due to a differing password format. In a heterogeneous " "network, the format must be supported by all operating systems, where DES is " "the lowest common standard." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1241 msgid "" "To check which format a server or client is using, look at this section of " "[.filename]#/etc/login.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1247 #, no-wrap msgid "" "default:\\\n" "\t:passwd_format=des:\\\n" "\t[Further entries elided]\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1252 msgid "" "In this example, the system is using the DES format for password hashing. " "Other possible values include `blf` for Blowfish, `md5` for MD5, `sha256` " "and `sha512` for SHA-256 and SHA-512 respectively. For more information and " "the up to date list of what is available on the system, consult the " "man:crypt[3] manpage." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1254 msgid "" "If the format on a host needs to be edited to match the one being used in " "the NIS domain, the login capability database must be rebuilt after saving " "the change:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1258 #, no-wrap msgid "# cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1263 msgid "" "The format of passwords for existing user accounts will not be updated until " "each user changes their password _after_ the login capability database is " "rebuilt." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1266 #, no-wrap msgid "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1272 msgid "" "The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an application layer " "protocol used to access, modify, and authenticate objects using a " "distributed directory information service. Think of it as a phone or record " "book which stores several levels of hierarchical, homogeneous information. " "It is used in Active Directory and OpenLDAP networks and allows users to " "access to several levels of internal information utilizing a single " "account. For example, email authentication, pulling employee contact " "information, and internal website authentication might all make use of a " "single user account in the LDAP server's record base." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1275 msgid "" "This section provides a quick start guide for configuring an LDAP server on " "a FreeBSD system. It assumes that the administrator already has a design " "plan which includes the type of information to store, what that information " "will be used for, which users should have access to that information, and " "how to secure this information from unauthorized access." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1276 #, no-wrap msgid "LDAP Terminology and Structure" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1282 msgid "" "LDAP uses several terms which should be understood before starting the " "configuration. All directory entries consist of a group of _attributes_. " "Each of these attribute sets contains a unique identifier known as a " "_Distinguished Name_ (DN) which is normally built from several other " "attributes such as the common or _Relative Distinguished Name_ (RDN). " "Similar to how directories have absolute and relative paths, consider a DN " "as an absolute path and the RDN as the relative path." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1285 msgid "" "An example LDAP entry looks like the following. This example searches for " "the entry for the specified user account (`uid`), organizational unit " "(`ou`), and organization (`o`):" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1296 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ldapsearch -xb \"uid=trhodes,ou=users,o=example.com\"\n" "# extended LDIF\n" "#\n" "# LDAPv3\n" "# base <uid=trhodes,ou=users,o=example.com> with scope subtree\n" "# filter: (objectclass=*)\n" "# requesting: ALL\n" "#\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1303 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# trhodes, users, example.com\n" "dn: uid=trhodes,ou=users,o=example.com\n" "mail: [email protected]\n" "cn: Tom Rhodes\n" "uid: trhodes\n" "telephoneNumber: (123) 456-7890\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1307 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1581 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# search result\n" "search: 2\n" "result: 0 Success\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1310 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1584 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# numResponses: 2\n" "# numEntries: 1\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1314 msgid "" "This example entry shows the values for the `dn`, `mail`, `cn`, `uid`, and " "`telephoneNumber` attributes. The cn attribute is the RDN." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1316 msgid "" "More information about LDAP and its terminology can be found at http://" "www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/intro.html[http://www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/" "intro.html]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1318 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring an LDAP Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1322 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not provide a built-in LDAP server. Begin the configuration by " "installing package:net/openldap-server[] package or port:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1326 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install openldap-server\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1331 msgid "" "There is a large set of default options enabled in the extref:{linux-users}" "[package, software]. Review them by running `pkg info openldap-server`. If " "they are not sufficient (for example if SQL support is needed), please " "consider recompiling the port using the appropriate crossref:ports[ports-" "using,framework]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1334 msgid "" "The installation creates the directory [.filename]#/var/db/openldap-data# to " "hold the data. The directory to store the certificates must be created:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1338 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir /usr/local/etc/openldap/private\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1345 msgid "" "The next phase is to configure the Certificate Authority. The following " "commands must be executed from [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/openldap/" "private#. This is important as the file permissions need to be restrictive " "and users should not have access to these files. More detailed information " "about certificates and their parameters can be found in " "crossref:security[openssl,\"OpenSSL\"]. To create the Certificate " "Authority, start with this command and follow the prompts:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1349 #, no-wrap msgid "# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ../ca.crt\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1354 msgid "" "The entries for the prompts may be generic _except_ for the `Common Name`. " "This entry must be _different_ than the system hostname. If this will be a " "self signed certificate, prefix the hostname with `CA` for Certificate " "Authority." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1357 msgid "" "The next task is to create a certificate signing request and a private key. " "Input this command and follow the prompts:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1361 #, no-wrap msgid "# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -keyout server.key -out server.csr\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1365 msgid "" "During the certificate generation process, be sure to correctly set the " "`Common Name` attribute. The Certificate Signing Request must be signed " "with the Certificate Authority in order to be used as a valid certificate:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1369 #, no-wrap msgid "# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -out ../server.crt -CA ../ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1372 msgid "" "The final part of the certificate generation process is to generate and sign " "the client certificates:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1377 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -keyout client.key -out client.csr\n" "# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in client.csr -out ../client.crt -CA ../ca.crt -CAkey ca.key\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1381 msgid "" "Remember to use the same `Common Name` attribute when prompted. When " "finished, ensure that a total of eight (8) new files have been generated " "through the proceeding commands." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1384 msgid "" "The daemon running the OpenLDAP server is [.filename]#slapd#. Its " "configuration is performed through [.filename]#slapd.ldif#: the old " "[.filename]#slapd.conf# has been deprecated by OpenLDAP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1391 msgid "" "http://www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/slapdconf2.html[Configuration examples] " "for [.filename]#slapd.ldif# are available and can also be found in " "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.ldif.sample#. Options are " "documented in slapd-config(5). Each section of [.filename]#slapd.ldif#, " "like all the other LDAP attribute sets, is uniquely identified through a " "DN. Be sure that no blank lines are left between the `dn:` statement and " "the desired end of the section. In the following example, TLS will be used " "to implement a secure channel. The first section represents the global " "configuration:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1413 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" "# See slapd-config(5) for details on configuration options.\n" "# This file should NOT be world readable.\n" "#\n" "dn: cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcGlobal\n" "cn: config\n" "#\n" "#\n" "# Define global ACLs to disable default read access.\n" "#\n" "olcArgsFile: /var/run/openldap/slapd.args\n" "olcPidFile: /var/run/openldap/slapd.pid\n" "olcTLSCertificateFile: /usr/local/etc/openldap/server.crt\n" "olcTLSCertificateKeyFile: /usr/local/etc/openldap/private/server.key\n" "olcTLSCACertificateFile: /usr/local/etc/openldap/ca.crt\n" "#olcTLSCipherSuite: HIGH\n" "olcTLSProtocolMin: 3.1\n" "olcTLSVerifyClient: never\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1418 msgid "" "The Certificate Authority, server certificate and server private key files " "must be specified here. It is recommended to let the clients choose the " "security cipher and omit option `olcTLSCipherSuite` (incompatible with TLS " "clients other than [.filename]#openssl#). Option `olcTLSProtocolMin` lets " "the server require a minimum security level: it is recommended. While " "verification is mandatory for the server, it is not for the client: " "`olcTLSVerifyClient: never`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1420 msgid "" "The second section is about the backend modules and can be configured as " "follows:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1436 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" "# Load dynamic backend modules:\n" "#\n" "dn: cn=module,cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcModuleList\n" "cn: module\n" "olcModulepath:\t/usr/local/libexec/openldap\n" "olcModuleload:\tback_mdb.la\n" "#olcModuleload:\tback_bdb.la\n" "#olcModuleload:\tback_hdb.la\n" "#olcModuleload:\tback_ldap.la\n" "#olcModuleload:\tback_passwd.la\n" "#olcModuleload:\tback_shell.la\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1439 msgid "" "The third section is devoted to load the needed `ldif` schemas to be used by " "the databases: they are essential." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1445 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: cn=schema,cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcSchemaConfig\n" "cn: schema\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1450 #, no-wrap msgid "" "include: file:///usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.ldif\n" "include: file:///usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.ldif\n" "include: file:///usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.ldif\n" "include: file:///usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/nis.ldif\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1453 msgid "Next, the frontend configuration section:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1487 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Frontend settings\n" "#\n" "dn: olcDatabase={-1}frontend,cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig\n" "objectClass: olcFrontendConfig\n" "olcDatabase: {-1}frontend\n" "olcAccess: to * by * read\n" "#\n" "# Sample global access control policy:\n" "#\tRoot DSE: allow anyone to read it\n" "#\tSubschema (sub)entry DSE: allow anyone to read it\n" "#\tOther DSEs:\n" "#\t\tAllow self write access\n" "#\t\tAllow authenticated users read access\n" "#\t\tAllow anonymous users to authenticate\n" "#\n" "#olcAccess: to dn.base=\"\" by * read\n" "#olcAccess: to dn.base=\"cn=Subschema\" by * read\n" "#olcAccess: to *\n" "#\tby self write\n" "#\tby users read\n" "#\tby anonymous auth\n" "#\n" "# if no access controls are present, the default policy\n" "# allows anyone and everyone to read anything but restricts\n" "# updates to rootdn. (e.g., \"access to * by * read\")\n" "#\n" "# rootdn can always read and write EVERYTHING!\n" "#\n" "olcPasswordHash: {SSHA}\n" "# {SSHA} is already the default for olcPasswordHash\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1490 msgid "" "Another section is devoted to the _configuration backend_, the only way to " "later access the OpenLDAP server configuration is as a global super-user." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1498 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: olcDatabase={0}config,cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig\n" "olcDatabase: {0}config\n" "olcAccess: to * by * none\n" "olcRootPW: {SSHA}iae+lrQZILpiUdf16Z9KmDmSwT77Dj4U\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1503 msgid "" "The default administrator username is `cn=config`. Type " "[.filename]#slappasswd# in a shell, choose a password and use its hash in " "`olcRootPW`. If this option is not specified now, before " "[.filename]#slapd.ldif# is imported, no one will be later able to modify the " "_global configuration_ section." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1505 msgid "The last section is about the database backend:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1529 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#######################################################################\n" "# LMDB database definitions\n" "#######################################################################\n" "#\n" "dn: olcDatabase=mdb,cn=config\n" "objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig\n" "objectClass: olcMdbConfig\n" "olcDatabase: mdb\n" "olcDbMaxSize: 1073741824\n" "olcSuffix: dc=domain,dc=example\n" "olcRootDN: cn=mdbadmin,dc=domain,dc=example\n" "# Cleartext passwords, especially for the rootdn, should\n" "# be avoided. See slappasswd(8) and slapd-config(5) for details.\n" "# Use of strong authentication encouraged.\n" "olcRootPW: {SSHA}X2wHvIWDk6G76CQyCMS1vDCvtICWgn0+\n" "# The database directory MUST exist prior to running slapd AND\n" "# should only be accessible by the slapd and slap tools.\n" "# Mode 700 recommended.\n" "olcDbDirectory:\t/var/db/openldap-data\n" "# Indices to maintain\n" "olcDbIndex: objectClass eq\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1534 msgid "" "This database hosts the _actual contents_ of the LDAP directory. Types " "other than `mdb` are available. Its super-user, not to be confused with the " "global one, is configured here: a (possibly custom) username in `olcRootDN` " "and the password hash in `olcRootPW`; [.filename]#slappasswd# can be used as " "before." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1537 msgid "" "This http://www.openldap.org/devel/gitweb.cgi?p=openldap.git;a=tree;f=tests/" "data/regressions/" "its8444;h=8a5e808e63b0de3d2bdaf2cf34fecca8577ca7fd;hb=HEAD[repository] " "contains four examples of [.filename]#slapd.ldif#. To convert an existing " "[.filename]#slapd.conf# into [.filename]#slapd.ldif#, refer to http://" "www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/slapdconf2.html[this page] (please note that " "this may introduce some unuseful options)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1540 msgid "" "When the configuration is completed, [.filename]#slapd.ldif# must be placed " "in an empty directory. It is recommended to create it as:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1544 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d/\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1547 msgid "Import the configuration database:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1551 #, no-wrap msgid "# /usr/local/sbin/slapadd -n0 -F /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d/ -l /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.ldif\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1554 msgid "Start the [.filename]#slapd# daemon:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1558 #, no-wrap msgid "# /usr/local/libexec/slapd -F /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d/\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1562 msgid "" "Option `-d` can be used for debugging, as specified in slapd(8). To verify " "that the server is running and working:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1573 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ldapsearch -x -b '' -s base '(objectclass=*)' namingContexts\n" "# extended LDIF\n" "#\n" "# LDAPv3\n" "# base <> with scope baseObject\n" "# filter: (objectclass=*)\n" "# requesting: namingContexts\n" "#\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1577 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" "dn:\n" "namingContexts: dc=domain,dc=example\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1589 msgid "" "The server must still be trusted. If that has never been done before, " "follow these instructions. Install the OpenSSL package or port:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1593 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install openssl\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1596 msgid "" "From the directory where [.filename]#ca.crt# is stored (in this example, " "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/openldap#), run:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1600 #, no-wrap msgid "# c_rehash .\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1604 msgid "" "Both the CA and the server certificate are now correctly recognized in their " "respective roles. To verify this, run this command from the " "[.filename]#server.crt# directory:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1608 #, no-wrap msgid "# openssl verify -verbose -CApath . server.crt\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1612 msgid "" "If [.filename]#slapd# was running, restart it. As stated in [.filename]#/" "usr/local/etc/rc.d/slapd#, to properly run [.filename]#slapd# at boot the " "following lines must be added to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1619 #, no-wrap msgid "" "slapd_enable=\"YES\"\n" "slapd_flags='-h \"ldapi://%2fvar%2frun%2fopenldap%2fldapi/ ldap://0.0.0.0/\"'\n" "slapd_sockets=\"/var/run/openldap/ldapi\"\n" "slapd_cn_config=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1623 msgid "" "[.filename]#slapd# does not provide debugging at boot. Check [.filename]#/" "var/log/debug.log#, [.filename]#dmesg -a# and [.filename]#/var/log/messages# " "for this purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1626 msgid "" "The following example adds the group `team` and the user `john` to the " "`domain.example` LDAP database, which is still empty. First, create the " "file [.filename]#domain.ldif#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1635 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cat domain.ldif\n" "dn: dc=domain,dc=example\n" "objectClass: dcObject\n" "objectClass: organization\n" "o: domain.example\n" "dc: domain\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1640 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: ou=groups,dc=domain,dc=example\n" "objectClass: top\n" "objectClass: organizationalunit\n" "ou: groups\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: ou=users,dc=domain,dc=example\n" "objectClass: top\n" "objectClass: organizationalunit\n" "ou: users\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1651 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: cn=team,ou=groups,dc=domain,dc=example\n" "objectClass: top\n" "objectClass: posixGroup\n" "cn: team\n" "gidNumber: 10001\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1664 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: uid=john,ou=users,dc=domain,dc=example\n" "objectClass: top\n" "objectClass: account\n" "objectClass: posixAccount\n" "objectClass: shadowAccount\n" "cn: John McUser\n" "uid: john\n" "uidNumber: 10001\n" "gidNumber: 10001\n" "homeDirectory: /home/john/\n" "loginShell: /usr/bin/bash\n" "userPassword: secret\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1670 msgid "" "See the OpenLDAP documentation for more details. Use " "[.filename]#slappasswd# to replace the plain text password `secret` with a " "hash in `userPassword`. The path specified as `loginShell` must exist in " "all the systems where `john` is allowed to login. Finally, use the `mdb` " "administrator to modify the database:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1674 #, no-wrap msgid "# ldapadd -W -D \"cn=mdbadmin,dc=domain,dc=example\" -f domain.ldif\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1679 msgid "" "Modifications to the _global configuration_ section can only be performed by " "the global super-user. For example, assume that the option " "`olcTLSCipherSuite: HIGH:MEDIUM:SSLv3` was initially specified and must now " "be deleted. First, create a file that contains the following:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1686 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cat global_mod\n" "dn: cn=config\n" "changetype: modify\n" "delete: olcTLSCipherSuite\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1689 msgid "Then, apply the modifications:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1693 #, no-wrap msgid "# ldapmodify -f global_mod -x -D \"cn=config\" -W\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1698 msgid "" "When asked, provide the password chosen in the _configuration backend_ " "section. The username is not required: here, `cn=config` represents the DN " "of the database section to be modified. Alternatively, use `ldapmodify` to " "delete a single line of the database, `ldapdelete` to delete a whole entry." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1700 msgid "" "If something goes wrong, or if the global super-user cannot access the " "configuration backend, it is possible to delete and re-write the whole " "configuration:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1704 #, no-wrap msgid "# rm -rf /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d/\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1708 msgid "" "[.filename]#slapd.ldif# can then be edited and imported again. Please, " "follow this procedure only when no other solution is available." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1711 msgid "" "This is the configuration of the server only. The same machine can also " "host an LDAP client, with its own separate configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1713 #, no-wrap msgid "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1720 msgid "" "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows a system to connect to " "a network in order to be assigned the necessary addressing information for " "communication on that network. FreeBSD includes the OpenBSD version of " "`dhclient` which is used by the client to obtain the addressing " "information. FreeBSD does not install a DHCP server, but several servers " "are available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection. The DHCP protocol is fully " "described in http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/RFC/2131/[RFC 2131]. Informational " "resources are also available at http://www.isc.org/downloads/dhcp/[isc.org/" "downloads/dhcp/]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1723 msgid "" "This section describes how to use the built-in DHCP client. It then " "describes how to install and configure a DHCP server." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1729 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, the man:bpf[4] device is needed by both the DHCP server and DHCP " "client. This device is included in the [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel that is " "installed with FreeBSD. Users who prefer to create a custom kernel need to " "keep this device if DHCP is used." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1731 msgid "" "It should be noted that [.filename]#bpf# also allows privileged users to run " "network packet sniffers on that system." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1734 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring a DHCP Client" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1738 msgid "" "DHCP client support is included in the FreeBSD installer, making it easy to " "configure a newly installed system to automatically receive its networking " "addressing information from an existing DHCP server. Refer to " "crossref:bsdinstall[bsdinstall-post,\"Accounts, Time Zone, Services and " "Hardening\"] for examples of network configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1746 msgid "" "When `dhclient` is executed on the client machine, it begins broadcasting " "requests for configuration information. By default, these requests use UDP " "port 68. The server replies on UDP port 67, giving the client an IP address " "and other relevant network information such as a subnet mask, default " "gateway, and DNS server addresses. This information is in the form of a " "DHCP \"lease\" and is valid for a configurable time. This allows stale IP " "addresses for clients no longer connected to the network to automatically be " "reused. DHCP clients can obtain a great deal of information from the " "server. An exhaustive list may be found in man:dhcp-options[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1749 msgid "" "By default, when a FreeBSD system boots, its DHCP client runs in the " "background, or _asynchronously_. Other startup scripts continue to run " "while the DHCP process completes, which speeds up system startup." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1754 msgid "" "Background DHCP works well when the DHCP server responds quickly to the " "client's requests. However, DHCP may take a long time to complete on some " "systems. If network services attempt to run before DHCP has assigned the " "network addressing information, they will fail. Using DHCP in _synchronous_ " "mode prevents this problem as it pauses startup until the DHCP configuration " "has completed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1756 msgid "" "This line in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# is used to configure background or " "asynchronous mode:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1760 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0=\"DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1764 msgid "" "This line may already exist if the system was configured to use DHCP during " "installation. Replace the _fxp0_ shown in these examples with the name of " "the interface to be dynamically configured, as described in " "crossref:config[config-network-setup,“Setting Up Network Interface Cards”]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1766 msgid "" "To instead configure the system to use synchronous mode, and to pause during " "startup while DHCP completes, use \"`SYNCDHCP`\":" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1770 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0=\"SYNCDHCP\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1774 msgid "" "Additional client options are available. Search for `dhclient` in " "man:rc.conf[5] for details." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1776 msgid "The DHCP client uses the following files:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1778 msgid "[.filename]#/etc/dhclient.conf#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1782 msgid "" "The configuration file used by `dhclient`. Typically, this file contains " "only comments as the defaults are suitable for most clients. This " "configuration file is described in man:dhclient.conf[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1783 msgid "[.filename]#/sbin/dhclient#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1785 msgid "" "More information about the command itself can be found in man:dhclient[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1786 msgid "[.filename]#/sbin/dhclient-script#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1789 msgid "" "The FreeBSD-specific DHCP client configuration script. It is described in " "man:dhclient-script[8], but should not need any user modification to " "function properly." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1790 msgid "[.filename]#/var/db/dhclient.leases.interface#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1792 msgid "" "The DHCP client keeps a database of valid leases in this file, which is " "written as a log and is described in man:dhclient.leases[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1795 #, no-wrap msgid "Installing and Configuring a DHCP Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1799 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure a FreeBSD system to act as a DHCP " "server using the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) implementation of the " "DHCP server. This implementation and its documentation can be installed " "using the package:net/isc-dhcp44-server[] package or port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1802 msgid "" "The installation of package:net/isc-dhcp44-server[] installs a sample " "configuration file. Copy [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf.example# to " "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf# and make any edits to this new file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1805 msgid "" "The configuration file is comprised of declarations for subnets and hosts " "which define the information that is provided to DHCP clients. For example, " "these lines configure the following:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1811 #, no-wrap msgid "" "option domain-name \"example.org\";<.>\n" "option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org;<.>\n" "option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;<.>\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1815 #, no-wrap msgid "" "default-lease-time 600;<.>\n" "max-lease-time 72400;<.>\n" "ddns-update-style none;<.>\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1820 #, no-wrap msgid "" "subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {\n" " range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;<.>\n" " option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;<.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1825 #, no-wrap msgid "" "host fantasia {\n" " hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;<.>\n" " fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com;<.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1828 msgid "" "This option specifies the default search domain that will be provided to " "clients. Refer to man:resolv.conf[5] for more information." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1829 msgid "" "This option specifies a comma separated list of DNS servers that the client " "should use. They can be listed by their Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN), " "as seen in the example, or by their IP addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1830 msgid "The subnet mask that will be provided to clients." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1831 msgid "" "The default lease expiry time in seconds. A client can be configured to " "override this value." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1832 msgid "" "The maximum allowed length of time, in seconds, for a lease. Should a client " "request a longer lease, a lease will still be issued, but it will only be " "valid for `max-lease-time`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1833 msgid "" "The default of `none` disables dynamic DNS updates. Changing this to " "`interim` configures the DHCP server to update a DNS server whenever it " "hands out a lease so that the DNS server knows which IP addresses are " "associated with which computers in the network. Do not change the default " "setting unless the DNS server has been configured to support dynamic DNS." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1834 msgid "" "This line creates a pool of available IP addresses which are reserved for " "allocation to DHCP clients. The range of addresses must be valid for the " "network or subnet specified in the previous line." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1835 msgid "" "Declares the default gateway that is valid for the network or subnet " "specified before the opening `{` bracket." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1836 msgid "" "Specifies the hardware MAC address of a client so that the DHCP server can " "recognize the client when it makes a request." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1837 msgid "" "Specifies that this host should always be given the same IP address. Using " "the hostname is correct, since the DHCP server will resolve the hostname " "before returning the lease information." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1840 msgid "" "This configuration file supports many more options. Refer to dhcpd.conf(5), " "installed with the server, for details and examples." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1842 msgid "" "Once the configuration of [.filename]#dhcpd.conf# is complete, enable the " "DHCP server in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1847 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dhcpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" "dhcpd_ifaces=\"dc0\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1850 msgid "" "Replace the `dc0` with the interface (or interfaces, separated by " "whitespace) that the DHCP server should listen on for DHCP client requests." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1852 msgid "Start the server by issuing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1856 #, no-wrap msgid "# service isc-dhcpd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1859 msgid "" "Any future changes to the configuration of the server will require the dhcpd " "service to be stopped and then started using man:service[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1862 msgid "" "The DHCP server uses the following files. Note that the manual pages are " "installed with the server software." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1864 msgid "[.filename]#/usr/local/sbin/dhcpd#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1866 msgid "More information about the dhcpd server can be found in dhcpd(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1867 msgid "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1870 msgid "" "The server configuration file needs to contain all the information that " "should be provided to clients, along with information regarding the " "operation of the server. This configuration file is described in " "dhcpd.conf(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1871 msgid "[.filename]#/var/db/dhcpd.leases#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1874 msgid "" "The DHCP server keeps a database of leases it has issued in this file, which " "is written as a log. Refer to dhcpd.leases(5), which gives a slightly " "longer description." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1875 msgid "[.filename]#/usr/local/sbin/dhcrelay#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1879 msgid "" "This daemon is used in advanced environments where one DHCP server forwards " "a request from a client to another DHCP server on a separate network. If " "this functionality is required, install the package:net/isc-dhcp44-relay[] " "package or port. The installation includes dhcrelay(8) which provides more " "detail." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1882 #, no-wrap msgid "Domain Name System (DNS)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1887 msgid "" "Domain Name System (DNS) is the protocol through which domain names are " "mapped to IP addresses, and vice versa. DNS is coordinated across the " "Internet through a somewhat complex system of authoritative root, Top Level " "Domain (TLD), and other smaller-scale name servers, which host and cache " "individual domain information. It is not necessary to run a name server to " "perform DNS lookups on a system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1889 msgid "The following table describes some of the terms associated with DNS:" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1890 #, no-wrap msgid "DNS Terminology" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1896 #, no-wrap msgid "Definition" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1897 #, no-wrap msgid "Forward DNS" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1899 #, no-wrap msgid "Mapping of hostnames to IP addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1900 #, no-wrap msgid "Origin" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1902 #, no-wrap msgid "Refers to the domain covered in a particular zone file." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1903 #, no-wrap msgid "Resolver" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1905 #, no-wrap msgid "A system process through which a machine queries a name server for zone information." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1906 #, no-wrap msgid "Reverse DNS" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1908 #, no-wrap msgid "Mapping of IP addresses to hostnames." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1909 #, no-wrap msgid "Root zone" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1911 #, no-wrap msgid "The beginning of the Internet zone hierarchy. All zones fall under the root zone, similar to how all files in a file system fall under the root directory." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1912 #, no-wrap msgid "Zone" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1913 #, no-wrap msgid "An individual domain, subdomain, or portion of the DNS administered by the same authority." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1916 msgid "Examples of zones:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1918 msgid "`.` is how the root zone is usually referred to in documentation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1919 msgid "`org.` is a Top Level Domain (TLD) under the root zone." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1920 msgid "`example.org.` is a zone under the `org.`TLD." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1921 msgid "" "`1.168.192.in-addr.arpa` is a zone referencing all IP addresses which fall " "under the `192.168.1.*`IP address space." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1925 msgid "" "As one can see, the more specific part of a hostname appears to its left. " "For example, `example.org.` is more specific than `org.`, as `org.` is more " "specific than the root zone. The layout of each part of a hostname is much " "like a file system: the [.filename]#/dev# directory falls within the root, " "and so on." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1926 #, no-wrap msgid "Reasons to Run a Name Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1929 msgid "" "Name servers generally come in two forms: authoritative name servers, and " "caching (also known as resolving) name servers." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1931 msgid "An authoritative name server is needed when:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1933 msgid "" "One wants to serve DNS information to the world, replying authoritatively to " "queries." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1934 msgid "" "A domain, such as `example.org`, is registered and IP addresses need to be " "assigned to hostnames under it." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1935 msgid "An IP address block requires reverse DNS entries (IP to hostname)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1936 msgid "A backup or second name server, called a slave, will reply to queries." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1938 msgid "A caching name server is needed when:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1940 msgid "" "A local DNS server may cache and respond more quickly than querying an " "outside name server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1944 msgid "" "When one queries for `www.FreeBSD.org`, the resolver usually queries the " "uplink ISP's name server, and retrieves the reply. With a local, caching " "DNS server, the query only has to be made once to the outside world by the " "caching DNS server. Additional queries will not have to go outside the " "local network, since the information is cached locally." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1945 #, no-wrap msgid "DNS Server Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1950 msgid "" "Unbound is provided in the FreeBSD base system. By default, it will provide " "DNS resolution to the local machine only. While the base system package can " "be configured to provide resolution services beyond the local machine, it is " "recommended that such requirements be addressed by installing Unbound from " "the FreeBSD Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1952 msgid "To enable Unbound, add the following to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1956 #, no-wrap msgid "local_unbound_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1959 msgid "" "Any existing nameservers in [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf# will be configured " "as forwarders in the new Unbound configuration." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1965 msgid "" "If any of the listed nameservers do not support DNSSEC, local DNS resolution " "will fail. Be sure to test each nameserver and remove any that fail the " "test. The following command will show the trust tree or a failure for a " "nameserver running on `192.168.1.1`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1969 #, no-wrap msgid "% drill -S FreeBSD.org @192.168.1.1\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1973 msgid "Once each nameserver is confirmed to support DNSSEC, start Unbound:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1977 #, no-wrap msgid "# service local_unbound onestart\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1981 msgid "" "This will take care of updating [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf# so that " "queries for DNSSEC secured domains will now work. For example, run the " "following to validate the FreeBSD.org DNSSEC trust tree:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:1987 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% drill -S FreeBSD.org\n" ";; Number of trusted keys: 1\n" ";; Chasing: freebsd.org. A\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2003 #, no-wrap msgid "" "DNSSEC Trust tree:\n" "freebsd.org. (A)\n" "|---freebsd.org. (DNSKEY keytag: 36786 alg: 8 flags: 256)\n" " |---freebsd.org. (DNSKEY keytag: 32659 alg: 8 flags: 257)\n" " |---freebsd.org. (DS keytag: 32659 digest type: 2)\n" " |---org. (DNSKEY keytag: 49587 alg: 7 flags: 256)\n" " |---org. (DNSKEY keytag: 9795 alg: 7 flags: 257)\n" " |---org. (DNSKEY keytag: 21366 alg: 7 flags: 257)\n" " |---org. (DS keytag: 21366 digest type: 1)\n" " | |---. (DNSKEY keytag: 40926 alg: 8 flags: 256)\n" " | |---. (DNSKEY keytag: 19036 alg: 8 flags: 257)\n" " |---org. (DS keytag: 21366 digest type: 2)\n" " |---. (DNSKEY keytag: 40926 alg: 8 flags: 256)\n" " |---. (DNSKEY keytag: 19036 alg: 8 flags: 257)\n" ";; Chase successful\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2005 #, no-wrap msgid "Authoritative Name Server Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2008 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not provide authoritative name server software in the base " "system. Users are encouraged to install third party applications, like " "package:dns/nsd[] or package:dns/bind918[] package or port." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2010 #, no-wrap msgid "Zero-configuration Networking (mDNS/DNS-SD)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2014 msgid "" "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-configuration_networking[Zero-" "configuration networking] (sometimes referred to as _Zeroconf_) is a set of " "technologies, which simplify network configuration. The main parts of " "Zeroconf are:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2016 msgid "" "Link-Local Addressing providing automatic assignment of numeric network " "addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2017 msgid "" "Multicast DNS (_mDNS_) providing automatic distribution and resolution of " "hostnames." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2018 msgid "" "DNS-Based Service Discovery (_DNS-SD_) providing automatic discovery of " "service instances." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2019 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring and Starting Avahi" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2023 msgid "" "One of the popular implementations of zeroconf is https://avahi.org/" "[Avahi]. Avahi can be installed and configured with the following commands:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2032 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg install avahi-app nss_mdns\n" "# grep -q '^hosts:.*\\<mdns\\>' /etc/nsswitch.conf || sed -i \"\" 's/^hosts: .*/& mdns/' /etc/nsswitch.conf\n" "# service dbus enable\n" "# service avahi-daemon enable\n" "# service dbus start\n" "# service avahi-daemon start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2035 #, no-wrap msgid "Apache HTTP Server" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2039 msgid "" "The open source Apache HTTP Server is the most widely used web server. " "FreeBSD does not install this web server by default, but it can be installed " "from the package:www/apache24[] package or port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2042 msgid "" "This section summarizes how to configure and start version 2._x_ of the " "Apache HTTP Server on FreeBSD. For more detailed information about Apache " "2.X and its configuration directives, refer to http://httpd.apache.org/" "[httpd.apache.org]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2043 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring and Starting Apache" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2048 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, the main Apache HTTP Server configuration file is installed as " "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/apache2x/httpd.conf#, where _x_ represents the " "version number. This ASCII text file begins comment lines with a `+#+`. " "The most frequently modified directives are:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2049 #, no-wrap msgid "`ServerRoot \"/usr/local\"`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2052 msgid "" "Specifies the default directory hierarchy for the Apache installation. " "Binaries are stored in the [.filename]#bin# and [.filename]#sbin# " "subdirectories of the server root and configuration files are stored in the " "[.filename]#etc/apache2x# subdirectory." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2053 #, no-wrap msgid "`ServerAdmin \\[email protected]`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2056 msgid "" "Change this to the email address to receive problems with the server. This " "address also appears on some server-generated pages, such as error documents." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2057 #, no-wrap msgid "`ServerName www.example.com:80`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2062 msgid "" "Allows an administrator to set a hostname which is sent back to clients for " "the server. For example, `www` can be used instead of the actual hostname. " "If the system does not have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address " "instead. If the server will listen on an alternate report, change `80` to " "the alternate port number." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2063 #, no-wrap msgid "`DocumentRoot \"/usr/local/www/apache2_x_/data\"`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2066 msgid "" "The directory where documents will be served from. By default, all requests " "are taken from this directory, but symbolic links and aliases may be used to " "point to other locations." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2070 msgid "" "It is always a good idea to make a backup copy of the default Apache " "configuration file before making changes. When the configuration of Apache " "is complete, save the file and verify the configuration using `apachectl`. " "Running `apachectl configtest` should return `Syntax OK`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2072 msgid "" "To launch Apache at system startup, add the following line to [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2076 #, no-wrap msgid "apache24_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2079 msgid "" "If Apache should be started with non-default options, the following line may " "be added to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# to specify the needed flags:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2083 #, no-wrap msgid "apache24_flags=\"\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2086 msgid "If apachectl does not report configuration errors, start `httpd` now:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2090 #, no-wrap msgid "# service apache24 start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2094 msgid "" "The `httpd` service can be tested by entering `http://_localhost_` in a web " "browser, replacing _localhost_ with the fully-qualified domain name of the " "machine running `httpd`. The default web page that is displayed is " "[.filename]#/usr/local/www/apache24/data/index.html#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2096 msgid "" "The Apache configuration can be tested for errors after making subsequent " "configuration changes while `httpd` is running using the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2100 #, no-wrap msgid "# service apache24 configtest\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2105 msgid "" "It is important to note that `configtest` is not an man:rc[8] standard, and " "should not be expected to work for all startup scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2107 #, no-wrap msgid "Virtual Hosting" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2113 msgid "" "Virtual hosting allows multiple websites to run on one Apache server. The " "virtual hosts can be _IP-based_ or _name-based_. IP-based virtual hosting " "uses a different IP address for each website. Name-based virtual hosting " "uses the clients HTTP/1.1 headers to figure out the hostname, which allows " "the websites to share the same IP address." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2116 msgid "" "To setup Apache to use name-based virtual hosting, add a `VirtualHost` block " "for each website. For example, for the webserver named `www.domain.tld` " "with a virtual domain of `www.someotherdomain.tld`, add the following " "entries to [.filename]#httpd.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2123 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<VirtualHost *>\n" " ServerName www.domain.tld\n" " DocumentRoot /www/domain.tld\n" "</VirtualHost>\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2128 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<VirtualHost *>\n" " ServerName www.someotherdomain.tld\n" " DocumentRoot /www/someotherdomain.tld\n" "</VirtualHost>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2131 msgid "" "For each virtual host, replace the values for `ServerName` and " "`DocumentRoot` with the values to be used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2133 msgid "" "For more information about setting up virtual hosts, consult the official " "Apache documentation at: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/vhosts/[http://" "httpd.apache.org/docs/vhosts/]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2134 #, no-wrap msgid "Apache Modules" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2138 msgid "" "Apache uses modules to augment the functionality provided by the basic " "server. Refer to http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/[http://" "httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/] for a complete listing of and the " "configuration details for the available modules." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2143 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, some modules can be compiled with the package:www/apache24[] " "port. Type `make config` within [.filename]#/usr/ports/www/apache24# to see " "which modules are available and which are enabled by default. If the module " "is not compiled with the port, the FreeBSD Ports Collection provides an easy " "way to install many modules. This section describes three of the most " "commonly used modules." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2144 #, no-wrap msgid "SSL support" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2151 msgid "" "At one point, support for SSL inside of Apache required a secondary module " "called [.filename]#mod_ssl#. This is no longer the case and the default " "install of Apache comes with SSL built into the web server. An example of " "how to enable support for SSL websites is available in the installed file, " "[.filename]#httpd-ssl.conf# inside of the [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/" "apache24/extra# directory Inside this directory is also a sample file called " "named [.filename]#ssl.conf-sample#. It is recommended that both files be " "evaluated to properly set up secure websites in the Apache web server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2153 msgid "" "After the configuration of SSL is complete, the following line must be " "uncommented in the main [.filename]#http.conf# to activate the changes on " "the next restart or reload of Apache:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2157 #, no-wrap msgid "#Include etc/apache24/extra/httpd-ssl.conf\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2164 msgid "" "SSL version two and version three have known vulnerability issues. It is " "highly recommended TLS version 1.2 and 1.3 be enabled in place of the older " "SSL options. This can be accomplished by setting the following options in " "the [.filename]#ssl.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2171 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SSLProtocol all -SSLv3 -SSLv2 +TLSv1.2 +TLSv1.3\n" "SSLProxyProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2174 msgid "" "To complete the configuration of SSL in the web server, uncomment the " "following line to ensure that the configuration will be pulled into Apache " "during restart or reload:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2179 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Secure (SSL/TLS) connections\n" "Include etc/apache24/extra/httpd-ssl.conf\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2182 msgid "" "The following lines must also be uncommented in the [.filename]#httpd.conf# " "to fully support SSL in Apache:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2188 #, no-wrap msgid "" "LoadModule authn_socache_module libexec/apache24/mod_authn_socache.so\n" "LoadModule socache_shmcb_module libexec/apache24/mod_socache_shmcb.so\n" "LoadModule ssl_module libexec/apache24/mod_ssl.so\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2192 msgid "" "The next step is to work with a certificate authority to have the " "appropriate certificates installed on the system. This will set up a chain " "of trust for the site and prevent any warnings of self-signed certificates." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2193 #, no-wrap msgid "[.filename]#mod_perl#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2197 msgid "" "The [.filename]#mod_perl# module makes it possible to write Apache modules " "in Perl. In addition, the persistent interpreter embedded in the server " "avoids the overhead of starting an external interpreter and the penalty of " "Perl start-up time." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2200 msgid "" "The [.filename]#mod_perl# can be installed using the package:www/mod_perl2[] " "package or port. Documentation for using this module can be found at http://" "perl.apache.org/docs/2.0/index.html[http://perl.apache.org/docs/2.0/" "index.html]." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2201 #, no-wrap msgid "[.filename]#mod_php#" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2205 msgid "" "_PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor_ (PHP) is a general-purpose scripting language " "that is especially suited for web development. Capable of being embedded " "into HTML, its syntax draws upon C, Java(TM), and Perl with the intention of " "allowing web developers to write dynamically generated webpages quickly." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2207 msgid "" "Support for PHP for Apache and any other feature written in the language, " "can be added by installing the appropriate port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2209 msgid "For all supported versions, search the package database using `pkg`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2213 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg search php\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2218 msgid "" "A list will be displayed including the versions and additional features they " "provide. The components are completely modular, meaning features are " "enabled by installing the appropriate port. To install PHP version 7.4 for " "Apache, issue the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2222 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install mod_php74\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2225 msgid "" "If any dependency packages need to be installed, they will be installed as " "well." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2228 msgid "" "By default, PHP will not be enabled. The following lines will need to be " "added to the Apache configuration file located in [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/" "apache24# to make it active:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2237 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<FilesMatch \"\\.php$\">\n" " SetHandler application/x-httpd-php\n" "</FilesMatch>\n" "<FilesMatch \"\\.phps$\">\n" " SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source\n" "</FilesMatch>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2240 msgid "" "In addition, the `DirectoryIndex` in the configuration file will also need " "to be updated and Apache will either need to be restarted or reloaded for " "the changes to take effect." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2243 msgid "" "Support for many of the PHP features may also be installed by using `pkg`. " "For example, to install support for XML or SSL, install their respective " "ports:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2247 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install php74-xml php74-openssl\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2250 msgid "" "As before, the Apache configuration will need to be reloaded for the changes " "to take effect, even in cases where it was just a module install." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2252 msgid "" "To perform a graceful restart to reload the configuration, issue the " "following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2256 #, no-wrap msgid "# apachectl graceful\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2260 msgid "" "Once the install is complete, there are two methods of obtaining the " "installed PHP support modules and the environmental information of the " "build. The first is to install the full PHP binary and running the command " "to gain the information:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2264 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install php74\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2270 #, no-wrap msgid "# php -i | less\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2273 msgid "" "It is necessary to pass the output to a pager, such as the `more` or `less` " "to easier digest the amount of output." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2277 msgid "" "Finally, to make any changes to the global configuration of PHP there is a " "well documented file installed into [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/php.ini#. At " "the time of install, this file will not exist because there are two versions " "to choose from, one is [.filename]#php.ini-development# and the other is " "[.filename]#php.ini-production#. These are starting points to assist " "administrators in their deployment." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2278 #, no-wrap msgid "HTTP2 Support" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2283 msgid "" "Apache support for the HTTP2 protocol is included by default when installing " "the port with `pkg`. The new version of HTTP includes many improvements " "over the previous version, including utilizing a single connection to a " "website, reducing overall roundtrips of TCP connections. Also, packet " "header data is compressed and HTTP2 requires encryption by default." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2286 msgid "" "When Apache is configured to only use HTTP2, web browsers will require " "secure, encrypted HTTPS connections. When Apache is configured to use both " "versions, HTTP1.1 will be considered a fall back option if any issues arise " "during the connection." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2289 msgid "" "While this change does require administrators to make changes, they are " "positive and equate to a more secure Internet for everyone. The changes are " "only required for sites not currently implementing SSL and TLS." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2294 msgid "" "This configuration depends on the previous sections, including TLS support. " "It is recommended those instructions be followed before continuing with this " "configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2297 msgid "" "Start the process by enabling the http2 module by uncommenting the line in " "[.filename]#/usr/local/etc/apache24/httpd.conf# and replace the mpm_prefork " "module with mpm_event as the former does not support HTTP2." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2302 #, no-wrap msgid "" "LoadModule http2_module libexec/apache24/mod_http2.so\n" "LoadModule mpm_event_module libexec/apache24/mod_mpm_event.so\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2310 msgid "" "There is a separate [.filename]#mod_http2# port that is available. It " "exists to deliver security and bug fixes quicker than the module installed " "with the bundled [.filename]#apache24# port. It is not required for HTTP2 " "support but is available. When installed, the [.filename]#mod_h2.so# should " "be used in place of [.filename]#mod_http2.so# in the Apache configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2314 msgid "" "There are two methods to implement HTTP2 in Apache; one way is globally for " "all sites and each VirtualHost running on the system. To enable HTTP2 " "globally, add the following line under the ServerName directive:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2318 #, no-wrap msgid "Protocols h2 http/1.1\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2323 msgid "" "To enable HTTP2 over plaintext, use h2h2chttp/1.1 in the " "[.filename]#httpd.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2327 msgid "" "Having the h2c here will allow plaintext HTTP2 data to pass on the system " "but is not recommended. In addition, using the http/1.1 here will allow " "fallback to the HTTP1.1 version of the protocol should it be needed by the " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2329 msgid "" "To enable HTTP2 for individual VirtualHosts, add the same line within the " "VirtualHost directive in either [.filename]#httpd.conf# or [.filename]#httpd-" "ssl.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2331 msgid "" "Reload the configuration using the `apachectl`[parameter]#reload# command " "and test the configuration either by using either of the following methods " "after visiting one of the hosted pages:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2335 #, no-wrap msgid "# grep \"HTTP/2.0\" /var/log/httpd-access.log\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2338 msgid "This should return something similar to the following:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2345 #, no-wrap msgid "" "192.168.1.205 - - [18/Oct/2020:18:34:36 -0400] \"GET / HTTP/2.0\" 304 -\n" "192.0.2.205 - - [18/Oct/2020:19:19:57 -0400] \"GET / HTTP/2.0\" 304 -\n" "192.0.0.205 - - [18/Oct/2020:19:20:52 -0400] \"GET / HTTP/2.0\" 304 -\n" "192.0.2.205 - - [18/Oct/2020:19:23:10 -0400] \"GET / HTTP/2.0\" 304 -\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2348 msgid "" "The other method is using the web browser's built in site debugger or " "`tcpdump`; however, using either method is beyond the scope of this document." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2351 msgid "" "Support for HTTP2 reverse proxy connections by using the " "[.filename]#mod_proxy_http2.so# module. When configuring the ProxyPass or " "RewriteRules [P] statements, they should use h2:// for the connection." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2352 #, no-wrap msgid "Dynamic Websites" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2356 msgid "" "In addition to mod_perl and mod_php, other languages are available for " "creating dynamic web content. These include Django and Ruby on Rails." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2357 #, no-wrap msgid "Django" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2363 msgid "" "Django is a BSD-licensed framework designed to allow developers to write " "high performance, elegant web applications quickly. It provides an object-" "relational mapper so that data types are developed as Python objects. A " "rich dynamic database-access API is provided for those objects without the " "developer ever having to write SQL. It also provides an extensible template " "system so that the logic of the application is separated from the HTML " "presentation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2367 msgid "" "Django depends on [.filename]#mod_python#, and an SQL database engine. In " "FreeBSD, the package:www/py-django[] port automatically installs " "[.filename]#mod_python# and supports the PostgreSQL, MySQL, or SQLite " "databases, with the default being SQLite. To change the database engine, " "type `make config` within [.filename]#/usr/ports/www/py-django#, then " "install the port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2370 msgid "" "Once Django is installed, the application will need a project directory " "along with the Apache configuration in order to use the embedded Python " "interpreter. This interpreter is used to call the application for specific " "URLs on the site." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2372 msgid "" "To configure Apache to pass requests for certain URLs to the web " "application, add the following to [.filename]#httpd.conf#, specifying the " "full path to the project directory:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2383 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<Location \"/\">\n" " SetHandler python-program\n" " PythonPath \"['/dir/to/the/django/packages/'] + sys.path\"\n" " PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython\n" " SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE mysite.settings\n" " PythonAutoReload On\n" " PythonDebug On\n" "</Location>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2386 msgid "" "Refer to https://docs.djangoproject.com[https://docs.djangoproject.com] for " "more information on how to use Django." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2387 #, no-wrap msgid "Ruby on Rails" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2392 msgid "" "Ruby on Rails is another open source web framework that provides a full " "development stack. It is optimized to make web developers more productive " "and capable of writing powerful applications quickly. On FreeBSD, it can be " "installed using the package:www/rubygem-rails[] package or port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2394 msgid "" "Refer to http://guides.rubyonrails.org[http://guides.rubyonrails.org] for " "more information on how to use Ruby on Rails." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2396 #, no-wrap msgid "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2400 msgid "" "The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides users with a simple way to " "transfer files to and from an FTP server. FreeBSD includes FTP server " "software, ftpd, in the base system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2404 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides several configuration files for controlling access to the " "FTP server. This section summarizes these files. Refer to man:ftpd[8] for " "more details about the built-in FTP server." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2405 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2411 msgid "" "The most important configuration step is deciding which accounts will be " "allowed access to the FTP server. A FreeBSD system has a number of system " "accounts which should not be allowed FTP access. The list of users " "disallowed any FTP access can be found in [.filename]#/etc/ftpusers#. By " "default, it includes system accounts. Additional users that should not be " "allowed access to FTP can be added." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2415 msgid "" "In some cases it may be desirable to restrict the access of some users " "without preventing them completely from using FTP. This can be accomplished " "be creating [.filename]#/etc/ftpchroot# as described in man:ftpchroot[5]. " "This file lists users and groups subject to FTP access restrictions." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2420 msgid "" "To enable anonymous FTP access to the server, create a user named `ftp` on " "the FreeBSD system. Users will then be able to log on to the FTP server " "with a username of `ftp` or `anonymous`. When prompted for the password, " "any input will be accepted, but by convention, an email address should be " "used as the password. The FTP server will call man:chroot[2] when an " "anonymous user logs in, to restrict access to only the home directory of the " "`ftp` user." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2425 msgid "" "There are two text files that can be created to specify welcome messages to " "be displayed to FTP clients. The contents of [.filename]#/etc/ftpwelcome# " "will be displayed to users before they reach the login prompt. After a " "successful login, the contents of [.filename]#/etc/ftpmotd# will be " "displayed. Note that the path to this file is relative to the login " "environment, so the contents of [.filename]#~ftp/etc/ftpmotd# would be " "displayed for anonymous users." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2427 msgid "" "Once the FTP server has been configured, set the appropriate variable in " "[.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# to start the service during boot:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2431 #, no-wrap msgid "ftpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2434 msgid "To start the service now:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2438 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ftpd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2441 msgid "Test the connection to the FTP server by typing:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2445 #, no-wrap msgid "% ftp localhost\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2450 msgid "" "The ftpd daemon uses man:syslog[3] to log messages. By default, the system " "log daemon will write messages related to FTP in [.filename]#/var/log/" "xferlog#. The location of the FTP log can be modified by changing the " "following line in [.filename]#/etc/syslog.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2454 #, no-wrap msgid "ftp.info /var/log/xferlog\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2463 msgid "" "Be aware of the potential problems involved with running an anonymous FTP " "server. In particular, think twice about allowing anonymous users to upload " "files. It may turn out that the FTP site becomes a forum for the trade of " "unlicensed commercial software or worse. If anonymous FTP uploads are " "required, then verify the permissions so that these files cannot be read by " "other anonymous users until they have been reviewed by an administrator." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2466 #, no-wrap msgid "File and Print Services for Microsoft(R) Windows(R) Clients (Samba)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2473 msgid "" "Samba is a popular open source software package that provides file and print " "services using the SMB/CIFS protocol. This protocol is built into " "Microsoft(R) Windows(R) systems. It can be added to non-Microsoft(R) " "Windows(R) systems by installing the Samba client libraries. The protocol " "allows clients to access shared data and printers. These shares can be " "mapped as a local disk drive and shared printers can be used as if they were " "local printers." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2476 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, the Samba client libraries can be installed using the " "package:net/samba416[] port or package. The client provides the ability for " "a FreeBSD system to access SMB/CIFS shares in a Microsoft(R) Windows(R) " "network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2479 msgid "" "A FreeBSD system can also be configured to act as a Samba server by " "installing the same package:net/samba416[] port or package. This allows the " "administrator to create SMB/CIFS shares on the FreeBSD system which can be " "accessed by clients running Microsoft(R) Windows(R) or the Samba client " "libraries." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2480 #, no-wrap msgid "Server Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2484 msgid "" "Samba is configured in [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/smb4.conf#. This file " "must be created before Samba can be used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2487 msgid "" "A simple [.filename]#smb4.conf# to share directories and printers with " "Windows(R) clients in a workgroup is shown here. For more complex setups " "involving LDAP or Active Directory, it is easier to use man:samba-tool[8] to " "create the initial [.filename]#smb4.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2497 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[global]\n" "workgroup = WORKGROUP\n" "server string = Samba Server Version %v\n" "netbios name = ExampleMachine\n" "wins support = Yes\n" "security = user\n" "passdb backend = tdbsam\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2509 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Example: share /usr/src accessible only to 'developer' user\n" "[src]\n" "path = /usr/src\n" "valid users = developer\n" "writable = yes\n" "browsable = yes\n" "read only = no\n" "guest ok = no\n" "public = no\n" "create mask = 0666\n" "directory mask = 0755\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2512 #, no-wrap msgid "Global Settings" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2515 msgid "" "Settings that describe the network are added in [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/" "smb4.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2516 #, no-wrap msgid "`workgroup`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2518 msgid "The name of the workgroup to be served." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2519 #, no-wrap msgid "`netbios name`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2522 msgid "" "The NetBIOS name by which a Samba server is known. By default, it is the " "same as the first component of the host's DNS name." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2523 #, no-wrap msgid "`server string`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2525 msgid "" "The string that will be displayed in the output of `net view` and some other " "networking tools that seek to display descriptive text about the server." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2526 #, no-wrap msgid "`wins support`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2529 msgid "" "Whether Samba will act as a WINS server. Do not enable support for WINS on " "more than one server on the network." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2531 #, no-wrap msgid "Security Settings" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2535 msgid "" "The most important settings in [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/smb4.conf# are the " "security model and the backend password format. These directives control " "the options:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2536 #, no-wrap msgid "`security`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2539 msgid "" "If the clients use usernames that are the same as their usernames on the " "FreeBSD machine, user level security should be used. `security = user` is " "the default security policy and it requires clients to first log on before " "they can access shared resources." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2541 msgid "" "Refer to man:smb.conf[5] to learn about other supported settings for the " "`security` option." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2542 #, no-wrap msgid "`passdb backend`" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2548 msgid "" "Samba has several different backend authentication models. Clients may be " "authenticated with LDAP, NIS+, an SQL database, or a modified password " "file. The recommended authentication method, `tdbsam`, is ideal for simple " "networks and is covered here. For larger or more complex networks, " "`ldapsam` is recommended. `smbpasswd` was the former default and is now " "obsolete." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2549 #, no-wrap msgid "Samba Users" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2553 msgid "" "FreeBSD user accounts must be mapped to the `SambaSAMAccount` database for " "Windows(R) clients to access the share. Map existing FreeBSD user accounts " "using man:pdbedit[8]:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2557 #, no-wrap msgid "# pdbedit -a -u username\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2561 msgid "" "This section has only mentioned the most commonly used settings. Refer to " "the https://wiki.samba.org[Official Samba Wiki] for additional information " "about the available configuration options." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2562 #, no-wrap msgid "Starting Samba" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2565 msgid "" "To enable Samba at boot time, add the following line to [.filename]#/etc/" "rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2569 #, no-wrap msgid "samba_server_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2572 msgid "To start Samba now:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2579 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service samba_server start\n" "Performing sanity check on Samba configuration: OK\n" "Starting nmbd.\n" "Starting smbd.\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2584 msgid "" "Samba consists of three separate daemons. Both the nmbd and smbd daemons " "are started by `samba_enable`. If winbind name resolution is also required, " "set:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2588 #, no-wrap msgid "winbindd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2591 msgid "Samba can be stopped at any time by typing:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2595 #, no-wrap msgid "# service samba_server stop\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2599 msgid "" "Samba is a complex software suite with functionality that allows broad " "integration with Microsoft(R) Windows(R) networks. For more information " "about functionality beyond the basic configuration described here, refer to " "https://www.samba.org[https://www.samba.org]." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2601 #, no-wrap msgid "Clock Synchronization with NTP" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2607 msgid "" "Over time, a computer's clock is prone to drift. This is problematic as " "many network services require the computers on a network to share the same " "accurate time. Accurate time is also needed to ensure that file timestamps " "stay consistent. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is one way to provide " "clock accuracy in a network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2609 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes man:ntpd[8] which can be configured to query other NTP " "servers to synchronize the clock on that machine or to provide time services " "to other computers in the network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2612 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure ntpd on FreeBSD. Further " "documentation can be found in [.filename]#/usr/share/doc/ntp/# in HTML " "format." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2613 #, no-wrap msgid "NTP Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2617 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, the built-in ntpd can be used to synchronize a system's clock. " "ntpd is configured using man:rc.conf[5] variables and [.filename]#/etc/" "ntp.conf#, as detailed in the following sections." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2620 msgid "" "ntpd communicates with its network peers using UDP packets. Any firewalls " "between the machine and its NTP peers must be configured to allow UDP " "packets in and out on port 123." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2621 #, no-wrap msgid "The [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf# file" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2631 msgid "" "ntpd reads [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf# to determine which NTP servers to " "query. Choosing several NTP servers is recommended in case one of the " "servers becomes unreachable or its clock proves unreliable. As ntpd " "receives responses, it favors reliable servers over the less reliable ones. " "The servers which are queried can be local to the network, provided by an " "ISP, or selected from an http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/" "WebHome[ online list of publicly accessible NTP servers]. When choosing a " "public NTP server, select one that is geographically close and review its " "usage policy. The `pool` configuration keyword selects one or more servers " "from a pool of servers. An http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/" "NTPPoolServers[ online list of publicly accessible NTP pools] is available, " "organized by geographic area. In addition, FreeBSD provides a project-" "sponsored pool, `0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org`." msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2632 #, no-wrap msgid "Sample [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf#" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2637 msgid "" "This is a simple example of an [.filename]#ntp.conf# file. It can safely be " "used as-is; it contains the recommended `restrict` options for operation on " "a publicly-accessible network connection." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Disallow ntpq control/query access. Allow peers to be added only\n" "# based on pool and server statements in this file.\n" "restrict default limited kod nomodify notrap noquery nopeer\n" "restrict source limited kod nomodify notrap noquery\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2649 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Allow unrestricted access from localhost for queries and control.\n" "restrict 127.0.0.1\n" "restrict ::1\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2652 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Add a specific server.\n" "server ntplocal.example.com iburst\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2656 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Add FreeBSD pool servers until 3-6 good servers are available.\n" "tos minclock 3 maxclock 6\n" "pool 0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2659 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Use a local leap-seconds file.\n" "leapfile \"/var/db/ntpd.leap-seconds.list\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2665 msgid "" "The format of this file is described in man:ntp.conf[5]. The descriptions " "below provide a quick overview of just the keywords used in the sample file " "above." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2671 msgid "" "By default, an NTP server is accessible to any network host. The `restrict` " "keyword controls which systems can access the server. Multiple `restrict` " "entries are supported, each one refining the restrictions given in previous " "statements. The values shown in the example grant the local system full " "query and control access, while allowing remote systems only the ability to " "query the time. For more details, refer to the `Access Control Support` " "subsection of man:ntp.conf[5]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2677 msgid "" "The `server` keyword specifies a single server to query. The file can " "contain multiple server keywords, with one server listed on each line. The " "`pool` keyword specifies a pool of servers. ntpd will add one or more " "servers from this pool as needed to reach the number of peers specified " "using the `tos minclock` value. The `iburst` keyword directs ntpd to " "perform a burst of eight quick packet exchanges with a server when contact " "is first established, to help quickly synchronize system time." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2681 msgid "" "The `leapfile` keyword specifies the location of a file containing " "information about leap seconds. The file is updated automatically by " "man:periodic[8]. The file location specified by this keyword must match the " "location set in the `ntp_db_leapfile` variable in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2682 #, no-wrap msgid "NTP entries in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2686 msgid "" "Set `ntpd_enable=YES` to start ntpd at boot time. Once `ntpd_enable=YES` " "has been added to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#, ntpd can be started immediately " "without rebooting the system by typing:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2690 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ntpd start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2694 msgid "" "Only `ntpd_enable` must be set to use ntpd. The [.filename]#rc.conf# " "variables listed below may also be set as needed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2698 msgid "" "Set `ntpd_sync_on_start=YES` to allow ntpd to step the clock any amount, one " "time at startup. Normally ntpd will log an error message and exit if the " "clock is off by more than 1000 seconds. This option is especially useful on " "systems without a battery-backed realtime clock." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2700 msgid "" "Set `ntpd_oomprotect=YES` to protect the ntpd daemon from being killed by " "the system attempting to recover from an Out Of Memory (OOM) condition." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2702 msgid "" "Set `ntpd_config=` to the location of an alternate [.filename]#ntp.conf# " "file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2704 msgid "" "Set `ntpd_flags=` to contain any other ntpd flags as needed, but avoid using " "these flags which are managed internally by [.filename]#/etc/rc.d/ntpd#:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2706 msgid "`-p` (pid file location)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2707 msgid "`-c` (set `ntpd_config=` instead)" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2709 #, no-wrap msgid "ntpd and the unprivileged `ntpd` user" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2716 msgid "" "ntpd on FreeBSD can start and run as an unprivileged user. Doing so " "requires the man:mac_ntpd[4] policy module. The [.filename]#/etc/rc.d/ntpd# " "startup script first examines the NTP configuration. If possible, it loads " "the `mac_ntpd` module, then starts ntpd as unprivileged user `ntpd` (user id " "123). To avoid problems with file and directory access, the startup script " "will not automatically start ntpd as `ntpd` when the configuration contains " "any file-related options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2718 msgid "" "The presence of any of the following in `ntpd_flags` requires manual " "configuration as described below to run as the `ntpd` user:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2720 msgid "-f or --driftfile" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2721 msgid "-i or --jaildir" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2722 msgid "-k or --keyfile" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2723 msgid "-l or --logfile" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2724 msgid "-s or --statsdir" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2726 msgid "" "The presence of any of the following keywords in [.filename]#ntp.conf# " "requires manual configuration as described below to run as the `ntpd` user:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2728 msgid "crypto" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2729 msgid "driftfile" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2730 msgid "key" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2731 msgid "logdir" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2732 msgid "statsdir" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2734 msgid "To manually configure ntpd to run as user `ntpd`:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2736 msgid "" "Ensure that the `ntpd` user has access to all the files and directories " "specified in the configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2737 msgid "" "Arrange for the `mac_ntpd` module to be loaded or compiled into the kernel. " "See man:mac_ntpd[4] for details." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2738 msgid "Set `ntpd_user=\"ntpd\"` in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2739 #, no-wrap msgid "Using NTP with a PPP Connection" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2744 msgid "" "ntpd does not need a permanent connection to the Internet to function " "properly. However, if a PPP connection is configured to dial out on demand, " "NTP traffic should be prevented from triggering a dial out or keeping the " "connection alive. This can be configured with `filter` directives in " "[.filename]#/etc/ppp/ppp.conf#. For example:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2755 #, no-wrap msgid "" "set filter dial 0 deny udp src eq 123\n" "# Prevent NTP traffic from initiating dial out\n" "set filter dial 1 permit 0 0\n" "set filter alive 0 deny udp src eq 123\n" "# Prevent incoming NTP traffic from keeping the connection open\n" "set filter alive 1 deny udp dst eq 123\n" "# Prevent outgoing NTP traffic from keeping the connection open\n" "set filter alive 2 permit 0/0 0/0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2758 msgid "" "For more details, refer to the `PACKET FILTERING` section in man:ppp[8] and " "the examples in [.filename]#/usr/share/examples/ppp/#." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2762 msgid "" "Some Internet access providers block low-numbered ports, preventing NTP from " "functioning since replies never reach the machine." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2765 #, no-wrap msgid "iSCSI Initiator and Target Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2769 msgid "" "iSCSI is a way to share storage over a network. Unlike NFS, which works at " "the file system level, iSCSI works at the block device level." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2773 msgid "" "In iSCSI terminology, the system that shares the storage is known as the " "_target_. The storage can be a physical disk, or an area representing " "multiple disks or a portion of a physical disk. For example, if the disk(s) " "are formatted with ZFS, a zvol can be created to use as the iSCSI storage." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2777 msgid "" "The clients which access the iSCSI storage are called _initiators_. To " "initiators, the storage available through iSCSI appears as a raw, " "unformatted disk known as a LUN. Device nodes for the disk appear in " "[.filename]#/dev/# and the device must be separately formatted and mounted." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2780 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides a native, kernel-based iSCSI target and initiator. This " "section describes how to configure a FreeBSD system as a target or an " "initiator." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2782 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring an iSCSI Target" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2785 msgid "" "To configure an iSCSI target, create the [.filename]#/etc/ctl.conf# " "configuration file, add a line to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# to make sure the " "man:ctld[8] daemon is automatically started at boot, and then start the " "daemon." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2788 msgid "" "The following is an example of a simple [.filename]#/etc/ctl.conf# " "configuration file. Refer to man:ctl.conf[5] for a complete description of " "this file's available options." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2796 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2874 #, no-wrap msgid "" "portal-group pg0 {\n" "\tdiscovery-auth-group no-authentication\n" "\tlisten 0.0.0.0\n" "\tlisten [::]\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2800 #, no-wrap msgid "" "target iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 {\n" "\tauth-group no-authentication\n" "\tportal-group pg0\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2806 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2904 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\tlun 0 {\n" "\t\tpath /data/target0-0\n" "\t\tsize 4G\n" "\t}\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2812 msgid "" "The first entry defines the `pg0` portal group. Portal groups define which " "network addresses the man:ctld[8] daemon will listen on. The `discovery-" "auth-group no-authentication` entry indicates that any initiator is allowed " "to perform iSCSI target discovery without authentication. Lines three and " "four configure man:ctld[8] to listen on all IPv4 (`listen 0.0.0.0`) and IPv6 " "(`listen [::]`) addresses on the default port of 3260." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2815 msgid "" "It is not necessary to define a portal group as there is a built-in portal " "group called `default`. In this case, the difference between `default` and " "`pg0` is that with `default`, target discovery is always denied, while with " "`pg0`, it is always allowed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2823 msgid "" "The second entry defines a single target. Target has two possible meanings: " "a machine serving iSCSI or a named group of LUNs. This example uses the " "latter meaning, where `iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0` is the target name. " "This target name is suitable for testing purposes. For actual use, change " "`com.example` to the real domain name, reversed. The `2012-06` represents " "the year and month of acquiring control of that domain name, and `target0` " "can be any value. Any number of targets can be defined in this " "configuration file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2825 msgid "" "The `auth-group no-authentication` line allows all initiators to connect to " "the specified target and `portal-group pg0` makes the target reachable " "through the `pg0` portal group." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2833 msgid "" "The next section defines the LUN. To the initiator, each LUN will be " "visible as a separate disk device. Multiple LUNs can be defined for each " "target. Each LUN is identified by a number, where LUN 0 is mandatory. The " "`path /data/target0-0` line defines the full path to a file or zvol backing " "the LUN. That path must exist before starting man:ctld[8]. The second line " "is optional and specifies the size of the LUN." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2835 msgid "" "Next, to make sure the man:ctld[8] daemon is started at boot, add this line " "to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2839 #, no-wrap msgid "ctld_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2842 msgid "To start man:ctld[8] now, run this command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2846 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ctld start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2850 msgid "" "As the man:ctld[8] daemon is started, it reads [.filename]#/etc/ctl.conf#. " "If this file is edited after the daemon starts, use this command so that the " "changes take effect immediately:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2854 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ctld reload\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2857 #, no-wrap msgid "Authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2861 msgid "" "The previous example is inherently insecure as it uses no authentication, " "granting anyone full access to all targets. To require a username and " "password to access targets, modify the configuration as follows:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2868 #, no-wrap msgid "" "auth-group ag0 {\n" "\tchap username1 secretsecret\n" "\tchap username2 anothersecret\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2883 #, no-wrap msgid "" "target iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 {\n" "\tauth-group ag0\n" "\tportal-group pg0\n" "\tlun 0 {\n" "\t\tpath /data/target0-0\n" "\t\tsize 4G\n" "\t}\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2889 msgid "" "The `auth-group` section defines username and password pairs. An initiator " "trying to connect to `iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0` must first specify a " "defined username and secret. However, target discovery is still permitted " "without authentication. To require target discovery authentication, set " "`discovery-auth-group` to a defined `auth-group` name instead of `no-" "authentication`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2892 msgid "" "It is common to define a single exported target for every initiator. As a " "shorthand for the syntax above, the username and password can be specified " "directly in the target entry:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2898 #, no-wrap msgid "" "target iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 {\n" "\tportal-group pg0\n" "\tchap username1 secretsecret\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2908 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring an iSCSI Initiator" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2914 msgid "" "The iSCSI initiator described in this section is supported starting with " "FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. To use the iSCSI initiator available in older " "versions, refer to man:iscontrol[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2919 msgid "" "The iSCSI initiator requires that the man:iscsid[8] daemon is running. This " "daemon does not use a configuration file. To start it automatically at " "boot, add this line to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2923 #, no-wrap msgid "iscsid_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2926 msgid "To start man:iscsid[8] now, run this command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2930 #, no-wrap msgid "# service iscsid start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2934 msgid "" "Connecting to a target can be done with or without an [.filename]#/etc/" "iscsi.conf# configuration file. This section demonstrates both types of " "connections." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2935 #, no-wrap msgid "Connecting to a Target Without a Configuration File" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2938 msgid "" "To connect an initiator to a single target, specify the IP address of the " "portal and the name of the target:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2942 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -A -p 10.10.10.10 -t iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2946 msgid "" "To verify if the connection succeeded, run `iscsictl` without any " "arguments. The output should look similar to this:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2951 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" "iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 10.10.10.10 Connected: da0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2955 msgid "" "In this example, the iSCSI session was successfully established, with " "[.filename]#/dev/da0# representing the attached LUN. If the " "`iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0` target exports more than one LUN, multiple " "device nodes will be shown in that section of the output:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2959 #, no-wrap msgid "Connected: da0 da1 da2.\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2963 msgid "" "Any errors will be reported in the output, as well as the system logs. For " "example, this message usually means that the man:iscsid[8] daemon is not " "running:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2968 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" "iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 10.10.10.10 Waiting for iscsid(8)\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2971 msgid "" "The following message suggests a networking problem, such as a wrong IP " "address or port:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2976 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" "iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 10.10.10.11 Connection refused\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2979 msgid "This message means that the specified target name is wrong:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2984 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" "iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 10.10.10.10 Not found\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2987 msgid "This message means that the target requires authentication:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2992 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" "iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 10.10.10.10 Authentication failed\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2995 msgid "To specify a CHAP username and secret, use this syntax:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:2999 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -A -p 10.10.10.10 -t iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 -u user -s secretsecret\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3002 #, no-wrap msgid "Connecting to a Target with a Configuration File" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3005 msgid "" "To connect using a configuration file, create [.filename]#/etc/iscsi.conf# " "with contents like this:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3015 #, no-wrap msgid "" "t0 {\n" "\tTargetAddress = 10.10.10.10\n" "\tTargetName = iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0\n" "\tAuthMethod = CHAP\n" "\tchapIName = user\n" "\tchapSecret = secretsecret\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3022 msgid "" "The `t0` specifies a nickname for the configuration file section. It will " "be used by the initiator to specify which configuration to use. The other " "lines specify the parameters to use during connection. The `TargetAddress` " "and `TargetName` are mandatory, whereas the other options are optional. In " "this example, the CHAP username and secret are shown." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3024 msgid "To connect to the defined target, specify the nickname:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3028 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -An t0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3031 msgid "" "Alternately, to connect to all targets defined in the configuration file, " "use:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3035 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -Aa\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3038 msgid "" "To make the initiator automatically connect to all targets in [.filename]#/" "etc/iscsi.conf#, add the following to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network-servers/_index.adoc:3043 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iscsictl_enable=\"YES\"\n" "iscsictl_flags=\"-Aa\"\n" msgstr ""