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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project # This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-05-09 23:29+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <[email protected]>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: YAML Front Matter: description #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "This chapter delves into the topic of network configuration and performance, showcasing the robust networking capabilities of the FreeBSD operating system." msgstr "" #. type: YAML Front Matter: part #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Part I. Getting Started" msgstr "" #. type: YAML Front Matter: title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Chapter 7. Network" msgstr "" #. type: Title = #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:15 #, no-wrap msgid "Network" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:53 #, no-wrap msgid "Synopsis" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:57 msgid "" "This chapter delves into the topic of network configuration and performance, " "showcasing the robust networking capabilities of the FreeBSD operating " "system. Whether working with wired or wireless networks, this chapter " "provides a comprehensive guide to configuring and optimizing network " "connectivity in FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:59 msgid "" "Before diving into the details, it is beneficial for readers to have a basic " "understanding of networking concepts such as protocols, network interfaces, " "and addressing." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:61 msgid "This chapter covers:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:63 msgid "" "The ability to configure wired networks in FreeBSD, including network " "interface setup, addressing, and customization options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:64 msgid "" "The skills to configure wireless networks in FreeBSD, encompassing wireless " "network interface setup, security protocols, and troubleshooting techniques." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:65 msgid "" "FreeBSD's networking capabilities and its reputation for excellent network " "performance." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:66 msgid "" "An understanding of various network services and protocols supported by " "FreeBSD, with configuration instructions for DNS, DHCP and more." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:68 msgid "" "More information about how to make advanced network configurations in " "crossref:advanced-networking[advanced-networking,Advanced Networking]." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:70 #, no-wrap msgid "Setting up the Network" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:74 msgid "" "Setting up a wired or wireless connection is a common task for a FreeBSD " "user. This section will show how to identify the wired and wireless network " "adapters and how to configure them." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:76 msgid "" "Before starting with the configuration it is necessary to know the following " "network data:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:78 msgid "If the network has DHCP" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:79 msgid "If the network does not have DHCP, the static IP to be used" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:80 msgid "The netmask" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:81 msgid "The IP address of the default gateway" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:85 msgid "" "The network connection may have been configured at installation time by " "man:bsdinstall[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:88 #, no-wrap msgid "Identify Network Adapters" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:92 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports a wide variety of network adapters for both wired and " "wireless networks. Check the Hardware Compatibility List for the used " "link:https://www.freebsd.org/releases/[FreeBSD release] to see if the " "network adapter is supported." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:94 msgid "" "To get the network adapters used by our system execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:98 #, no-wrap msgid "% pciconf -lv | grep -A1 -B3 network\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:101 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:158 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:265 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:299 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:338 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:403 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:618 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:691 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:818 msgid "The output should be similar to the following:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:109 #, no-wrap msgid "" "em0@pci0:0:25:0: class=0x020000 rev=0x03 hdr=0x00 vendor=0x8086 device=0x10f5 subvendor=0x17aa subdevice=0x20ee\n" " vendor = 'Intel Corporation' <1>\n" " device = '82567LM Gigabit Network Connection' <2>\n" " class = network\n" " subclass = ethernet\n" "--\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:114 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iwm0@pci0:3:0:0: class=0x028000 rev=0x00 hdr=0x00 vendor=0x8086 device=0x4237 subvendor=0x8086 subdevice=0x1211\n" " vendor = 'Intel Corporation' <1>\n" " device = 'PRO/Wireless 5100 AGN [Shiloh] Network Connection' <2>\n" " class = network\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:118 msgid "" "The text before the '@' symbol is the name of the driver controlling the " "device. In this case these are man:em[4] and man:iwn[4]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:120 msgid "Shows the name of the vendor" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:121 msgid "Shows the name of the device" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:125 msgid "" "It is only necessary to load the network interface card module if FreeBSD " "has not detected it correctly." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:127 msgid "" "For example, to load the man:alc[4] module, execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:131 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload if_alc\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:134 msgid "" "Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the " "following line in [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:138 #, no-wrap msgid "if_alc_load=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:142 #, no-wrap msgid "Wired Networks" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:147 msgid "" "Once the right driver is loaded the network adapter needs to be configured. " "FreeBSD uses the driver name followed by a unit number to name the network " "interface adapter. The unit number represents the order in which the " "adapter is detected at boot time, or is later discovered." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:149 msgid "" "For example, `em0` is the first network interface card (NIC) on the system " "using the man:em[4] driver." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:151 msgid "" "To display the network interface configuration, enter the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:155 #, no-wrap msgid "% ifconfig\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:176 #, no-wrap msgid "" "em0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=481249b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,LRO,WOL_MAGIC,VLAN_HWFILTER,NOMAP>\n" " ether 00:1f:16:0f:27:5a\n" " inet6 fe80::21f:16ff:fe0f:275a%em0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1\n" " inet 192.168.1.19 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)\n" " status: active\n" " nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>\n" "lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384\n" " options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6>\n" " inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128\n" " inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2\n" " inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000\n" " groups: lo\n" " nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:179 msgid "In this example, the following devices were displayed:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:181 msgid "`em0`: The Ethernet interface." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:182 msgid "" "`lo0`: The loop interface is a software loopback mechanism which may be used " "for performance analysis, software testing, and/or local communication. More " "information in man:lo[4]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:184 msgid "The example shows that `em0` is up and running." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:186 msgid "The key indicators are:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:188 msgid "`UP` means that the interface is configured and ready." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:189 msgid "The interface has an IPv4 Internet (`inet`) address, `192.168.1.19`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:190 msgid "" "The interface has an IPv6 Internet (`inet6`) address, " "`fe80::21f:16ff:fe0f:275a%em0`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:191 msgid "" "It has a valid subnet mask (`netmask`), where `0xffffff00` is the same as " "`255.255.255.0`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:192 msgid "It has a valid broadcast address, `192.168.1.255`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:193 msgid "The MAC address of the interface (`ether`) is `00:1f:16:0f:27:5a`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:194 msgid "" "The physical media selection is on autoselection mode (`media: Ethernet " "autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)`)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:195 msgid "" "The status of the link (`status`) is `active`, indicating that the carrier " "signal is detected. For `em0`, the `status: no carrier` status is normal " "when an Ethernet cable is not plugged into the interface." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:197 msgid "" "If the man:ifconfig[8] output had shown something similar to the next output " "it would indicate the interface has not been configured:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:206 #, no-wrap msgid "" "em0: flags=8822<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=481249b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,LRO,WOL_MAGIC,VLAN_HWFILTER,NOMAP>\n" " ether 00:1f:16:0f:27:5a\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: no carrier\n" " nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:209 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring Static IPv4 Address" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:212 msgid "" "This section provides a guide to configuring a static IPv4 address on a " "FreeBSD system." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:214 msgid "" "The network interface card configuration can be performed from the command " "line with man:ifconfig[8] but will not persist after a reboot unless the " "configuration is also added to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:219 msgid "" "If the network was configured during installation by man:bsdinstall[8], some " "entries for the network interface card (NICs) may be already present. " "Double check [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# before executing man:sysrc[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:222 msgid "The IP address can be set executing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:226 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig em0 inet 192.168.1.150/24\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:229 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:652 msgid "" "To make the change persist across reboots execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:233 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.150 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:236 msgid "Add the default router executing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:240 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc defaultrouter=\"192.168.1.1\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:243 msgid "Add the DNS records to [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:248 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nameserver 8.8.8.8\n" "nameserver 8.8.4.4\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:251 msgid "Then restart `netif` and `routing` executing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:255 #, no-wrap msgid "# service netif restart && service routing restart\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:258 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:331 msgid "The connection can be tested using man:ping[8]:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:262 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:335 #, no-wrap msgid "% ping -c2 www.FreeBSD.org\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:271 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:344 #, no-wrap msgid "" "PING web.geo.FreeBSD.org (147.28.184.45): 56 data bytes\n" "64 bytes from 147.28.184.45: icmp_seq=0 ttl=51 time=55.173 ms\n" "64 bytes from 147.28.184.45: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=53.093 ms\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:275 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:348 #, no-wrap msgid "" "--- web.geo.FreeBSD.org ping statistics ---\n" "2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0.0% packet loss\n" "round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 53.093/54.133/55.173/1.040 ms\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:278 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring Dynamic IPv4 Address" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:283 msgid "" "If the network has a DHCP server, it is very easy to configure the network " "interface to use DHCP. FreeBSD uses man:dhclient[8] as the DHCP client. " "man:dhclient[8] will automatically provide the IP, the netmask and the " "default router." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:285 msgid "To make the interface work with DHCP execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:289 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_em0=\"DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:292 msgid "man:dhclient[8] can be used manually by running the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:296 #, no-wrap msgid "# dhclient em0\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:306 #, no-wrap msgid "" "DHCPREQUEST on em0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67\n" "DHCPACK from 192.168.1.1\n" "unknown dhcp option value 0x7d\n" "bound to 192.168.1.19 -- renewal in 43200 seconds.\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:309 msgid "" "In this way it can be verified that the address assignment using DHCP works " "correctly." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:314 msgid "" "man:dhclient[8] client can be started in background. This can cause trouble " "with applications depending on a working network, but it will provide a " "faster startup in many cases." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:316 msgid "To execute man:dhclient[8] in background execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:320 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc background_dhclient=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:324 msgid "Then restart `netif` executing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:328 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:637 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:758 #, no-wrap msgid "# service netif restart\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:351 #, no-wrap msgid "IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:354 msgid "" "IPv6 is the new version of the well-known IP protocol, also known as IPv4." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:356 msgid "" "IPv6 provides several advantages over IPv4 as well as many new features:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:358 msgid "" "Its 128-bit address space allows for " "340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses. This " "addresses the IPv4 address shortage and eventual IPv4 address exhaustion." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:359 msgid "" "Routers only store network aggregation addresses in their routing tables, " "thus reducing the average space of a routing table to 8192 entries. This " "addresses the scalability issues associated with IPv4, which required every " "allocated block of IPv4 addresses to be exchanged between Internet routers, " "causing their routing tables to become too large to allow efficient routing." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:360 msgid "" "Address autoconfiguration (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4862.txt[RFC4862])." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:361 msgid "Mandatory multicast addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:362 msgid "Built-in IPsec (IP security)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:363 msgid "Simplified header structure." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:364 msgid "Support for mobile IP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:365 msgid "IPv6-to-IPv4 transition mechanisms." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:367 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes the http://www.kame.net/[KAME project] IPv6 reference " "implementation and comes with everything needed to use IPv6." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:369 msgid "This section focuses on getting IPv6 configured and running." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:371 msgid "There are three different types of IPv6 addresses:" msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:372 #, no-wrap msgid "Unicast" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:374 msgid "" "A packet sent to a unicast address arrives at the interface belonging to the " "address." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:375 #, no-wrap msgid "Anycast" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:378 msgid "" "These addresses are syntactically indistinguishable from unicast addresses " "but they address a group of interfaces. The packet destined for an anycast " "address will arrive at the nearest interface." msgstr "" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:379 #, no-wrap msgid "Multicast" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:383 msgid "" "These addresses identify a group of interfaces. A packet destined for a " "multicast address will arrive at all interfaces belonging to the multicast " "group. The IPv4 broadcast address, usually `xxx.xxx.xxx.255`, is expressed " "by multicast addresses in IPv6." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:386 msgid "" "When reading an IPv6 address, the canonical form is represented as " "`x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x`, where each `x` represents a 16 bit hex value. An example " "is `FEBC:A574:382B:23C1:AA49:4592:4EFE:9982`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:391 msgid "" "Often, an address will have long substrings of all zeros. A `::` (double " "colon) can be used to replace one substring per address. Also, up to three " "leading ``0``s per hex value can be omitted. For example, `fe80::1` " "corresponds to the canonical form `fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:394 msgid "" "A third form is to write the last 32 bits using the well known IPv4 " "notation. For example, `2002::10.0.0.1` corresponds to the hexadecimal " "canonical representation `2002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0a00:0001`, which in " "turn is equivalent to `2002::a00:1`." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:396 msgid "To view a FreeBSD system's IPv6 address execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:400 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:414 #, no-wrap msgid "" "em0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=481249b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,LRO,WOL_MAGIC,VLAN_HWFILTER,NOMAP>\n" " ether 00:1f:16:0f:27:5a\n" " inet 192.168.1.150 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255\n" " inet6 fe80::21f:16ff:fe0f:275a%em0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)\n" " status: active\n" " nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:417 msgid "" "In this example, the `em0` interface is using " "`fe80::21f:16ff:fe0f:275a%em0`, an auto-configured link-local address which " "was automatically generated from the MAC address." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:420 msgid "" "Some IPv6 addresses are reserved. A list of reserved addresses can be " "checked in the following table:" msgstr "" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:422 #, no-wrap msgid "Example IPv6 Reserved Addresses" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:426 #, no-wrap msgid "IPv6 address" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:427 #, no-wrap msgid "Description" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:429 #, no-wrap msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:430 #, no-wrap msgid "`::/128`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:431 #, no-wrap msgid "unspecified" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:433 #, no-wrap msgid "Equivalent to `0.0.0.0` in IPv4." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:434 #, no-wrap msgid "`::1/128`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:435 #, no-wrap msgid "loopback address" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:437 #, no-wrap msgid "Equivalent to `127.0.0.1` in IPv4." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:438 #, no-wrap msgid "`::ffff:0.0.0.0/96`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:439 #, no-wrap msgid "IPv4 mapped IPv6 address" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:441 #, no-wrap msgid "The lower 32 bits are the IPv4 address for compatibility with IPv4 hosts and routers." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:442 #, no-wrap msgid "`fe80::/10`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:443 #, no-wrap msgid "link-local unicast" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:445 #, no-wrap msgid "Equivalent to 169.254.0.0/16 in IPv4." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:446 #, no-wrap msgid "`fc00::/7`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:447 #, no-wrap msgid "unique-local" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:449 #, no-wrap msgid "Unique local addresses are intended for local communication and are only routable within a set of cooperating sites." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:450 #, no-wrap msgid "`ff00::/8`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:451 #, no-wrap msgid "multicast" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:454 #, no-wrap msgid "`2000::/3`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:455 #, no-wrap msgid "global unicast" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:457 #, no-wrap msgid "All global unicast addresses are assigned from this pool. The first 3 bits are `001`." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:458 #, no-wrap msgid "``2001:db8::/32, 3fff::/20``" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:459 #, no-wrap msgid "documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:460 #, no-wrap msgid "IPv6 address prefix for use in documentation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:463 msgid "" "For further information on the structure of IPv6 addresses, refer to http://" "www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt[RFC4291]." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:465 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring Static IPv6 Address" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:468 msgid "" "To configure a FreeBSD system as an IPv6 client with a static IPv6 address " "it is necessary to set the IPv6 address." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:470 msgid "Execute the following commands to meet the requirements:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:474 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_em0_ipv6=\"inet6 2001:db8:4672:6565:2026:5043:2d42:5344 prefixlen 64\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:477 msgid "" "To assign a default router, specify its address executing the following " "command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:481 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ipv6_defaultrouter=\"2001:db8:4672:6565::1\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:484 msgid "" "To configure an additional IPv6 anycast address, specify the anycast address " "as an `_aliasN`, as specified in man:rc.conf[5], followed by the `anycast` " "option:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:487 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet6 2001:db8:4672:6565::a anycast\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:490 msgid "" "Keep in mind that the applications can't bind to anycast addresses; in that " "case you need to use an alias address instead." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:492 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring Dynamic IPv6 Address" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:495 msgid "" "To dynamically configure the IPv6 address of the interface using " "crossref:glossary[slaac-glossary,SLAAC], execute the following commands:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:500 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysrc ifconfig_em0_ipv6=\"inet6 accept_rtadv\"\n" "# sysrc rtsold_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:503 msgid "" "Note that when IPv6 packet forwarding is enabled (i.e., " "`ipv6_gateway_enable=YES`), the system will not configure a SLAAC address " "unless the `net.inet6.ip6.rfc6204w3` man:sysctl[8] variable is set to 1." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:504 #, no-wrap msgid "Router Advertisement and Host Auto Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:507 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to setup man:rtadvd[8] on an IPv6 router to " "advertise the IPv6 network prefix and default route." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:509 msgid "To enable man:rtadvd[8], execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:513 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc rtadvd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:517 msgid "" "It is important to specify the interface on which to do IPv6 router " "advertisement. For example, to tell man:rtadvd[8] to use `em0`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:521 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc rtadvd_interfaces=\"em0\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:524 msgid "" "Next, create the configuration file, [.filename]#/etc/rtadvd.conf# as seen " "in this example:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:529 #, no-wrap msgid "" "em0:\\\n" "\t:addrs#1:addr=\"2001:db8:1f11:246::\":prefixlen#64:tc=ether:\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:532 msgid "" "Replace `em0` with the interface to be used and `2001:db8:1f11:246::` with " "the prefix of the allocation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:535 msgid "" "For a dedicated `/64` subnet, nothing else needs to be changed. Otherwise, " "change the `prefixlen#` to the correct value." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:536 #, no-wrap msgid "IPv6 and IPv4 Address mapping" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:541 msgid "" "When IPv6 is enabled on a server, there may be a need to enable IPv4 mapped " "IPv6 address communication. This compatibility option allows for IPv4 " "addresses to be represented as IPv6 addresses. Permitting IPv6 applications " "to communicate with IPv4 and vice versa may be a security issue." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:545 msgid "" "This option may not be required in most cases and is available only for " "compatibility. This option will allow IPv6-only applications to work with " "IPv4 in a dual stack environment. This is most useful for third party " "applications which may not support an IPv6-only environment." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:547 msgid "To enable this feature execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:551 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ipv6_ipv4mapping=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:554 #, no-wrap msgid "Wireless Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:557 msgid "" "Most wireless networks are based on the link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "IEEE_802.11[IEEE(R) 802.11 standards]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:559 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports networks that operate using link:https://en.wikipedia.org/" "wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999[802.11a], link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "IEEE_802.11b-1999[802.11b], link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "IEEE_802.11g-2003[802.11g] and link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "IEEE_802.11n-2009[802.11n]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:563 msgid "" "link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac-2013[802.11ac] support on " "FreeBSD is currently under development." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:566 msgid "" "A basic wireless network consists of multiple stations communicating with " "radios that broadcast in either the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band, though this varies " "according to the locale and is also changing to enable communication in the " "2.3GHz and 4.9GHz ranges." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:568 msgid "There are three basic steps to configure a wireless network:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:570 msgid "Scan and select an access point" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:571 msgid "Authenticate the station" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:572 msgid "Configure an IP address or use DHCP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:574 msgid "The following sections discuss each step." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:576 #, no-wrap msgid "Quick Start to Connect to a Wireless Network" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:579 msgid "" "Connecting FreeBSD to an existing wireless network is a very common " "situation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:582 msgid "" "This Quick Start procedure shows the steps required to connect to a network " "using basic authentication. A more detailed procedure is given in the next " "section." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:584 msgid "" "The first step is to obtain the Service Set Identifier (SSID) and Pre-Shared " "Key (PSK) for the wireless network from the network administrator." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:586 msgid "" "The second step is to add an entry for this network to [.filename]#/etc/" "wpa_supplicant.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:589 msgid "" "If the file does not exist, create it. Consult man:wpa_supplicant.conf[5] " "for details on formatting entries in this file." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:596 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant\n" "eapol_version=1\n" "ap_scan=1\n" "fast_reauth=1\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:601 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"myssid\" <.>\n" " psk=\"mypsk\" <.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:605 msgid "" "Is the SSID of the wireless network. Replace it with the name of the " "wireless network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:607 msgid "" "Is the PSK of the wireless network. Replace it with the password of the " "wireless network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:611 msgid "" "The third step is to add the network interface entry to configure the " "network on startup. Obtain the network device interface by using the sysctl " "`net.wlan.devices`. In the listing below, the output of this sysctl shows " "the network device interface is \"iwm0\"." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:615 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl net.wlan.devices\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:622 #, no-wrap msgid "net.wlan.devices: iwm0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:625 msgid "" "In the sysrc line that follows, replace \"iwm0\" with the output of the " "sysctl command if needed." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:630 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysrc wlans_iwm0=\"wlan0\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:633 msgid "" "And the last step is to restart the `netif` service executing the following " "command:" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:640 #, no-wrap msgid "Basic Wireless Configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:645 msgid "" "This section provides a more detailed example of configuring a wireless " "network card. To find out what wireless network cards are in the system " "check the section crossref:network[config-identify-network-adapter, Identify " "Network Adapters]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:649 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev iwm0\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:656 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc wlans_iwm0=\"wlan0\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:661 msgid "" "Since the regulatory situation is different in various parts of the world, " "it is necessary to correctly set the domains that apply to your location to " "have the correct information about what channels can be used." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:664 msgid "" "The available region definitions can be found in [.filename]#/etc/" "regdomain.xml#. To set the data at runtime, use `ifconfig`:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:668 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 regdomain etsi2 country AT\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:671 msgid "To persist the settings, add it to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:675 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc create_args_wlan0=\"country AT regdomain etsi2\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:679 #, no-wrap msgid "Scan Wireless Networks" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:682 msgid "Available wireless networks can be scanned using man:ifconfig[8]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:684 msgid "To list the wireless networks execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:688 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 up list scan\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:701 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" "FreeBSD e8:d1:1b:1b:58:ae 1 54M -47:-96 100 EP RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP WPS WME\n" "NetBSD d4:b9:2f:35:fe:08 1 54M -80:-96 100 EP RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP WPS WME\n" "OpenBSD fc:40:09:c6:31:bd 36 54M -94:-96 100 EPS VHTPWRENV APCHANREP RSN WPS BSSLOAD HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME\n" "GNU-Linux dc:f8:b9:a0:a8:e0 44 54M -95:-96 100 EP WPA RSN WPS HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME VHTPWRENV\n" "Windows 44:48:b9:b3:c3:ff 44 54M -84:-96 100 EP BSSLOAD VHTPWRENV HTCAP WME RSN VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WPS\n" "MacOS 46:48:b9:b3:c3:ff 44 54M -84:-96 100 EP BSSLOAD VHTPWRENV HTCAP WME RSN VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WPS\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:704 msgid "SSID/MESH ID identifies the name of the network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:705 msgid "BSSID identifies the MAC address of the access point." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:706 msgid "" "CAPS field identifies the type of each network and the capabilities of the " "stations operating there (see the definition of `list scan` in " "man:ifconfig[8] for more details)." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:708 #, no-wrap msgid "Connection and Authentication to a Wireless Network" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:713 msgid "" "Once a wireless network has been selected from the list of scanned networks, " "it is necessary to perform the connection and the authentication. In the " "vast majority of wireless networks, authentication is done with a password " "configured in the router. Other schemes require cryptographic handshakes to " "be completed before data traffic can flow, either using pre-shared keys or " "secrets, or more complex schemes that involve backend services such as " "RADIUS." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:715 #, no-wrap msgid "Authenticate with WPA2/WPA/Personal" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:718 msgid "" "The authentication process in a wireless network is managed by " "man:wpa_supplicant[8]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:721 msgid "" "The man:wpa_supplicant[8] configuration will be made in the [.filename]#/etc/" "wpa_supplicant.conf# file. For more information, see " "man:wpa_supplicant.conf[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:723 msgid "" "Once the scanning of the wireless networks has been carried out, a network " "has been chosen and have the password (PSK), that information will be added " "to the file [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf# as in the following " "example:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:731 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" " scan_ssid=1 <.>\n" " ssid=\"FreeBSD\" <.>\n" " psk=\"12345678\" <.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:734 msgid "" "SSID scan technique. Only need to use this option if the network is hidden." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:735 msgid "Network name." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:736 msgid "Password of the wireless network." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:738 msgid "" "The next step will be to configure the wireless connection in the file " "[.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:740 msgid "" "To use a static address it will be necessary to execute the following " "command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:744 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_wlan0=\"inet 192.168.1.20 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:747 msgid "" "To use a dynamic address it will be necessary to execute the following " "command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:751 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:754 msgid "Then restart the network executing the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:763 msgid "" "More information on how to perform more advanced methods of authentication " "can be obtained at crossref:advanced-networking[network-advanced-wireless," "\"Wireless Advanced Authentication\"]." msgstr "" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:766 #, no-wrap msgid "Authenticate with Open Networks" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:771 msgid "" "It is important that the user is *very* careful when connecting to open " "networks without any kind of authentication." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:774 msgid "" "Once the wireless network scan is done and the SSID of the wireless network " "is selected, execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:778 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 ssid SSID\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:781 msgid "And then execute man:dhclient[8] to get the address configured:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:785 #, no-wrap msgid "# dhclient wlan0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:787 #, no-wrap msgid "Using Both Wired and Wireless Connections" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:791 msgid "" "A wired connection provides better performance and reliability, while a " "wireless connection provides flexibility and mobility. Laptop users " "typically want to roam seamlessly between the two types of connections." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:794 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, it is possible to combine two or even more network interfaces " "together in a \"failover\" fashion. This type of configuration uses the " "most preferred and available connection from a group of network interfaces, " "and the operating system switches automatically when the link state changes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:796 msgid "" "Link aggregation and failover is covered in crossref:advanced-" "networking[network-aggregation,\"Link Aggregation and Failover\"] and an " "example for using both wired and wireless connections is provided at " "crossref:advanced-networking[networking-lagg-wired-and-wireless,\"Failover " "Mode Between Ethernet and Wireless Interfaces\"]." msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:798 #, no-wrap msgid "Hostname" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:801 msgid "" "The hostname represents the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the host " "on the network." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:805 msgid "" "If no hostname is set for the host, FreeBSD will call itself `Amnesiac`." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:808 #, no-wrap msgid "Check The Current Hostname" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:811 msgid "man:hostname[1] can be used to check the current hostname:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:815 #, no-wrap msgid "$ hostname\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:822 #, no-wrap msgid "freebsdhostname.example.com\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:825 #, no-wrap msgid "Change Hostname" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:828 msgid "" "To change the hostname of the host and persist it across reboots execute the " "following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:832 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc hostname=\"freebsdhostname.example.com\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:835 #, no-wrap msgid "DNS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:838 msgid "" "The DNS could be understood as a link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Telephone_directory[telephone directory] in which an IP is identified to a " "hostname and vice versa." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:841 msgid "" "There are three files that handle how a FreeBSD system interact with the " "DNS. These three files are man:hosts[5], man:resolv.conf[5] and " "man:nsswitch.conf[5]" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:843 msgid "" "Unless otherwise stated in the [.filename]#/etc/nsswitch.conf# file, FreeBSD " "will look at the addresses in the [.filename]#/etc/hosts# file and then the " "DNS information in the [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf# file." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:847 msgid "" "The man:nsswitch.conf[5] file specifies how the nsdispatch (name-service " "switch dispatcher) should operate." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:849 msgid "" "By default, the hosts section of the [.filename]#/etc/nsswitch.conf# file " "will be as follows:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:853 #, no-wrap msgid "hosts: files dns\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:857 msgid "" "For example, in case of using the man:nscd[8] service. The order of " "preference could be changed by leaving the line as follows:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:861 #, no-wrap msgid "hosts: files cache dns\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:865 #, no-wrap msgid "Local addresses" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:870 msgid "" "The [.filename]#/etc/hosts# file is a simple text database who provide host " "name to IP address mappings. Entries for local computers connected via a " "LAN can be added to this file for simplistic naming purposes instead of " "setting up a DNS server. Additionally, [.filename]#/etc/hosts# can be used " "to provide a local record of Internet names, reducing the need to query " "external DNS servers for commonly accessed names." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:872 msgid "" "For example, in the case of having a local instance of package:www/gitlab-" "ce[] in a local environment, it could be added as follows to the file " "[.filename]#/etc/hosts#:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:876 #, no-wrap msgid "192.168.1.150 git.example.com git\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:879 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring the Nameserver" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:882 msgid "" "How a FreeBSD system accesses the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) is " "controlled by man:resolv.conf[5]." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:884 msgid "The most common entries to [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf# are:" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:890 #, no-wrap msgid "`nameserver`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:892 #, no-wrap msgid "The IP address of a name server the resolver should query. The servers are queried in the order listed with a maximum of three." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:893 #, no-wrap msgid "`search`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:895 #, no-wrap msgid "Search list for hostname lookup. This is normally determined by the domain of the local hostname." msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:896 #, no-wrap msgid "`domain`" msgstr "" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:897 #, no-wrap msgid "The local domain name." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:900 msgid "A typical [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf# looks like this:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:906 #, no-wrap msgid "" "search example.com\n" "nameserver 147.11.1.11\n" "nameserver 147.11.100.30\n" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:911 msgid "Only one of the `search` and `domain` options should be used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:914 msgid "" "When using DHCP, man:dhclient[8] usually rewrites [.filename]#/etc/" "resolv.conf# with information received from the DHCP server." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:918 msgid "" "If the machine in which the configuration is being made is *not* a DNS " "server, man:local-unbound[8] can be used to improve DNS lookup performance." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:920 msgid "To enable it at boot time execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:924 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc local_unbound_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:927 msgid "" "To start the man:local-unbound[8] service execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:931 #, no-wrap msgid "# service local_unbound start\n" msgstr "" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:935 #, no-wrap msgid "Troubleshooting" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:938 msgid "" "When troubleshooting hardware and software configurations, check the simple " "things first." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:940 msgid "Is the network cable plugged in?" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:941 msgid "Are the network services properly configured?" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:942 msgid "Is the firewall configured correctly?" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:943 msgid "Is the NIC supported by FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:944 msgid "Is the router working correctly?" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:948 msgid "" "Before sending a bug report, always check the Hardware Notes in the " "link:https://www.freebsd.org/releases/[FreeBSD release page], update the " "version of FreeBSD to the latest STABLE version, check the mailing list " "archives, and search the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:951 #, no-wrap msgid "Troubleshooting in Wired Networks" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:955 msgid "" "If the card works, yet performance is poor, read through man:tuning[7]. " "Also, check the network configuration as incorrect network settings can " "cause slow connections." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:960 msgid "" "`No route to host` messages occur if the system is unable to route a packet " "to the destination host. This can happen if no default route is specified " "or if a cable is unplugged. Check the output of `netstat -rn` and make sure " "there is a valid route to the host. If there is not, read crossref:advanced-" "networking[network-routing,\"Gateways and Routes\"]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:964 msgid "" "`ping: sendto: Permission denied` error messages are often caused by a " "misconfigured firewall. If a firewall is enabled on FreeBSD but no rules " "have been defined, the default policy is to deny all traffic, even " "man:ping[8]. Refer to crossref:firewalls[firewalls,Firewalls] for more " "information." msgstr "" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:966 #, no-wrap msgid "Troubleshooting in Wireless Networks" msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:969 msgid "" "This section describes a number of steps to help troubleshoot common " "wireless networking problems." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:971 msgid "" "If the access point is not listed when scanning, check that the " "configuration has not limited the wireless device to a limited set of " "channels." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:973 msgid "" "If the device cannot associate with an access point, verify that the " "configuration matches the settings on the access point. This includes the " "authentication scheme and any security protocols. Simplify the configuration " "as much as possible. If using a security protocol such as WPA2 or WPA, " "configure the access point for open authentication and no security to see if " "traffic will pass." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:975 msgid "" "Once the system can associate with the access point, diagnose the network " "configuration using tools like man:ping[8]." msgstr "" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/network/_index.adoc:976 msgid "" "There are many lower-level debugging tools. Debugging messages can be " "enabled in the 802.11 protocol support layer using man:wlandebug[8]." msgstr ""