\begin{exercise}{A3}{Image and kernel}{0009}
\begin{exerciseStatement} Let \(T:\mathbb{R}^ 3 \to \mathbb{R}^ 4 \) be the linear transformation given by \[T\left( \left[\begin{array}{c}
x \\
y \\
z
\end{array}\right] \right) = \left[\begin{array}{c}
4 \, x + 5 \, y - 3 \, z \\
4 \, x + y - 7 \, z \\
5 \, x + 3 \, y - 7 \, z \\
3 \, x + 5 \, y - z
\end{array}\right] .\]
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Explain how to find the image of \(T\) and the kernel of \(T\).
\item Explain how to find a basis of the image of \(T\) and a basis of the kernel of \(T\).
\item Explain how to find the rank and nullity of \(T\), and why the rank-nullity theorem holds for \(T\).
\end{enumerate}
\end{exerciseStatement}
\begin{exerciseAnswer}
\[\operatorname{RREF} \left[\begin{array}{ccc}
4 & 5 & -3 \\
4 & 1 & -7 \\
5 & 3 & -7 \\
3 & 5 & -1
\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & -2 \\
0 & 1 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0
\end{array}\right] \]
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item \[\operatorname{Im}\ T = \operatorname{span}\ \left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c}
4 \\
4 \\
5 \\
3
\end{array}\right] , \left[\begin{array}{c}
5 \\
1 \\
3 \\
5
\end{array}\right] \right\} \]\[\operatorname{ker}\ T = \left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c}
2 \, a \\
-a \\
a
\end{array}\right] \middle|\,a\in\mathbb{R}\right\} \]
\item A basis of \(\operatorname{Im}\ T\) is \( \left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c}
4 \\
4 \\
5 \\
3
\end{array}\right] , \left[\begin{array}{c}
5 \\
1 \\
3 \\
5
\end{array}\right] \right\} \). A basis of \(\operatorname{ker}\ T\) is \( \left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c}
2 \\
-1 \\
1
\end{array}\right] \right\} \)
\item The rank of \(T\) is \( 2 \), the nullity of \(T\) is \( 1 \), and the dimension of the domain of \(T\) is \( 3 \). The rank-nullity theorem asserts that \( 2 + 1 = 3 \), which we see to be true.
\end{enumerate}
\end{exerciseAnswer}
\end{exercise}
