Human Clones: Why Not?
If you can clone a sheep,
you can almost certainly clone a human being. Some of the most powerful people
in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. President Clinton
swiftly imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills are
in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning--a step urged
on all governments by the pope himself. Cloning humans is taken to be either 1)
a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped or, at the very least, 2) a
complex ethical issue that needs legislation and regulation. But what, exactly,
is so bad about it?
Start by
asking whether human beings have a right to reproduce. I say "yes." I have no
moral right to tell other people they shouldn't be able to have children, and I
don't see that Bill Clinton has that right either. When Clinton says, "Let us
resist the temptation to copy ourselves," it comes from a man not known for
resisting other temptations of the flesh. And for a politician, making noise
about cloning is pretty close to a fleshly temptation itself. It's an easy way
to show sound-bite leadership on an issue that everybody is talking about,
without much risk of bitter consequences. After all, how much federally funded
research was stopped by this ban? Probably almost none, because Clinton has
maintained Ronald Reagan's policy of minimizing federal grants for research in
human reproduction. Besides, most researchers thought cloning humans was
impossible--so, for the moment, there's unlikely to be a grant-request backlog.
There is nothing like banning the nonexistent to show true leadership.
The pope, unlike the president, is known for resisting
temptation. He also openly claims the authority to decide how people reproduce.
I respect the pope's freedom to lead his religion, and his followers' freedom
to follow his dictate. But calling for secular governments to implement a ban,
thus extending his power beyond those he can persuade, shows rather explicitly
that the pope does not respect the freedom of others. The basic
religious doctrine he follows was set down some two millennia ago. Sheep
feature prominently in the Bible, but cloning does not. So the pope's views on
cloning are 1 st century rules applied using 15 th century
religious thinking to a 21 st century issue.
If humans have a right to
reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all
reproduction is done these days with medical help--at delivery, and often
before. Truly natural human reproduction would mean 50 percent infant mortality
and make pregnancy-related death the No. 1 killer of adult women.
True, some
forms of medical help are more invasive than others. With in vitro
fertilization, the sperm and egg are combined in the lab and surgically
implanted in the womb. Less than two decades ago, a similar concern was raised
over the ethical issues involved in "test-tube babies." To date, nearly 30,000
such babies have been born in the United States alone. Many would-be parents
have been made happy. Who has been harmed?
The cloning procedure is similar to IVF. The
only difference is that the DNA of sperm and egg would be replaced by DNA from
an adult cell. What law or principle--secular, humanist, or religious--says
that one combination of genetic material in a flask is OK, but another is not?
No matter how closely you study the 1 st century texts, I don't think
you'll find the answer.
Even if
people have the right to do it, is cloning a good idea? Suppose that every
prospective parent in the world stopped having children naturally, and instead
produced clones of themselves. What would the world be like in another 20 or 30
years? The answer is: much like today. Cloning would only copy the genetic
aspects of people who are already here. Hating a world of clones is hating the
current populace. Never before was Pogo so right: We have met the enemy, and he
is us !
Adifferent scare scenario is a world filled with copies of
famous people only. We'll treat celebrity DNA like designer clothes, hankering
for Michael Jordan's genes the way we covet his Nike sneakers today. But even
celebrity infatuation has its limits. People are not more taken with
celebrities than they are with themselves. Besides, such a trend would correct
itself in a generation or two, because celebrity is closely linked to rarity.
The world seems amused by one Howard Stern, but give us a hundred or a million
of them, and they'll seem a lot less endearing.
Clones already exist. About
one in every 1,000 births results in a pair of babies with the same DNA. We
know them as identical twins. Scientific studies on such twins--reared together
or apart--show that they share many characteristics. Just how many they share
is a contentious topic in human biology. But genetic determinism is largely
irrelevant to the cloning issue. Despite how many or how few individual
characteristics twins--or other clones--have in common, they are different
people in the most fundamental sense . They have their own identities, their
own thoughts, and their own rights. Should you be confused on this point, just
ask a twin.
Suppose that Unsolved
Mysteries called you with news of a long-lost identical twin. Would that
suddenly make you less of a person, less of an individual? It is hard to see
how. So, why would a clone be different? Your clone would be raised in a
different era by different people--like the lost identical twin, only younger
than you. A person's basic humanity is not governed by how he or she came into
this world, or whether somebody else happens to have the same DNA.
Twins
aren't the only clones in everyday life. Think about seedless grapes or navel
oranges--if there are no seeds, where did they come from? It's the plant
equivalent of virgin birth--which is to say that they are all clones,
propagated by cutting a shoot and planting it. Wine is almost entirely a cloned
product. The grapes used for wine have seeds, but they've been cloned from
shoots for more than a hundred years in the case of many vineyards. The same is
true for many flowers. Go to a garden store, and you'll find products with
delightful names like "Olivia's Cloning Compound," a mix of hormones to dunk on
the cut end of a shoot to help it take root.
One recurring image in anti-cloning propaganda
is of some evil dictator raising an army of cloned warriors. Excuse me, but who
is going to raise such an army ("raise" in the sense used by parents)? Clones
start out life as babies . Armies are far easier to raise the old
fashioned way--by recruiting or drafting naive young adults. Dulce et
decorum est pro patria mori has worked well enough to send countless young
men to their deaths through the ages. Why mess with success?
Remember
that cloning is not the same as genetic engineering. We don't get to make
superman--we have to find him first. Maybe we could clone the superwarrior from
Congressional Medal of Honor winners. Their bravery might--or might not--be
genetically determined. But, suppose that it is. You might end up with such a
brave battalion of heroes that when a grenade lands in their midst, there is a
competition to see who gets to jump on it to save the others. Admirable
perhaps, but not necessarily the way to win a war. And what about the supply
sergeants? The army has a lot more of them than heroes. You could try to breed
an expert for every job, including the petty bureaucrats, but what's the point?
There's not exactly a shortage of them.
What if Saddam Hussein clones were to rule Iraq for another
thousand years? Sounds bad, but Saddam's natural son Uday is reputed to make
his father seem saintly by comparison. We have no more to fear from a clone of
Saddam, or of Hitler, than we do from their natural-born kin--which is to say,
we don't have much to fear: Dictators' kids rarely pose a problem. Stalin's
daughter retired to Arizona, and Kim Jong Il of North Korea is laughable as
Great Leader, Version 2.0.
The notion
of an 80-year-old man cloning himself to cheat death is quaint, but it is
unrealistic. First, the baby wouldn't really be him. Second, is the old duffer
really up to changing diapers? A persistent octogenarian might convince a
younger couple to have his clone and raise it, but that is not much different
from fathering a child via a surrogate mother.
Fear of clones is just another form of racism.
We all agree it is wrong to discriminate against people based on a set of
genetic characteristics known as "race." Calls for a ban on cloning amount to
discrimination against people based on another genetic trait--the fact that
somebody already has an identical DNA sequence. The most extreme form of
discrimination is genocide--seeking to eliminate that which is different. In
this case, the genocide is pre-emptive--clones are so scary that we must
eliminate them before they exist with a ban on their creation.
What is
so special about natural reproduction anyway? Cloning is the only predictable
way to reproduce, because it creates the identical twin of a known adult.
Sexual reproduction is a crap shoot by comparison--some random mix of mom and
dad. In evolutionary theory, this combination is thought to help stir the gene
pool, so to speak. However, evolution for humans is essentially over, because
we use medical science to control the death rate.
Whatever the temptations of cloning, the process of natural
reproduction will always remain a lot more fun. An expensive and
uncomfortable lab procedure will never offer any real competition for sex. The
people most likely to clone will be those in special circumstances--infertile
couples who must endure IVF anyway, for example. Even there, many will mix
genetics to mimic nature. Another special case is where one member of a couple
has a severe genetic disease. They might choose a clone of the healthy parent,
rather than burden their child with a joint heritage that could be fatal.
The most
upsetting possibility in human cloning isn't superwarriors or dictators. It's
that rich people with big egos will clone themselves. The common practice of
giving a boy the same name as his father or choosing a family name for a child
of either sex reflects our hunger for vicarious immortality. Clones may
resonate with this instinct and cause some people to reproduce this way. So
what? Rich and egotistic folks do all sorts of annoying things, and the law is
hardly the means with which to try and stop them.
The "deep ethical issues" about cloning mainly
boil down to jealousy. Economic jealousy is bad enough, and it is a factor
here, but the thing that truly drives people crazy is sexual jealousy. Eons of
evolution through sexual selection have made the average man or woman insanely
jealous of any interloper who gains a reproductive advantage--say by diddling
your spouse. Cloning is less personal than cuckoldry, but it strikes a similar
chord: Someone has got the reproductive edge on you.
Once the
fuss has died down and further animal research has paved the way, direct human
cloning will be one more option among many specialized medical interventions in
human reproduction, affecting only a tiny fraction of the population. Research
into this area could bring far wider benefits. Clinton's knee-jerk policy
changes nothing in the short run, but it is ultimately a giant step backward.
In using an adult cell to create a clone, the "cellular clock" that determines
the difference between an embryo and adult was somehow reset. Work in this area
might help elucidate the process by which aging occurs and yield a way to reset
the clocks in some of our own cells, allowing us to regenerate. Selfishly
speaking, that would be more exciting to me than cloning, because it would help
me . That's a lot more directly useful than letting me sire an identical
twin 40 years my junior.
To some, the scientist laboring away to unlock the
mysteries of life is a source of evil, never to be trusted. To others,
including me, the scientist is the ray of light, illuminating the processes
that make the universe work and making us better through that knowledge.
Various arguments can be advanced toward either view, but one key statistic is
squarely on my side. The vast majority of people, including those who rail
against science, owe their very lives to previous medical discoveries. They
embody the fruits of science. Don't let the forces of darkness, ignorance, and
fear turn us back from research. Instead, let us raise--and yes, even
clone--new generations of hapless ingrates, who can whine and rail against the
discoveries of the next age.
