After the Revolution
The career of the protean
all-media artist Aleksandr Rodchenko (1891-1956) can be seen as a textbook
example of the seduction and betrayal of the Russian Revolution. No, he wasn't
sent to a gulag, and he wasn't shot. Rather, he lived on to see his ideals
thoroughly rubbished and himself marginalized to the point of nonexistence. But
his life and art appear inseparable from the trajectory of the Communist
experiment. To view the large, multifaceted exhibit of his work at MoMA is at
once exhilarating and poignant--exhilarating because of the nearly 20 years of
unabating discovery, astounding energy, and constant renewal at its heart;
poignant because the main inspiration for the work was a ladderlike series of
delusions that inevitably toppled Rodchenko into the void.
Rodchenko
was the epitome of Constructivism, which, of all the "isms" of early
20 th century art, was the most concerned with practical matters of
the workaday world. Not all Russian avant-gardists were Constructivists, and
not all Constructivists were Russian or necessarily Communist. From our remove,
there appear to be many similarities among Rodchenko's preoccupations and those
of artists who stood on the other side of some ideological gulf. Kasimir
Malevich, for example, was also concerned with geometry and with purifying art
of baggage such as color, but his Suprematism had its origin in an ascetic
spirituality. Many of the artists associated with Bauhaus were, like Rodchenko,
out to remake the world beginning with the appearance of material objects, but
unlike him they did not feel the burden of responsibility toward a society in
progress.
Rodchenko and his friends in the various
groupings of the left wing of Soviet art in the 1920s saw themselves as
embattled representatives of the true spirit of the Revolution, in the face of
various currents of reaction, mediocrity, timidity, and stasis. Vladimir
Mayakovsky was out to reinvent poetry, Vsevelod Meyerhold theater, Vladimir
Tatlin the monument, Dziga Vertov cinema, Viktor Shklovsky and Sergei Tretiakov
prose literature, while Rodchenko's domain comprised advertising, illustration,
graphic design, stage design, photography, and a few other things besides.
Theirs was a revolution of the imagination, and many of their works continue to
present the vigor of that spirit even after three-quarters of a century of
pastiches and secondhand derivations, but at the same time they present an
unhappy example of wishful thinking. These artists believed that if they built
their respective corners of the new world, the rest would fill itself in and
the people would flock to inhabit it. Instead, few of them had much of a
popular base, all their careers were squelched by Stalin, and most of them were
killed.
All of
them were radical Modernists well before 1917, and Rodchenko was no exception.
The path of his early years is graphically shown on the walls of MoMA as a
process of relentless stripping down, jettisoning first figuration, then
ambiguity, then volume, and finally color. After his ritual immolation of the
last--in 1921, at a show where he exhibited panels of pure red, yellow, and
blue as a farewell gesture--he was finally ready to begin reconstruction from
the bottom, initially by way of collage. The family resemblance among his
collages and those being made concurrently by artists in Germany, France, and
even the United States provides a bracing example of what is meant by a
Zeitgeist --in a time of shaky and sluggish telecommunications, several
dozen widely separated artists all hit at once on the idea of chopping up
whatever printed ephemera lay at hand and reassembling the fragments into
dynamic compositions that reassigned their meaning. It was a scavenger's
revolution that held large promise for a time: finding potential in the most
random litter, making a new world out of the debris of the old.
Soon Rodchenko had renounced any art divorced
from practical application and was driving down every useful avenue, designing
clothing (the factory uniform by way of Buck Rogers), printed fabrics,
newspaper kiosks, logotypes, magazine covers and book jackets, and printed
advertisements of all sorts. When Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy in
1921--which permitted a limited amount of capitalist competition in order to
restore some of the country's cash flow--Rodchenko and Mayakovsky became the
advertising agency for many of the state's manufacturing and retail operations,
which, in a sense, let them have their cake and eat it, too. Rodchenko's
designs--in red and black, crisply diagonal, filled with visual hooks and
slams--are still being aped today, and some of them manage to look more modern
than anything around now (Mayakovsky's apparently catchy rhymed slogans,
unfortunately, do not translate well).
Mayakovsky's scowling,
angular, shaven-headed poetic boxer's mug was a dramatic advertising image unto
itself, and Rodchenko's six portraits of him made him an icon (to be recycled
endlessly in Soviet propaganda after Mayakovsky's dubious 1930 suicide, an act
which even if self-willed was certainly nudged along by the state). The
portraits also launched Rodchenko's photographic career, which, with typical
flair, fell effortlessly into the main currents of European Modernism. Despite
strong competition from abroad, he virtually came to own the rakish angle on
multistory architecture, and he shared with the German Umbo title to the
perpendicular view of the street from above. The show includes some lesser
known works as well, such as his serial shots of Moscow street peddlers, which
with their static figures and shifting traffic backdrops are like little movies
composed of stills.
His photography was the
first thing that got him in trouble, too, as his wildly angled close-ups of the
faces of the Young Pioneers were denounced as "grotesque" by members of
conservative art factions. Rodchenko, who for a couple of years after the
Revolution continued to ally himself with the soon-to-be-banned anarchists, now
felt the shifting winds and bent himself to various acts of public
self-criticism, but even so he found himself unable to obtain permits for
street photography. He diligently applied himself to the kind of work allotted
in the Stalinist era, documenting official marches and construction projects in
the hinterlands. His private pictures from the time include some classics, but
they are classics of despair. In his last 20 years, he was effectively
dead.
