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martial arts 211shaolin monastery 72late ming 63shaolin martial 64shaolin monks 55martial techniques 36monastery s 37practice martial 38s martial 39shaolin s 310arts tradition 211buddhist martial 212buddhist monks 213did shaolin 214different periods 215episodic history 216fictional novels 217from tang 218institutions late 219its monks 220martial artists 221martial tradition 222other buddhist 223periods time 224popular literature 225popularity shaolin 226relation its 227seventeenth century 228shahar also 229shahar presents 230tang dynasty 231therapeutic religious 232were shaolin 233why shaolin 2341 500 135101 order 136137 65 1372004 what 138500 years 13951 52 14052 from 14155 how 14256 readers 14365 shahar 14468 71 14571 he 14673 were 147about specific 148abundance novels 149accommodation cross 150acquiring arms 151activities seventh 152actors who 153actuality intellectual 154adaptation accommodation 155admits however 156affirms sixteenth 157again from 158against sui 159agricultural wealth 160all kinds 161all over 162also chan 163also informs 164also makes 165always coveted 166ambition book 167analyzing continuity 168ancient daoist 169anonymity fact 170any language 171any phenomenon 172applaud shahar 173appreciation extent 174appreciation violence 175approach provides 176argues because 177arms monks 178army shahar 179artists unaware 180artists who 181arts any 182arts beginning 183arts chinese 184arts encyclopedia 185arts had 186arts how 187arts indeed 188arts meir 189arts necessary 190arts part 191arts practice 192arts premodern 193arts prior 194arts protect 195arts survives 196arts tang 197arts task 198arts within 199ascertain whether 1100asia have 1101assign certain 1102assisted li 1103association martial 1104attack roving 1105attested only 1106aware association 1107bandits outlaws 1108bandits pirates 1109bandits when 1110battles shahar 1111became tang 1112because geographical 1113because historical 1114been aware 1115been field 1116been fully 1117beginning late 1118begins monastery 1119believe had 1120benefits martial 1121between different 1122book covering 1123book fills 1124book length 1125book s 1126book welcomed 1127books all 1128breathing techniques 1129brilliantly demonstrating 1130buddhism martial 1131buddhism new 1132buddhism redressing 1133buddhism religion 1134buddhist discourse 1135buddhist monasteries 1136buddhist practices 1137buddhist studies 1138caches weapons 1139calisthenics therapeutic 1140came under 1141campaign against 1142can frustrating 1143capital centers 1144categories people 1145caused shift 1146centers power 1147centuries monastic 1148century late 1149century more 1150century turned 1151century when 1152certain monks 1153chan buddhist 1154changing martial 1155china increasing 1156china s 1157chinese buddhism 1158chinese buddhist 1159circumstances reasons 1160clashing interests 1161collected writings 1162come epitomize 1163complex ebb 1164complex he 1165compulsory battles 1166concrete evidence 1167conscripted military 1168consider what 1169contention between 1170context monastic 1171continue uninterrupted 1172continued evolve 1173continues again 1174continuity popularity 1175continuous evolving 1176control agricultural 1177cost shahar 1178covering period 1179coveted monastic 1180cross cultural 1181cultural encounter 1182customary large 1183daoist breathing 1184daoist daoyin 1185daoist philosophy 1186daoyin calisthenics 1187data interdisciplinary 1188definitive form 1189demobilized warriors 1190demonstrating complex 1191despite lingering 1192detail historical 1193details how 1194development did 1195differ from 1196different categories 1197different from 1198difficult justify 1199difficult properly 1200difficulties analyzing 1201discourse records 1202divergent ways 1203doubt complex 1204draws ancient 1205during late 1206dynamics adaptation 1207dynasties continues 1208dynasties well 1209dynasty 55 1210dynasty perhaps 1211dynasty skips 1212earlier usage 1213earliest recorded 1214east asia 1215ebb flow 1216economic fortune 1217edition scholars 1218emperor taizong 1219emphasize ideals 1220empire 73 1221empty handed 1222encounter interpretation 1223encyclopedia buddhism 1224enduring tradition 1225engaged martial 1226epigraphy novels 1227epitomize buddhist 1228especially times 1229established bandits 1230ethnographic data 1231even genuinely 1232even supplements 1233evidence enduring 1234evidence shaolin 1235evidence shows 1236evolve modern 1237evolving tradition 1238exaggerated during 1239explain why 1240explanation needed 1241extent were 1242extent which 1243fact monasteries 1244field contention 1245fight bandits 1246fight control 1247fighting technique 1248fighting techniques 1249fills lacuna 1250first book 1251five sacred 1252flow shaolin 1253focus empty 1254foot mount 1255form shaolin 1256fortune relation 1257from earlier 1258from here 1259from other 1260from sixteenth 1261frustrating shahar 1262full appreciation 1263fully integrated 1264gazetteers also 1265generally come 1266genuinely divergent 1267geographical proximity 1268greater possibilities 1269greater quantity 1270ground when 1271gymnastics he 1272had been 1273had fight 1274had long 1275had single 1276handed fighting 1277has generally 1278have always 1279have been 1280have long 1281he admits 1282he details 1283he even 1284he masterfully 1285he rightly 1286henan province 1287here he 1288highlights religious 1289highly readable 1290his campaign 1291historians east 1292historical circumstances 1293historical difficulties 1294historical evidence 1295historical instances 1296histories thus 1297historiography which 1298history martial 1299history monastery 1300history over 1301history shaolin 1302holdings wealth 1303housing large 1304how did 1305how legacy 1306how pattern 1307however ambition 1308however impossible 1309ideals over 1310imperial times 1311impossible ascertain 1312increasing our 1313indeed legacy 1314informs us 1315instability evidence 1316instances actors 1317institution acquiring 1318integrated monastery 1319integration scholars 1320intellectual history 1321interdisciplinary approach 1322interested daoist 1323interests perhaps 1324interpretation prepared 1325itinerant martial 1326its cost 1327its other 1328jin yuan 1329justify uniqueness 1330khoroche martial 1331kinds possible 1332lacuna our 1333language provides 1334large caches 1335large monasteries 1336large public 1337large wealthy 1338late imperial 1339later became 1340lay different 1341lead one 1342led widespread 1343left wonder 1344legacy established 1345legacy exaggerated 1346legacy popularity 1347length study 1348li shimin 1349liberal use 1350likely mention 1351lingering questions 1352literature likely 1353literature provide 1354literature shahar 1355little historical 1356local gazetteers 1357located henan 1358long been 1359long staff 1360long unbroken 1361lore fictional 1362mainly popular 1363makes resourceful 1364manage wealth 1365manuals collected 1366martial traditions 1367martial training 1368masterfully begins 1369may have 1370meir shahar 1371mention shaolin 1372military activities 1373military manuals 1374military officials 1375ming period 1376ming practice 1377ming produced 1378ming qing 1379ming when 1380ming why 1381ming would 1382missing full 1383modern historians 1384modern times 1385monasteries assign 1386monasteries sometimes 1387monasteries welcomed 1388monastery changing 1389monastery differ 1390monastery first 1391monastery located 1392monastery may 1393monastery occasionally 1394monastery shahar 1395monastic holdings 1396monastic martial 1397monastic troops 1398monks engaged 1399monks had 1400monks lay 1401monks manage 1402monks practice 1403monks seventeenth 1404monks shaolin 1405monks skilled 1406monks unique 1407monks voluntary 1408monks warded 1409monks were 1410more thorough 1411mount song 1412mountains has 1413must applaud 1414necessary especially 1415needed detail 1416new york 1417novels 101 1418novels books 1419novels military 1420novels popular 1421occasionally he 1422occurred repeatedly 1423off attack 1424officials fight 1425often say 1426one believe 1427one china 1428one must 1429only local 1430order study 1431other large 1432other martial 1433our appreciation 1434our understanding 1435outlaws have 1436over actuality 1437over empire 1438over social 1439over song 1440part trend 1441past present 1442pattern shaolin 1443people monks 1444perhaps even 1445perhaps shaolin 1446period 1 1447period martial 1448peter khoroche 1449phenomenon had 1450phenomenon occurred 1451phenomenon past 1452philosophy explain 1453pirates 68 1454place shaolin 1455political economic 1456popular lore 1457possibilities understanding 1458possible type 1459power shaolin 1460practice shahar 1461practices difficult 1462practicing martial 1463premodern china 1464prepared way 1465presence martial 1466present highly 1467presents historical 1468presents single 1469printing led 1470prior ming 1471prior seventeenth 1472produced abundance 1473production fictional 1474program relation 1475properly speak 1476property short 1477protect property 1478provide us 1479provides episodic 1480provides greater 1481province foot 1482proximity capital 1483public institutions 1484purposes 137 1485qing dynasties 1486qing dynasty 1487quantity than 1488questions one 1489questions readers 1490quintessential fighting 1491readable book 1492readers consider 1493readers left 1494reality however 1495reality reflected 1496reasons why 1497recorded military 1498records histories 1499redressing tendency 1500reflected book 1501regiment 56 1502regularly conscripted 1503religion history 1504religious benefits 1505religious purposes 1506religious syncretism 1507repeatedly different 1508researched book 1509resourceful liberal 1510rightly affirms 1511rightly highlights 1512roving bandits 1513rubric shaolin 1514s five 1515s historiography 1516s political 1517s regiment 1518s shaolin 1519s two 1520sacred mountains 1521say phenomenon 1522scholars often 1523scholars students 1524scrutiny housing 1525sengbing were 1526seventeenth centuries 1527seventh century 1528shahar argues 1529shahar brilliantly 1530shahar draws 1531shahar rightly 1532shahar s 1533shahar states 1534shakier ground 1535shaolin buddhist 1536shaolin legacy 1537shaolin other 1538shelter anonymity 1539shift martial 1540shimin who 1541short concrete 1542shown mainly 1543shows buddhist 1544single continuous 1545single trajectory 1546sixteenth century 1547sixteenth seventeenth 1548skilled martial 1549skips over 1550social reality 1551sometimes came 1552song jin 1553song one 1554sought shelter 1555sources ethnographic 1556speak definitive 1557specific dynamics 1558staff shown 1559starts shaolin 1560states difficult 1561students chinese 1562studies emphasize 1563study buddhism 1564study daoist 1565suggest phenomenon 1566sui army 1567supplements sources 1568survives greater 1569syncretism late 1570taizong his 1571tang continue 1572tang emperor 1573tang qing 1574task doubt 1575technique different 1576techniques despite 1577techniques from 1578techniques gymnastics 1579techniques unfortunately 1580techniques what 1581tendency buddhist 1582than other 1583thorough explanation 1584thus customary 1585time clashing 1586time we 1587times instability 1588times questions 1589times used 1590tradition can 1591tradition continued 1592tradition from 1593tradition quintessential 1594tradition reality 1595tradition shaolin 1596tradition tang 1597traditions because 1598training program 1599trajectory development 1600trend large 1601troops sengbing 1602turned focus 1603two earliest 1604type literature 1605unaware therapeutic 1606unbroken tradition 1607under scrutiny 1608understanding any 1609understanding presence 1610unfortunately very 1611uninterrupted late 1612unique practice 1613uniqueness shaolin 1614us episodic 1615us shaolin 1616usage weaponry 1617use epigraphy 1618used martial 1619very little 1620violence buddhism 1621voluntary compulsory 1622warded off 1623warriors itinerant 1624way integration 1625ways practicing 1626we shakier 1627we suggest 1628wealth 51 1629wealth attested 1630wealth institution 1631wealthy institutions 1632weaponry long 1633weapons peter 1634welcomed demobilized 1635welcomed edition 1636well researched 1637were all 1638were interested 1639were regularly 1640what extent 1641what missing 1642what place 1643when assisted 1644when its 1645when printing 1646when we 1647whether prior 1648which rubric 1649which starts 1650who caused 1651who later 1652who sought 1653whole context 1654why were 1655widespread production 1656within whole 1657without its 1658wonder about 1659would lead 1660writings popular 1661years without 1662york 2004 1663yuan dynasties 1664665666